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Optimizing high-resolution multi-view drone imaging for detecting foreign grains in gluten-free oat production fields

Näsi, Roope; Oliveira, Raquel A.; Rua, Stefan; Khormashahi, Ehsan; Päivänsalo, Axel; Niemeläinen, Oiva; Honkavaara, Eija; Niskanen, Markku; Honkavaara, Eija (toim.); Nex, Francesco (toim.); Chiabrando, Filiberto (toim.); Alves de Oliveira, Raquel (toim.); Lehtola, Ville V. (toim.); Iwaszczuk, Dorota (toim.); di Pietra, Vincenzo (toim.); Kim, Taejung (toim.)
International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences (ISPRS Council, 2025)

To reduce the high cost of manually detecting and removing gluten-containing grains from oat crops, drone imaging and deep learning can be used to automate the detection process. In a previous work, a multi-image object detection approach was proposed utilizing high-resolution RGB images captured by a drone using multi-view technology, including nadir and four oblique angles. The images were georeferenced using bundle block adjustment (BBA), and a semi-supervised object detection model (Faster R-CNN) was trained to identify foreign grains. The detector outputs were projected into ground coordinates using a photogrammetric technique. These coordinates were then analyzed using a clustering approach to generate a detection map of barley plant locations. In this study focused on three main objectives. First, it aimed to optimize parameters related to the clustering phase. Second, it evaluated drone data capture settings by assessing whether fewer images could maintain acceptable detection accuracy to reduce flight time. Third, it tested whether direct georeferencing could produce results comparable to those obtained using BBA-based georeferencing. The study showed that using fewer images—for example, two view angles and a side overlap of 80%—could maintain good detection accuracy (omission error of 0.14 and commission error of 0.27). This setup would reduce data collection time from 100 min/ha to 40 min/ha—a substantial improvement for practical field operations. Direct georeferencing showed promising practical results, even though error statistics increased slightly compared to BBA-based georeferencing. These improvements could significantly reduce data capture and processing time, representing a meaningful step toward a practical, cost-effective solution for end-users aiming to detect weedy foreign barley in gluten-free oat production fields.

Remote monitoring of currant shoot borer (Lampronia capitella) moths in blackcurrant in Finland

Tuohimetsä, Saara; Rantanen, Marja; Asănică, A.C. (toim.); Butcaru, A.C. (toim.); Kafkas, N.E. (toim.)
Acta horticulturae (International Society for Horticultural Science, 2025)

Assessing the epistemic dimension of people–place relationships for inclusive ecosystem governance

Hakkarainen, Viola; Soini, Katriina; Raymond, Christopher M.
People and nature (John Wiley & Sons, 2025)

Senses of place scholarship have rarely addressed the epistemic dimension that influences how people perceive, interpret and interact with places through their knowledges. This limits our understanding of subjective stances and possible contestations within ecosystem governance. We develop the concept of epistemic bonding and conceptualise it as the subjective connection to a place that is created through (perceived) knowledge and the process of knowing about a place. We explore its relationship to the established five dimensions of place attachment by using survey data from 306 residents of the High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site in Sweden and Finland. We also assess the relationship between epistemic bonding and views on management practices in each country. The results show that epistemic bonding is strongly correlated with place dependence and identity and is consistently associated with long-term residency and having family history in the area. Higher epistemic bonding indicated a more negative stance towards official nature protection in Finland. By foregrounding epistemic bonding, we emphasise the role of knowledge in forming place bonds. Epistemic bonding can be a useful lens for understanding how individuals respond to environmental decision-making. Focusing on epistemic bonds highlights crucial questions about whose knowledge is recognised and shapes the management of places, as well as how diverse ways of knowing and relating to place influence the perceived inclusivity of ecosystem governance.

A New Protocol for Homogeneity Testing in Feed Mill Concentrate Rations

Vidal, Raphaela Cenci; Detmann, Edenio; Franco, Marcia de Oliveira; Quirino, Daiana Francisca; Marcondes, Marcos Inácio; Silva, Alex Lopes da; Silva, Laiane; Rotta, Polyana Pizzi
Animals : 1 (MDPI, 2026)

To ensure an accurate homogeneity test, animal feed manufacturers should apply standardised techniques and procedures, which aim to guarantee the product quality. Our objective was to propose a new protocol for performing concentrate ration homogeneity tests in commercial feed mills, based on three main points: the suitability of different minerals as markers; establishing a simplified and reliable sampling protocol; and developing a simplified statistical approach for evaluating marker dispersion among increments. Four horizontal commercially available mixers were used. Increments were collected sequentially during the mixer-emptying time over five consecutive days, totalling 200 increments, in which nine potential mineral markers were evaluated. The minerals potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) were considered suitable, as they simultaneously exhibited low variability among batches, among mixers, and among increments. Based on the variation patterns of K and Mg, the new protocol for homogeneity testing in feed mill concentrate rations is based on the following additional key points: two increments must be collected per ration batch, taken during the mixer-emptying operation—specifically at the second and eight tenths of the mixer-emptying time, and a concentrate ration mixture is considered homogeneous when the ratio between the highest and lowest marker contents in the increments is lower than 1.26.

Carcass characteristics and valuable cuts of slaughtered dairy and beef cows from seven different breeds

Huuskonen, Arto; Mikkola, Jarmo; Manni, Katariina
Agricultural and food science : 4 (Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland, 2025)

The objective of the present study was to determine carcass traits of dairy and beef breed cows in the Finnish cattle population. The data collected from a Finnish slaughterhouse included observations of 7 522 Holstein (HO), 6 367 Nordic Red (NR), 422 Limousin (LI), 180 Hereford (HF), 119 Simmental (SI), 117 Angus (AB), and 93 Charolais (CH) cows. The carcasses were graded for conformation and fat score in accordance with the EU beef carcass classification scheme (EUROP) on a continuous 15-point scale. The NR dairy cows had better conformed and fatter carcasses compared to HO cows (p< 0.001) but the yields of tenderloin, inside round and roast beef were higher in HO compared to NR cows (p< 0.01). In beef cows, British breeds (AB, HF) had lower conformed carcasses and higher yield of surface fat compared to Continental breeds (CH, LI, SI) (p< 0.05). Slaughter weight of HO and NR cows was positively correlated to carcass conformation score, carcass fat score and surface fat yield. The yields of tenderloin, inside round and roast beef decreased in both breeds as slaughter weight increased. Slaughter weight had no effect on loin and entrecote yields.