The Finnish Forest Research Institute METLA IN BRIEF FOREST FINLAND FOREST FINLAND IN BRIEF offers a concise description on the Finnish forestry and forest industries in on international context from the viewpoint of forest statistics. For a more detailed description, please refer to our Statistical Yearbook of Forestry. In Finland, the rather small population inhabits a forest-rich country. Ideal growing conditions for conifers, easily workable, valuable tree species, good logging conditions and infrastructure, combined with accessibility to major European markets, have made forests our real source of welfare. And not only in material sense, for the Finns are able to enjoy the forests. Both forestry and forest industries are facing challenges, not only because of internal development requirements and competition, but also due to often conflicting demands set by both local and international interest groups. I hope this pocket statistics offers some basic facts to deal with the challenging forestry issues. Helsinki, June 1995 Aarne Reunala Chief The Finnish Forest Research Institute Helsinki Research Centre Editor: Yrjö Sevola Lay-out: Johanna Torkkel Graphs: Aarre Peltola Maps: Spatio Oy Photo: Erkki Oksanen Compiled at The Finnish Forest Research Institute Forest Statistics Information Service Unioninkatu 40 A FIN-00170 Helsinki, Finland Tel. +358 0 8570 51, fax+3sB 0 8570 5717 Internet E-mail: statistics @metla.fi ISBN 951-40-1499-5 CONTENTS International context Major producers and traders 4 Eurasian boreal forest zone 6 The European Union 11 Finnish forestry and forest industries National economy, forestry and forest industries 15 Forest industry: production ond exports 16 Wood consumption 19 Labour force 23 Roundwood markets 24 Silviculturol and forest improvement work 28 Forest resources 30 Key contacts Reprint in 1996, with some modifications 4 INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Finland with its 5.1 million people and 23.0 million forest hectares (0.6 % of the world total) is an important supplier of forest products to global markets. Finland's boreal coniferous forests with a good mixture of broadleaves allow for annual cuttings of over 60 million m 3 on a sustained basis, and the allowable cut is increasing. The infrastructure for roundwood procurement is good. The Finnish forest industries are highly export-oriented. In many branches, 70 to 90 % of the production goes abroad. Finland is a major trader of softwood timber and paper, particularly printing and writing paper. Major producers and traders Global roundwood production, 1993 (million m3 under bark): Total value of the global export trade of forest products amounted to 99 618 million U.S. dollars (f.o.b) in 1993, of which the share of Finland was 7.4 %. World production of coniferous roundwood, 1993 World imports of roundwood, 1993 World 111.4 mill, m 3 u.b. Europe 36.5 Japon 45.5 Korea Rep 8.7 China 6.2 Finland 6.1 Italy 5.8 Austria 5.6 Canada 5.0 Industrial wood 1 528 Coniferous wood 1 129 Fuelwood & charcoal 1 876 Non-coniferous wood 2 275 3 404 3 404 World 1 129 n nill. m3 u.b. Europe 207 USA 303 Canada 167 China 144 Russia 107 Brazil 49 Sweden 47 Finland 32 World production of conferous sawnwood, 1993 World exports of coniferous sawnwood, 1993 5 World production of paper and paperboard, 1993 World exports of paper paperboard, 1993 Source: FM Yearbook of Forest Products 1993 World 307.6 n iiii. m: Europe 65.2 USA 78.4 Canada 58.7 Russia 32.8 Japan 23.3 China 15.6 Sweden 12.5 Germany 11.9 Brazil 8.6 Finland 8.3 World 85.3 n nill. m: Europe 25.6 Canada 42.8 Sweden 9.6 USA 7.0 Finland 5.7 Russia 5.4 Austria 4.1 Poland 1.1 World 253.6 mill, metric tons Europe 69.9 USA 77.3 Japan 27.8 China 23.8 Canada 17.6 Germany 13.0 Finland 10.0 Sweden 8.8 