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Environmental variables improve remote sensing-based water table monitoring in peatlands
Christiani, Priscillia; Räsänen, Aleksi; Kuzmin, Anton; Ojanen, Paavo; Minkkinen, Kari; Korpelainen, Pasi; Rana, Parvez; Kumpula, Timo; Isoaho, Aleksi
Science of the total environment (Elsevier, 2026)
Water table (WT) is a key indicator of peatland ecosystem functioning, but its spatiotemporal monitoring is challenging. Optical remote sensing has been used in peatland WT monitoring with varying success, but few studies have tested whether environmental variables—particularly topographic and tree stand structure variables derived from LiDAR—improve modelling performance. We tested whether environmental variables improve (1) uncrewed aerial vehicle-derived spatial WT models in two northern boreal, partly drained aapa mires and (2) satellite image-derived spatiotemporal WT models in a southern boreal drained peatland forest in Finland. We employed random forest regression and variable selection techniques to model WT, using optical remote sensing and environmental variables as predictors. Our results showed that environmental variables related to topography and tree stand structure improve modelling performance, with R2 increasing by 0.01–0.19 compared to optical-only models. Our findings support the integration of optical and environmental data for spatial and spatiotemporal WT monitoring in boreal peatlands.
Federated learning in forest resource modelling and monitoring: Bridging data confidentiality and collaborative research
Schumacher, Johannes; Cescatti, Alessandro; Chirici, Gherardo; D’Amico, Giovanni; Francini, Saverio; Hertzler, Johannes; Mehtätalo, Lauri; Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Nilsson, Mats; Pitkänen, Juho; Breidenbach, Johannes
International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation (Elsevier, 2026)
The availability of reliable ground-truth data is one of the main bottlenecks for improving high-resolution forest attribute maps from Earth observation data. This is underpinned by the European Union (EU) Forest Strategy for 2030 that underscores the need for harmonized, cross-border forest resource assessments that integrate both remote sensing and field-based National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. However, confidentiality constraints on NFI plot coordinates present a significant barrier to aligning these datasets, thereby limiting the development of unified forest monitoring systems that can fully leverage the potential of Earth Observation data. To overcome these data-sharing limitations we explored the effectiveness of a privacy-enhancing technique, known as Federated Learning (FL), that is a form of distributed computing aimed at preserving the privacy and confidentiality of data owned by different organizations. This methodology has been tested for the collaborative modelling and mapping of forest timber volume across four European countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Italy. We employed a time-series convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture tailored to integrate 40 years of Landsat or 7 years of Sentinel imagery and terrain variables with harmonized NFI data from more than 85,000 sample plots. This model architecture was used for the FL approach and compared to traditional country-specific and centralized modelling strategies. FL models achieved predictive performances comparable to the traditional models, which proofs the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Centralized or global models showed slightly reduced performance compared to the national models, highlighting the value of fine-tuning with local ground-truth data. By aligning with the EU’s forest monitoring objectives, FL facilitates the generation of harmonized models and maps of forest features, like timber volume and biomass, that are critical to support evidence-based forest policy and management. The findings underscore the potential of FL to transform collaborative environmental monitoring, particularly in domains where data confidentiality and interoperability are critical.
Tapeworm parasite burden is linked to diet, body size, condition, growth, restocking and habitat use in piscivorous salmonids of a subarctic lake
Lehtonen, Topi K.; Alioravainen, Nico
Ecology of freshwater fish : 4 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2026)
Parasites affect hosts in interaction with the entire ecological community. This is particularly evident for trophically transmittedparasites, such as Dibothriocephalus tapeworms, which infect multiple intermediate fish hosts, potentially reducing their fitnessand suitability for human consumption. Here, we used a large, multi-year dataset to examine ecological underpinnings betweenDibothriocephalus burden and host traits and diet. In particular, we assessed relationships between parasite burden and bodysize, body condition, growth, restocking origin and stomach contents in the key piscivorous salmonids, Arctic charr (Salvelinusalpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), in a large subarctic lake, Lake Inari. We found that Dibothriocephalus prevalence wassimilarly high in both salmonids, with decreasing parasite burden over the years. In both species, larger individuals and thosehaving three-spined (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and/or ninespine (Pungitius pungitius) stickleback remnants in their stomachs hada higher parasite burden, whereas better body condition, quicker growth, stomach contents other than sticklebacks, stocked or-igin (in Arctic charr) and river habitat (in brown trout) were associated with lower parasite counts. These findings suggest thatDibothriocephalus burden is likely to be costly, while successful foraging on non-stickleback food is associated with lower bur-den. Overall, the results highlight the intricacy of trophic accumulation of Dibothriocephalus parasites, with sticklebacks playinga special role in their transmission.
Synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and distance to settlements in the spatial allocation of wind power
Luukkonen, Saara; Räsänen, Aleksi; Koivula, Matti; Tolvanen, Anne
Journal of environmental management (Academic Press, 2026)
The need to phase out fossil energy has promoted a rapid development of wind power, yet this development may negatively affect biodiversity and encounter resistance among local citizens. To study whether optimal locations for wind power differ when considering biodiversity impacts or distance to settlements, we used spatial suitability analysis for allocating wind power in Pirkanmaa region in southern Finland. We clustered high-suitability areas using Anselin Local Moran's I cluster analysis to find spatially contiguous areas for wind power. We compared the results of biodiversity-based and settlement-based allocation in three scenarios for electricity production for the year 2035: the Minimum scenario corresponded to the current production-consumption ratio in the region, the Self-sufficiency scenario to regional electricity self-sufficiency, and the Maximum scenario to the maximum production capacity. The most suitable locations for wind power were forested areas in the sparsely populated parts of the region. Optimal locations for biodiversity-based and settlement-based suitability showed only partial overlap, suggesting trade-offs in wind power allocation. The overlap area increased from 0% in the Minimum scenario to 41% in the Maximum scenario. The total area of the highly suitable locations based on both biodiversity and distance to settlements was not sufficient to cover the production capacity in the Self-sufficiency scenario, indicating that reaching electricity self-sufficiency may not be possible without compromising biodiversity or distance to settlements. The results highlight the importance of considering both biodiversity values and human well-being in wind power development, as potential for conflicts in wind power development is likely to increase with growing electricity demand in the future.
Biodiversity recovery is slow following clear-cut harvest of boreal forests
Macdonald, S. Ellen; McIntosh, Anne C. S.; Schut, Selena; Bartels, Samuel; Lee, Seung-Il; Baisheva, Elvira; Battigelli, Jeff; Bayne, Erin; Bergeron, Yves; Bouchard, Mathieu; Casey, Brendan; Dynesius, Mats; Handa, I. Tanya; Hjältén, Joakim; Hylander, Kristoffer; Koivula, Matti; Kouki, Jari; Löfroth, Therese; Lõhmus, Asko; Nielsen, Anders; Odsen, Sonya; Panzacchi, Manuela; Pinzon, Jaime; Reich, Peter B.; Shirokikh, Pavel; Shorohova, Ekaterina; Vanha-Majamaa, Ilkka; Venier, Lisa; Work, Tim; Wu, Linhao
Nature sustainability (Springer Nature, 2026)
Boreal forests are important reservoirs of biodiversity, carbon and timber stocks. However, timber harvest can alter biodiversity in these forests without clear evidence on the duration needed for biotic groups to recover. Resilience of boreal forest biodiversity to clear-cut harvest was examined with a meta-analysis of 190 datasets from boreal and hemi-boreal forests of Europe/Russia and North America for arthropods, birds, small mammals, lichens, bryophytes and vascular plants. We modelled similarity of community composition between harvested and unharvested stands versus years post harvest. In approximately half of cases, predicted times for recovery to pre-harvest composition were ≤30 years. In other cases, recovery took much longer or had not occurred within the timeframe of our data; for example, in conifer forest: >100 years (bryophytes), >55 years (small mammals), ~95 years (lichens) and ~85 years (vascular plants). Saproxylic beetles showed no resilience within the 16 (conifer forest) or 29 (mixed forest) years post harvest for which we had data. Recovery generally took longer in conifer and mixed than in broadleaf forests, which always showed either resistance (bryophytes, vascular plants) or resilience with recovery within 12–25 years. Conserving biodiversity in boreal forests will require extended rotations, management for ‘old forest’ structural elements and areas protected from harvesting.