Pilot Study of Sap Properties of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Trees Used and Not Used for Sap-Feeding by Three-Toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus) - Jyske, Tuula; Keinänen, Sini; Hölttä, Teemu; Lintunen, Anna; Pranovich, Andrey; Laakso, Tapio; Suuronen, Jussi-Petteri; da Silva Viana, Gabriel; Pakkala, Timo (MDPI AG, 2022)
Keywords: antioxidants; bark; calcium; carbohydrates; minerals; Norway spruce; phloem; phloem sap; sap-feeding; three-toed woodpecker