World 64.5 n nill. m.t. Europe 35.9 Canada 12.9 Finland 8.5 USA 7.1 Sweden 7.0 Germany 4.8 France 3.1 Austria 2.4 Value of global exports of forest products, 1993 6 Source: FAO yearbook of Forest Products 1993 Eurasian boreal forest zone Eurasian boreal forest zone extends from the atlantic Norway to the Russian Pacific coast, about 9 000 km. In the Nordic countries the zone width is about 1 000 km (60-70° N); eastwards it gradually spreads out more to the south reaching 50° N in the eastern Siberia and then again narrowing inbetween 60-70° N. This huge coniferous forest zone of about 1 000 million hectares is one of the most important providers of roundwood in the world. In the European part ond West Siberia, pines and spruces dominate. In East Siberia, Siberian larch, and in Russian Far East Dahurian larch are the most important species. In the mountaineous Far East, the forests are mostly inaccessible. About 78 % of forests of Norway and Sweden, 98 % of Finland and 85 % of the former Soviet Union belong to the boreal coniferous forest zone proper. All boreal forests of the former Soviet Union are within the present Russian Federation. However, due to the restricted availability of the comparable regional forestry information, the figures in the next table are nationwide. 1000 mill. USD USD per capita World 99.6 18 Europe 41.4 83 Canada 19.3 703 USA 13.4 53 Sweden 7.5 862 Finland 7.4 1 470 Germany 5.8 71 Indonesia 5.2 27 Malaysia 4.2 225 7 Source: S. R. Eyre: Vegetation and soils (1968) Eurasian boreal forest zone Forest resources of the countries in the Eurasian boreal forest zone at the end of the 1980's 8 Source: The UN-ECE/ FAO J 990 forest Resource Assessment Forest and other Exploitable forest wooded land land Areas, mill, ha % of land area Norway 9.6 31 6.6 Sweden 28.0 69 22.0 Finland 23.4 77 19.5 USSR 941.5 44 414.0 Total 1 002.5 45 462.1 Growing stock, mill, m 3 over bark Conifers, % Conifers, % Norway 621 80 571 82 Sweden 2 721 84 2 471 85 Finland 1773 82 1 679 82 USSR 85 919 82 50 310 74 Total 91034 82 55 031 75 Net annual increment, mill, m 3 o.b. Conifers, % Conifers, % Norway 18.5 78 17.6 80 Sweden 96.7 82 91.0 83 Finland 72.5 77 69.7 77 USSR 1 017.0 63 699.9 56 Total 1 204.7 66 878.2 61 Removals in 1989, mill, m3 o.l i. Conifers, % Conifers, % Norway 12.0 92 11.1 97 Sweden 56.9 83 54.5 83 Finland 52.0 80 50.7 81 USSR 516.8 65 465.2 67 Total 637.7 68 581.5 70 9 Northern limits of selected tree species in Finland and western limit of Siberian larch Source: Atlas of Finland, folio 141 (1988) 10 Nature protection areas by vegetation zones Source: Finnish Environment Agency (1995) 11 The European Union The European Union is the most important customer region for the Finnish forest products; its share is about 75 % in sawnwood and 65 % in paper and paperboard exports. The customer-orientation has also led to large Finnish investments in forest product manufacturing in those countries. The capacity of the Finnish-owned paper and paperboard industries inside the EU was about four million tons in 1994. On January Ist, 1995 Finland together with Austria and Sweden joined the EU, with the consequent doubling of the forest resources of the European Union. Forest resources of the European Union. Exploitable forest. Source: The UN-ECE/FAO 1990 Forest Resource Assessment Country Forest Growing Increment Removals area stock of which at the end of 80's mill, ha mill, m3 conif., % mill. m 3/yr mill. m 3/yr Belgium 0.6 90 60 4.5 3.4 Denmark 0.5 54 54 3.5 2.0 France 12.5 1742 38 65.9 48.0 Germany 9.9 2674 68 63.1 42.6 Greece 2.3 149 52 3.3 2.9 Ireland 0.4 30 87 3.5 1.6 Italy 4.4 743 36 13.6 7.6 Luxembourg 0.1 20 18 0.7 0.3 Netherlands 0.3 52 56 2.4 1.3 Portugal 2.3 167 66 11.3 10.5 Spain 6.5 450 61 27.8 14.9 United Kingdom 2.2 203 55 