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Motivational factors and financial incentives to mitigate tail biting in pig production in Finland
Väre, Minna; Koskikallio, Hilkka; Heinonen, Mari; Tuominen-Brinkas, Miina; Munsterhjelm, Camilla; Valros, Anna; Niemi, Jarkko
Frontiers in veterinary science (Frontiers Media S.A., 2026)
Tail biting affects the health and welfare of pigs, the quality of pig carcasses, and the profitability of production in both weaner and finishing pig production. There are specific quality criteria for weaned pigs, and tail damage can lead to a reductions in the purchase price of weaner pigs as well as to carcass rejections at the slaughterhouse. Although this issue is important, research has paid little attention to tail biting in weaner pig production. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of various motivational factors and economic incentives on the management of tail biting on Finnish pig farms and to assess the costs of tail biting in weaner pig production. The data were collected by interviewing representatives of 15 farms producing finishing pigs and 10 farms producing weaner pigs during 2021–2022. The interviews covered risk factors for tail biting and the factors that most motivated producers to reduce the occurrence of tail biting. Additionally, using a calculation model, the economic significance of tail biting in nurseries was assessed. The interviewed farmers were very or fairly motivated to address tail biting when they observed it on their own farms. Half of the representatives from farms producing weaner pigs found that the management measures were laborious to implement. The economic incentives that most motivated farmers producing weaner pigs to address tail biting were obtaining a better price for intact-tailed (undocked tails with no tail lesions) pigs and financial support for measures to manage tail biting. Representatives of finishing farms were most motivated by the decrease in carcass condemnations and increase in meat prices. The results suggest that the desire to produce healthy pig with high welfare also motivated Finnish farmers. According to the calculation model and a hypothetical scenario, tail biting in weaner pig production can cause a loss of up to approximately €32 per bitten pig in Finland, taking into account possible effects during the finishing phase, reduced growth, treatment of the tail-damaged pig, and various income losses and additional costs. As the consequences of tail biting can be substantial, it is important that farmers are informed about the potential financial losses and impairment of animal welfare in the event of tail biting occurrence as well as possible means to mitigate and prevent tail biting.
Upscaling Chamber-measured Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Rewetted Peat Extraction Sites Using Drone and Satellite Imagery
Isoaho, Aleksi; Niiranen, Milla; Väyrynen, Eveliina; Räsänen, Aleksi; Liimatainen, Maarit
Environmental management : 9 (Springer Nature, 2026)
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from rewetted peat extraction sites are largely unknown. While the emissions can be quantified with chamber measurements, spatial upscaling is needed to quantify the emissions over the whole rewetted areas. Therefore, we developed a method to upscale chamber-measured GHG emissions with drone and satellite imagery. We measured GHG fluxes in five different surface types within three rewetted peatlands in northern Finland across two growing seasons. We spatially classified surface types within drone mapped areas with random forest classifier and further upscaled the surface type %-covers outside the drone areas with multitemporal Sentinel-2 imagery using extreme gradient boosting regression. With predicted surface type %-covers, we calculated total and area-normalised GHG flux sums for each measurement moment. The drone-based surface type classifiers performed well (class specific F-scores 0.28–0.97, overall accuracies 0.76–0.85) as did the satellite-based surface type %-cover models (R2 = 0.38–0.99). Predicted surface type covers appeared realistic and followed topographical gradient observed from the high-resolution classification. Upscaled and area-normalised GHG fluxes ranged from 0.24 to 5.91 g CO2-C m–2 d–1, 0.01 to 0.34 g CH4-C m–2 d–1 and -98 to 61 μg N2O-N m–2 d–1 depending on site and time. High water and reed %-cover reduced overall emissions due to higher emission factors in drier surface types but due to lack of gross primary production estimations, no conclusion could be drawn about net ecosystem carbon balances. Our results indicate that combination of field measurements, drone flights, and satellite imagery can be used to upscale surface area estimates and GHG fluxes.
Dynamics and consequences of compaction process in agricultural soil under vehicular loading : High-sampling-rate measurements and structural analyses
Kulju, Sampo; Lindeman, Harri; Tähtikarhu, Mika; Nikama, Johanna; Kuva, Jukka; Ala-Ilomäki, Jari; Hyväluoma, Jari
Soil and tillage research (Elsevier, 2026)
Soil compaction induced by vehicle traffic on agricultural fields threatens soil health. Thus, stress caused by heavy machinery, and its effects on soil, have been widely studied by experimental and computational methods. This study presents a high-sampling-rate Bolling probe setup for dynamic soil stress measurements and a continuous Percometer measuring system to investigate the effect of a vehicular load on soil moisture. Both systems were implemented in a field test area where ten passes with an agricultural tractor were driven on a test track. The on-site measurements were accompanied by laboratory analysis of soil structure and strength analyses based on soil samples taken from the field test site before and after the vehicle passes. In addition to ten compaction passes, a high-speed vehicle pass was performed to test the capabilities of our experimental setup. Results of the Bolling probe and Percometer measurements showed new aspects on the dynamics of soil stress and the state of soil moisture caused by a vehicular loading. Measured stress and soil moisture values also indicated that soil was compacting due to vehicle passes, an effect which was confirmed by X-ray tomography imaging and laboratory analyses of soil samples. During the high-speed pass, our Bolling probe setup was able to measure oscillations of soil stress.
Soil structure evolution after gypsum, structure lime and pulp mill sludge applications: The amendment type matters
Hyväluoma, Jari; Ertem, Idil; Miettinen, Arttu; Kaseva, Janne; Soinne, Helena; Kinnunen, Sami; Harjupatana, Tero; Keskinen, Riikka
Geoderma (Elsevier, 2026)
Various soil amendments are used to improve soil structural stability against water erosion. Gypsum, structure lime and pulp mill sludges have all received interest in northern conditions and shown positive results in this respect. However, only a few studies have focused on the impacts of amendments on soil pore systems, particularly on their temporal dynamics under field conditions. In this study, we used X-ray tomography for time-lapse imaging of field-incubated soil samples to follow the structural dynamics of clay soil treated with gypsum, structure lime, or pulp mill sludge. Our results showed that gypsum and structure lime did not notably influence the macropore structure dynamics as compared to the non-treated control. In contrast, pulp mill sludge altered the macropore system significantly in comparison to control and two inorganic amendments. Pulp mill sludge increased the share of large macropores (>1200 µm), whereas the smaller macroporosity (<300 µm) temporarily decreased after the initiation of field incubation. After the first winter, the differences in this pore size region between the treatments levelled off. Our results show that, in addition to soil structural stability, soil amendments can influence the soil macropore system, but the magnitude and nature of these effects strongly depend on amendment type.
Marine and river fishing tourism in the Nordic region : Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland : Report prepared for the Nordic Council of Ministers
Jónsdóttir, Guðrún Arndís; Gísladóttir, Lilja; Ahi, Jülide Ceren; Stage, Jesper; Pettersson, Maria; Johansson, Malin; Pokki, Heidi; Pellikka, Jani
Nordic Forest Research (SNS) report / Report prepared for the Nordic Council of Ministers (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2025)