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Viimeksi tallennetut

Illuminating how the bird inner retina works without oxygen solves a 350-year-old structural mystery

Berenbrink, Michael; Prokkola, Jenni M.
Nature : 21 January 2026 (Springer Nature, 2026)

Global test for covariate significance in quantile regression

Mrkvička, Tomáš; Konstantinou, Konstantinos; Kuronen, Mikko; Myllymäki, Mari
Statistics and computing : 2 (Springer Nature, 2026)

Quantile regression is used to study effects of covariates on a particular quantile of the data distribution. Here we are interested in the question whether a covariate has any effect on the entire data distribution, i.e., on any of the quantiles. To this end, we treat all the quantiles simultaneously and consider global tests for the existence of the covariate effect in the presence of nuisance covariates. This global test for covariate significance in quantile regression can be used as the extension of linear regression or as the extension of distribution comparison in the sense of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or as the extension of partial correlation. The proposed method is based on pointwise coefficients, permutations and global envelope tests. The global envelope test serves as the multiple test adjustment procedure controlling the family-wise error rate and provides the graphical interpretation which automatically shows the quantiles or the levels of categorical covariate responsible for the rejection. The Freedman-Lane permutation strategy showed liberality of the test for extreme quantiles, therefore we propose four alternatives that work well even for extreme quantiles and are suitable in different conditions. One of the strategies is suitable in a general situation, while others under more specific conditions. We show asymptotic exactness of the proposed permutation procedures and present a simulation study to inspect the performance of these strategies, and we apply the chosen strategies to two data examples.

Mitochondria affect photosynthesis through altered tissue levels of O₂

Punkkinen, Matleena; Baral, Bikash; Blokhina, Olga; Ogorek, Lucas León Peralta; Kim, Minsoo; Fagerstedt, Kurt; Brosché, Mikael; Nikkanen, Lauri; Vierling, Elizabeth; Pedersen, Ole; Shapiguzov, Alexey
Plant physiology (Oxford University Press, 2025)

A shoot endosymbiont colonizes pine host by unique and rhizobia-like mechanisms boosted by surface-fixed methanol

Koskimäki, Janne J; Pohjanen, Johanna; Ihantola, Emmi-Leena; Sutela, Suvi; Pirttilä, Anna Maria
Plant and cell physiology : 1 (Oxford University Press, 2026)

Methylorubrum extorquens DSM13060 (Rhizobiales) has a specific capacity to live inside cells of bud meristems in pine trees. The bud niche is almost completely unstudied, although likely widespread in plants. It is unknown how theendosymbioticmethylotrophenterssuchcrucialtissues of the plant. We hypothesized the bud colonization to occur mainly through the shoot epidermis enabled by host-produced methanol. We combined several microscopic methods to illustrate spatio-temporal colonization dynamics and methanol utilization by M. extorquens DSM13060 during the interaction. Our results showed that the endosymbiont mainly enters pine seedlings through cylindrical sheath,whichisalayeroflivingcellssurrounding primary root and transition zone. The cylindrical sheath played a central role in accumulation and proliferation of bacteria before entering deeper tissues. The endosymbiont also penetrated host through epidermis and stomatal apertures in stem and formed infection pocket-like structures upon entry. M. extorquens DSM13060 activated the mxaFpromoter on plant surfaces for methanol assimilation prior to shifting to the endosymbiotic lifestyle. Our results suggest that the surface-bound methanol was used for production of antioxidants that enable tissue penetration, documented earlier. Gradual cell-to-cell passage or formation of intracellular infection threads enabled the invasion past endodermis into the xylem. The xylem was observed to function as the main route to the apical meristem, where bacteria were present after 90 days of inoculation. Our study widens the previously known niches and reveals unique and rhizobia-like colonization mechanisms by the endosymbiont in the above and belowground parts of pine.

Motion detection or time-lapse? A comparison of camera trap triggers for monitoring breeding taiga bean geese (Anser fabalis fabalis)

Nykänen, Milaja; Pöysä, Hannu; Matala, Juho; Kunnasranta, Mervi
PLoS ONE : 1 (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2026)

Game cameras have emerged over the recent years as an effective research tool for collecting various types of data on wild animals, and they are used increasingly also in avian studies. However, choosing the best method to collect data depends on the aim of the research and the characteristics of the target species and its habitat. Here, we compared the performance of two trigger methods of game cameras, passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor and time-lapse triggering, in capturing images of taiga bean goose (Anser fabalis fabalis) during two successive breeding seasons in peatlands across Finland in 2020–2021. While accounting for differences in camera effort (difference in the number of hours cameras using different trigger types were operational), we found daily capture probability (probability of at least one goose being present in photos during one day) associated with time-lapse to be marginally higher compared to motion triggered cameras. However, there was no difference in the daily number of geese between the two trigger modes. We also found the daily capture probability and detected number of geese to vary significantly between years, but this could be attributed to random inter-annual variation. In general, we find 15-minute interval time-lapse to be a more suitable method compared to motion triggered cameras to study seasonally elusive ground dwelling birds like the taiga bean goose due to fewer required visits to camera sites and thus less disturbance caused to the birds during the sensitive breeding period. However, using cameras with both trigger types side-by-side would likely lead to best overall capture probability, as indicated by the higher percentage of detection positive time periods when goose detections from both camera types were combined, compared to the percentage derived for either of the trigger types alone.