Advancing multifunctional forests : pathways for Northern Europe : across management, carbon removal certification, and land-use change

Key messages: Multifunctionality should serve as a guiding principle for forest governance and investment, complementing production and conservation objectives. To operationalise this vision, three guiding principles should inform EU and national policies: • Plan and manage at the landscape level balancing production, biodiversity, climate adaptation and social needs in complementary ways. Policies should support a diversity of management practices. • Align sectoral policies to ensure coherence between forestry, energy, biodiversity, climate and social objectives. • Reward and support multifunctionality explicitly through advisory programmes, certification systems, and financial mechanisms that recognise and support diverse management practices.