Do you have a tree friend? : Human–tree relationships in Finland

Abstract

1. Trees are natural objects that carry practical, cultural and spiritual meanings to humans. Trees are an elemental part of human daily life, both in urban and rural environments, and even in locations where forests are distant. Conflicts related to tree removal in the close environments of humans indicate that individual trees may have special significance. Despite that, we have little knowledge of the ways these relationships are formed and the meanings they carry. 2. To examine how the properties of trees and humans influence the type of relationships that are formed between them, we conducted a large-scale survey (n= 1758). We used cluster analysis to identify typical groups of trees and human–tree relationships and conducted cross-tabulation to correlate human and tree types in the relationships. In studying the human–tree relationship, we applied the framework of natureculture to address how the lives of humans and trees are bound together in interspecies relationships. 3. Our results show that the strongest influence on tree–human relationships originates from human lifestyles and nature connections. Consequently, we identified three main types of human–tree relationships: (1) Admiring relationships towards large, old and charismatic trees, primarily grounded in sensory and emotional experiences, are common among urban nature-loving people. (2) Nurturing relationships that occur with young trees in people's own gardens, which is most typical for rural outdoorspeople owning houses. (3) Nostalgic relationships are associated with trees with symbolic value in the memories of people who no longer have a material connection to an important environment. 4. Our study revealed that the affection of humans for trees in their close environment strongly varied in emotional intensity and practical actions related to trees. We provide new knowledge of the correlations between human and tree characteristics in forming their interspecies relationship and how this relationship affects human emotional well-being. Based on our findings, we suggest that understanding human–nature interdependence helps to sustain and create emotionally supportive multispecies environments through green design and management.