Recommendation for action: Efficient use of inputs and high yields reduce the environmental impacts of horticultural production

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Profitable horticulture requires continuous development of cultivation techniques. However, environmental impacts should be assessed in parallel with technological progress. Growing conditions can be better controlled in tunnels and vertical farms than in the open field. Intensive production has high yield potential but requires large amounts of production inputs. Optimising the use of inputs and energy in production and favouring renewable energy reduce the environmental impact of tunnel and vertical farming. In addition, high yields also have a positive effect on the environmental footprint of other production methods.