Major mineral and trace element requirements and function in exercising horses

Abstract

Major minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulphur, and trace elements, such as copper, zinc, selenium, cobalt, iodine, iron, and manganese, contribute to fundamental biological processes including muscle contraction, enzyme activities, neural excitability, and membrane permeability. However, the mineral requirements for major minerals and trace elements are poorly understood as only small amounts are lost via sweat during exercise. The higher requirement for calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium during exercise as compared to maintenance is related to their structural roles in bones. A possible increase in trace element requirements to optimise biological processes still needs to be established scientifically. This review highlights the important roles and functions of these elements as they contribute to fundamental biological processes during exercise.