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Drought conditions could exacerbate nitrogen and phosphorus imbalances in important European forest tree species
Wohlgemuth, Lena; Jonard, Mathieu; Schmitz, Andreas; Schmidt-Walter, Paul; Deroo, Heleen; Waldner, Peter; Cools, Nathalie; De Vos, Bruno; Verstraeten, Arne; Krüger, Inken; Thimonier, Anne; Timmermann, Volkmar; Neumann, Mathias; Rautio, Pasi; Schwärzel, Kai
Annals of forest science : 1 (BioMed Central, 2026)
Key message: A large European forest monitoring dataset reveals a pattern of reduced foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations following drought conditions in spruce and pine, and, in the case of P, beech and oak, often exhibiting N:P imbalances. Gradual nutritional imbalance and nutrient deficiency during droughts raise concern for tree vitality and forest carbon sequestration under climate change. Context: Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients for tree metabolism, forest growth, and carbon sequestration, yet the drivers of their availability to trees are often complex to untangle. Aims and methods: In this study, we investigated environmental controls of foliar N, P, and N:P based on > 4100 N and P measurements in foliage samples of main tree species (beech, oak, spruce, and pine) across 279 European monitoring sites by applying mixed regression models. Results: We found overall nutritional declines over the past three decades that ranged from − 1.8% to − 2.7% and from − 3.5% to − 4.2% per 10 years for foliar N and P concentrations respectively. At around two-thirds of monitoring sites, where foliar N:P significantly increased over the examined time span, these increases were dominated by declines in foliar P. Foliar sampling years with summer droughts (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index < − 1.2) were associated with lower standardized foliar P concentrations in all tree species compared to average years. Conclusion: We concluded that variations in drought conditions drive foliar N and P on a short-term, mostly annual basis, while throughfall deposition of N impacted foliar N over larger time spans of several decades depending on tree species.
Natural regeneration of Scots pine seedlings in northern Finland after small gap, selection and shelterwood cuttings and site preparation
Peltola, Petra; Maltamo, Matti; Poutiainen, Tuukka; Pääkkönen, Viivi; Petty, Aaron; Yang, Fan; Pikkarainen, Laura; Korhonen, Lauri; Rautio, Pasi; Hallikainen, Ville; Kilpeläinen, Antti; Peltola, Heli
Forest ecology and management (Elsevier, 2026)
The interest in continuous cover forestry (CCF) has increased in Northern Europe over the last decade. Its sustainability depends on successful natural regeneration, which can be limited by the demanding growing conditions in northern Fennoscandia. We studied the early success of, and factors influencing, natural regeneration of Scots pine seedlings on xeric and mesic sites in northern Finland after small gap, selection and shelterwood cuttings and site preparation (none, track and patch scarification). The six study stands treated in 2020–2021 were inventoried in 2024, 3–4 years after cuttings. We evaluated the factors affecting the number of Scots pine seedlings established after cuttings using generalised linear mixed modelling, considering both field-measured and remote-sensing-based predictors. We found that the modelled number of pine seedlings increased in the small gap stands along with increasing distance from the forest edge and coverage of bare humus and lichen. In the selection and shelterwood cutting stands it decreased along with increasing stoniness and moss (excluding Sphagnum spp.) coverage. In both cases, site preparation (especially track preparation) improved the regeneration result. Based on the best fitting model, the mean number of pine seedlings in the small gap stands was 1500 ha−1 and in the selection and shelterwood cutting stands 1000 ha−1. To conclude, the establishment of seedlings was low, but it may increase in the coming years.
Ecological and genomic variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal exploration types
Mansfield, Thomas M.; Zarsav, Artin; Cox, Filipa; Suz, Laura M.; Bidartondo, Martin I.; van der Linde, Sietse; Barsoum, Nadia; Averill, Colin; Kuo, Alan; Tedersoo, Leho; Rautio, Pasi; Gessler, Arthur; De Vos, Bruno; Croisé, Luc; Meesenburg, Henning; Wagner, Markus; Jacob, Frank; Lech, Paweł; Kowalska, Anna; Greve, Martin; Popova, Genoveva; Frey, Beat; Schaub, Marcus; Ferretti, Marco; Waldner, Peter; Calatayud, Vicent; Canullo, Roberto; Papitto, Giancarlo; Marinšek, Aleksander; Vesterdal, Lars; Ingerslev, Morten; Meissner, Helge; Timmermann, Volkmar; Eickenscheidt, Nadine; Schmitz, Andreas; Martin, Francis M.; Spatafora, Joseph; Kennedy, Peter G.; Kohler, Annegret; Plett, Jonathan M.; Anderson, Ian C.; Branco, Sara; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Pires, Chris J.; Unruh, Sarah A.; Zettler, Lawrence W.; Miettinen, Otto; Viner, Ilya; May, Tom W.; Lebel, Teresa; Catcheside, David E. A.; Catcheside, Pamela S.; Vonow, Helen P.; Burgoyne, Leigh A.; Haska, Julia; Anthony, Mark A.