11.1 7.3 Total 42.0 6 374 54 210.7 142.4 New Member States on Jan 1,1995 Austria 3.3 953 83 22.0 16.5 Finland 19.5 1679 82 69.7 50.7 Sweden 22.0 2 471 85 91.0 54.5 Total 44.8 5 103 84 182.7 121.7 Grand total 86.8 11 477 67 393.4 264.1 12 Duration of the growing season in Europe - W* t ■ . J Source: Finnish Meteorological Institute * Finnish exports of forest indusrty products to the European Union, 1994 13 Somes: National Board of Customs, Finnish Forest Industries Federation Sawnwood Plywood Particle Fibre- Pulp Paper and board board paperboard 1000 m 3 1000 m.t. Belgium-Luxemb. 164 15 0 1 61 355 Denmark 715 32 3 3 7 292 France 690 65 0 2 165 852 Germany 1 133 185 1 3 645 1 452 Greece 108 1 4 8 131 Ireland 78 2 5 1 2 79 Italy 244 24 3 84 388 Netherlands 892 75 0 6 45 588 Portugal 3 1 29 54 Spain 106 13 0 12 658 United Kingdom 1 412 64 118 27 192 1 631 Total 5 546 476 126 50 1 252 6 480 % of total exports 77 69 63 83 84 64 14 Some major Finnish-owned forest industries in other EU-countries 15 FINNISH FORESTRY AND FOREST INDUSTRIES In search of economic growth in post-war Finland, investments in pulp and paper industry doubled the production from 1955 to 1965. This trend has continued, and not only in the forest industries, but also in the metal industries and more recently, in the high-tech electronic industry. National economy, forestry and the forest industries In 1960, roundwood and forest industry products represented 75 % of the value of the total exports; their share was 35 % in 1994. The same diversification of production is, of course, to be seen in the structure of the gross domestic product. In 1960, the share of forestry on GDP was 8.7 %, and that of forest industry, 7.1 %. The corresponding figures for the year 1994 are 2.6 % and 5.7 %. In employment, forestry accounted for 6.6 % and forest industry for 5.2 %in 1960. In 1994, the corresponding figures were 1.2 and 3.7 % respectively. It is worth noticing that flourishing engineering and service industries have developed around the Finnish forestry and forest industries. Strong mutual connections have contributed to the success of the whole. Finnish companies are in a strong position globally, e.g. in timber harvesters, paper machines and consultant services. Forestry and forest industries in Finnish national economy,1994 FIM = 0.19 USD Source: Statistics Finland Gross domestic product 507 779 million FIM of which forestry 2.6 % forest industries 5.7 % Total employment 2.02 million persons of which forestry 1.2 % forest industries 3.7 % Total exports 153 873 million FIM of which forestry 0.5 % forest industries 34.2 % 16 Forest industry: production and experts Finland is among the major suppliers of forest-related products to world markets, particularly in printing and writing paper, and one of the biggest importers of roundwood. In 1994, the total value of forest products exports was 53 000 million FIM (about 10 000 million USD). Germany, United Kingdom and France are the most important importers of the Finnish forest products, covering together 43 % of the total. Production of the Finnish forest industries, 1992-94 Source: Finnish Forest Industries Federation Product Unit 1992 1993 1994 1 000 Sownwood m 3 6 900 8 305 9 700 Plywood and veneer " 462 621 700 Particle board 11 354 439 477 Fibreboord m.t. 73 85 86 Mechanical pulp ■ 3156 3 401 3 631 Chemi-mechanical pulp " 458 472 487 Chemical pulp 11 4 914 5 465 5 844 Pulp, total " 8 528 9 339 9 962 Newsprint " 1 257 1 425 1 446 Printing and writing paper n 4 979 5 502 6 096 Kraft paper " 407 448 504 Other paper " 432 459 496 Paper, total " 7 075 7 834 8 542 Paperboard " 2 078 2156 2 367 Paper and paperboard " 9153 9 990 10 909 Finnish forest industry exports, 1992-94 17 Source: National Board of Customs Product Unit 1992 