Dynamics of fungal endophytic communities in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits through development is shaped by host phenolic compounds

Abstract

The physical and chemical properties of wild berry fruits change dramatically during development, and the ripe berries host species-specific endophytic communities. However, the development of fungal endophytic communities during berry ripening is unknown. We studied bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), valuable natural resources in northern Europe and richest sources of phenolic compounds, to characterize dynamics of the fungal communities over fruit developmental stages (raw, veraison, and ripe). Our focus was to examine the changes in the fruit phenolic compounds associated with the fungal community structure using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for phenolic compounds and high-throughput sequencing technology targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA region for endophytic fungi. We found that the fungal diversity increased with the ripening stages. The fungal profile changed dramatically through fruit development, and the veraison stage was a transition stage, where the core mycobiome of fruits changed. The fungal community structure and abundance of the most dominant genera in raw and ripe stages, Monilinia and Cladosporium, respectively, were driven by the bilberry phenolic profile. We conclude that sampling time, tissue age, and phenolic compounds play important roles in the development of fruit fungal community. Moreover, phenolic compounds could be the host's strategy to recruit beneficial microbes.