New phytologist (John Wiley & Sons, 2026)
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) produce mycelia with variable extension and complexity, which can be classiﬁed according to soil ‘exploration types’ (ETs). ETs have received attention as one of the few mycorrhizal trait frameworks, but without an empirical classiﬁcation of ET functional diversity and environmental preferences, understanding and interpreting EMF bio-geographic patterns has been difﬁcult. We conducted a synthesis combining: comparative EMF genomics to describe functional divergence in decomposition and nutrient cycling genes across ETs; and EMF trait distribution modeling across continental Europe, pairing soil and root EMF surveys to establish biogeo-graphic ET niche proﬁles. We demonstrate a signature of ETs encoded in EMF genomes, which is independent from phylogeny and linked to biomass production strategies. EMF ET relative abundances were separated by soil, root, and dominant tree leaf type habitats and exhibited unique correlations with forest biotic (e.g. plant productivity and plant pathogen densities) and abiotic (e.g. nitro-gen deposition and soil pH) conditions. These ﬁndings support a theory that EMF niche partitioning can be partially explained by extraradical mycelial traits, with underlying variation in ET biogeography likely arising from distinct decomposition and nutrient cycling potentials. We also identify important limitations to this trait framework and provide a guided outlook for future research.
Pilot-scale extraction of Norway spruce bark polyphenols with purification for tannin-enriched fractions
Kilpeläinen, Petri; Jylhä, Paula; Hellström, Jarkko; Halmemies, Eelis; Tienaho, Jenni; Korpinen, Risto; Brännström, Hanna
Industrial crops and products (Elsevier, 2026)
Softwood bark represents an abundant and promising source of high-value bioactive polyphenols. However, it is currently used mainly for energy production, and its efficient extraction remains a major bottleneck for the industrial valorization of tannins and other polyphenols. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pilot-scale extraction and purification of antibacterial polyphenols from industrially sourced Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark using pressurized hot water extraction and XAD7HP polymeric resin. Nine batches of winter- and summer-harvested bark were processed in a 300 L reactor at 58–122 °C for 40–80 min, with characterization of moisture, particle size, and bark-to-wood ratio to account for feedstock variability. The maximum overall extraction yield (140.4 mg/g) on a dry bark basis (DB) was obtained at 122 °C. Seasonal differences were evident, as winter bark consistently provided higher yields than summer bark. Resin purification significantly enriched the polyphenol content, increasing condensed tannins from 2.1 to 4.6 mg/g to 23.4–59.2 mg/g (DB) while markedly reducing carbohydrate contamination. The tannin-enriched fractions also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against bioluminescent Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) biosensor strains. These results confirm the technical feasibility of producing polyphenol-rich fractions from spruce bark at pilot scale, supporting their use in biobased industrial applications such as cosmetics, feed, and water treatment.
Improving nature-based tourism accounts : The importance of national data for robust ecosystem service estimates
Jussila, Tytti; Hurskainen, Pekka; Neuvonen, Marjo; Artell, Janne; Laalo, Marianne; Saikkonen, Liisa
One ecosystem (Pensoft Publishers, 2026)
The new EU regulation on ecosystem accounting requires Member States to report annually on the supply and use of seven ecosystem services. To support this process, Eurostat provides a voluntary INCA tool along with default datasets and methods. While these resources enable basic compliance with the reporting requirements, the top-down, centrally provided input data and assumptions are generic, not fully comprehensive and may lack accuracy in many national contexts. Integration of national data and context-specific assumptions is, therefore, recommended to improve reliability and national relevance of accounts. In this study, we assessed how input data choices affect nature-based tourism accounts in Finland. We compiled two sets of accounts with the INCA tool: one using the default dataset and one with nationally sourced input data. Improvements in the nationally adjusted dataset include high-resolution travel statistics, spatial information on accommodation locations and adjusted proxies for recreational attractiveness. The comparison of resulting accounts revealed substantial differences: the default approach underestimated domestic nature-based tourism volumes – mainly due to missing non-commercial accommodation use – and produced unrealistic spatial patterns that overlooked several key destinations. National data provided markedly higher and more plausible estimates, with a broader and more accurate distribution across the landscape and a shift in ecosystem-level supply from forest-dominated to a more balanced contribution of lakes, marine areas and other ecosystems. Our findings demonstrate that using more comprehensive inputs, with higher spatial accuracy and closer alignment with national realities, can substantially change the magnitude and spatial distribution of estimated ecosystem service supply. Incorporating national expertise and datasets is essential to go beyond minimum compliance and to produce ecosystem accounts that are robust enough to support informed policy-making.