Action expiration chart: integrating impact models with forest objectives to evaluate climate change adaptation options in the New Forest, England

Climate change will reduce the future provision of forest ecosystem services. Our new method of using action expiration charts allows assessment of overall forest objectives by combining information about modelled ecosystem services and forest actions. We found that climate change will affect the sustainable provision of several forest ecosystem services in the New Forest, England, which will have an impact on the delivery of future forest objectives. The action expiration chart helps synthesise and communicate the future threats to delivery of ecosystem services in the New Forest, and provides directions for adaptation.