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Unpacking gender transformation in African food systems: context, barriers, and opportunities

Sell, Mila; Karttunen, Kaisa; Rosengren, Linda; Ashkenazy, Amit; Turinawe, Alice; Isoto, Rosemary Emegu
Agricultural and food economics (Springer Nature, 2025)

The challenges of global food systems are highly linked to issues of gender equality, as women are key actors in many spheres of the food system. Thus, there is a consensus that for a transformation of the food system to be successful, a gender transformation is also required. The objective of this paper was to identify how local women and men perceive challenges and barriers to gender transformations in food systems and what solutions they propose. We conducted focus group discussions with men and women engaged in the food system in four Sub-Saharan countries: Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. We then used established dimensions of gender and food systems, and a set of determinants for gender transformation rooted in science and development practice to conduct thematic analysis of the discussions. The results revealed a high level of awareness about gender-related constraints among local stakeholders. Several normative sanctions that limit gender transformation were identified, and accordingly, many of the proposed solutions were targeted at these deep-seated norms that surpassed the traditional boundaries of food system interventions. This shows how intertwined food system and gender roles and interventions are.

Exploring the land-use futures related to reindeer herding in Finland through "wild logic" scenarios

Sarkki, Simo; Rasmus, Sirpa; Habeck, Joachim Otto; Matthes, Heidrun; Pihlajamäki, Mia; Eronen, Jussi T.
Journal of land use science : 1 (TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2025)

Anticipating futures can inform today’s decisions. However, existing scenario approaches need systemic methods to diversify the established storylines and to incorporate surprises. We propose a ‘wild logic’ scenario method, which is informed by participatory work and combines logic from exploratory scenarios with assumptions on governance modes. We apply the proposed method to a case of reindeer herding in Finland, building on Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) storylines and three assumptions on hierarchical, collaborative and affirmative governance. Our main result is an SSP – governance assumption matrix consisting of 10 storylines with divergent implications on land use and social equity for reindeer herders. Our approach was able to produce novel aspects that expand on existing scenario work in the Arctic, especially by addressing affirmative governance. The method is also applicable beyond the Arctic contexts, and can be combined with other than SSP exploratory scenarios, and with other than governance-related assumptions.

Changes in wood-water relations in acetylated wood over the course of Rhodonia placenta brown rot decay

Belt, Tiina; Altgen, Michael
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025)

Acetylation greatly increases the decay resistance of wood, but even highly acetylated wood can be degraded by fungi if given sufficient time. This study investigated the degradation of acetylated wood by the brown rot fungus Rhodonia placenta, aiming to understand the fungal-induced changes in wood-water relations that are associated with decay. Acetylated samples as well as unacetylated references were exposed to R. placenta in a stacked-sample decay test to generate samples in different stages of decay. The decayed samples were used to investigate changes in acetyl content, water vapour sorption, and maximum cell wall moisture content as measured by solute exclusion. R. placenta caused high mass losses in acetylated wood, but preferential deacetylation was seen only in highly acetylated samples in the early stages of decay. Acetylated samples showed increased hygroscopicity in sorption measurements as a result of R. placenta degradation, particularly at high relative humidity in desorption from the undried decaying state. The increase was very strong in the highly acetylated samples and took place at low mass losses, indicating that it may be at least partially related to the deacetylation of the wood material. Degradation also increased maximum cell wall moisture content, but the increase was stronger in the references than the acetylated samples, suggesting that the acetyl groups remaining in the samples continue to provide a cell wall bulking effect.

Spatial evenness of fertilization and short-term volume growth responses of Scots pine and Norway spruce to fertilization intensity

Muhonen, Olli; Peltola, Heli; Laurén, Annamari; Ikonen, Veli-Pekka; Nevalainen, Juha; Pikkarainen, Laura; Kilpeläinen, Antti; Launiainen, Samuli; Palviainen, Marjo
Silva fennica : 1 (Suomen metsätieteellinen seura, 2025)

We studied the spatial evenness of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and the effects of fertilization intensity on the short-term volume growth responses in two ground-fertilized Scots pine and two airborne-fertilized Norway spruce study sites on mesic (Myrtillus-type) upland forests in Eastern Finland. We also studied the relationships between measured fertilizer dose, N concentrations in the needles and soil organic (humus) layer, and volume growth of the trees. In each study site, we established three replicate 1 ha blocks for each fertilization treatment (0, 150 and 200 kg N ha–1). Each block contained three 200 m2 circular plots. The spatial evenness of the fertilizer was measured using textile funnels. The height, breast height diameter and vitality of the trees were measured annually. The nutrient concentrations in the needles and humus layer were measured once. Differences between the target and measured fertilizer doses were 3–10% for Scots pine and 11–22% for Norway spruce. At the Scots pine and Norway spruce sites, the volume growth was 0.4–2.1 and 1.8–2.6 m3 ha–1 a–1 higher with fertilization, respectively. The fertilizer dose correlated with the N concentrations in the needles and humus layer, and volume growth. Significant volume growth responses to the fertilization (p < 0.05) were found only in the Scots pine at Ilomantsi, possibly due to variations in the initial volume and the fertilizer dose realized between and within treatments. We expect that the differences in volume growth responses between fertilization treatments will increase over time.

Soil carbon and nitrogen in unmanaged forests in Southern and Eastern Finland

Kumpu, Atte; Peltoniemi, Mikko; Forsius, Martin; Mäkelä, Annikki
Silva fennica : 3 (Suomen metsätieteellinen seura, 2025)

Soils have an essential role in ecosystem carbon balance. The soils of natural-like old unmanaged forests have been studied less than those of managed stands. In this study, we collected soil core samples and measured the soil carbon and nitrogen content of 27 old unmanaged forest soils in Southern and Eastern Finland. The results were compared against existing data from managed stands of similar site types. The data was also compared with earlier soil measurements from the same sites to look for any significant changes. The analysis resulted in an average of 2.58, 2.44 and 1.62 kg m-2 of soil carbon and 0.087, 0.097 and 0.074 kg m-2 of nitrogen in the organic layer, 0–10 cm of mineral soil layer and 10–20 cm of mineral soil layer, respectively. Carbon contents in the mineral soil layers were higher in unmanaged forests than in managed forests, but not in the organic-layer. Similarly for nitrogen, there was a significant difference between the unmanaged forests and the managed stands for both mineral soil layers, but not for the organic layer. There were no significant changes in soil carbon or nitrogen contents between the old and new measurements in the old unmanaged forests. The results align with the assumption that carbon and nitrogen content are higher in unmanaged forests than in managed forests due to their higher litter input on average, and more stable and cooler conditions. This means that old unmanaged forests have an important role as carbon storage and that the carbon storage is stable.