1993 1994 1000 Sawnwood m 3 4 649 6216 7181 Plywood ond veneer " 375 582 694 Particle board " 95 195 200 Fibreboard m.t. 45 53 60 Mechanical pulp 83 83 72 Chemical pulp 1206 1372 1 420 Newsprint 1 146 1 250 1252 Printing and writing paper 4 525 5149 5 833 Kraft paper 298 329 356 Other paper 326 328 325 Paper, total " 6 293 7 056 7 766 Paperboard n 1754 1 764 1986 Converted paper products " 273 308 369 Total paper and paperboard " 8 320 9129 10122 Value of Finnish forest industry exports, 1994 18 FIM = 0.19 USD Source: National Board of Customs mill. FIM Sawnwood Wood-based Pulp Paper, paper- Forest Country panels, other board, converted exports, wood products products total Belgium-Luxembourg 168 60 171 1 191 1590 Denmork 789 224 21 1020 2 053 France 742 232 415 3 223 4612 Germany 1402 1491 1601 5145 9 653 Greece 117 16 19 407 559 Ireland 87 19 6 279 391 Italy 303 105 196 1232 1836 Netherlands 925 292 117 2140 3 478 Portugal 3 6 75 174 258 Spain 109 75 27 2 082 2 293 United Kingdom 1 658 458 479 5 844 8 441 EU total 6 303 2 977 3127 22 737 35164 Other Europe 387 1340 321 4 697 6 757 Europe total 6 690 4317 3 448 27 434 41 921 Asia 646 256 215 3 630 4 748 Africa 647 17 12 569 1 245 North America 3 134 32 2613 2 782 Latin America 0 1 1 931 934 Oceania 28 2 7 984 1021 Grand total 8014 4 728 3 715 36 161 52 651 19 Wood consumption Total wood consumption in Finland has remained ot the same level during the last 35 years, in spite of a multiple increase in wood pulp production. This is mainly due to many structural changes, such as reductions in fuelwood consumption and roundwood exports, as well as the increased use of industrial wood residues. Industrial wood consumption, nevertheless, shows a strong upwards trend. In 1994 total roundwood consumption reached an all-time record of 65.0 million m 3, including imports and exports. Industrial wood consumption was 58.6 mill, ml Imported roundwood of 8.5 mill, m 3 accounted for 15 %of industrial wood consumption. Consumption of roundwood in Finland, 1920-94 Source: The Finnish Forest Research Institute 20 Roundwood consumption during 5 -year periods, 1980-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute mill. m 3/yr Consumption category 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 Exports 1.6 1.3 1.0 Industrial roundwood 41.2 44.4 44.4 sawmills and panel industries 21.0 20.3 20.0 pulp industries 20.2 24.1 24.4 Fuelwood and other 4.5 3.9 4.1 Domestic roundwood total 47.3 49.6 49.5 Imported wood 5.6 6.1 6.8 Total consumption 52.9 55.7 56.3 Roundwood consumption and roundwood exports, 1992-94 21 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute mill. m: Consumption category 1992 1993 1994 Total consumption in Finland 51.6 57.5 63.2 Pine 19.4 21.0 22.4 Spruce 19.6 21.6 24.7 Broad-leaved 11.6 14.3 15.4 Unspecified 1.0 0.7 0.7 Domestic roundwood 44.7 50.6 54.7 Pine 17.9 19.9 20.7 Spruce 19.2 21.4 24.2 Broad-leaved 7.6 9.2 9.7 Imported wood 6.9 7.0 8.5 Pine 1.5 1.1 1.7 Spruce 0.4 0.2 0.5 Broad-leaved 4.1 5.1 5.6 Unspecified 1.0 0.7 0.7 Exports, incl. poles 0.7 1.2 1.9 Pine 0.5 0.8 1.0 Spruce 0.1 0.4 0.8 Broad-leaved 0.1 0.1 0.1 Wood consumption in sawmilling, plywood and pulp industries, 1992-94 22 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Year Domestic roundwood Imported Wood Conif. Broad-leaved wood residues mill, m- Total 1992 1993 1994 15.7 18.5 22.2 Sowmilling 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 16.0 18.8 22.7 1992 1993 1994 0.6 1.1 1.1 Plywood industry 0.9 0.1 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.1 ■ 1.6 1.9 2.3 1992 1993 1994 11.2 11.8 11.2 Chemical pulp industry 3.8 5.9 4.6 6.2 4.8 7.7 4.4 5.1 6.1 25.3 27.7 29.8 1992 1993 1994 7.5 8.0 8.4 Mechanical pulp industry 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.5 1.8 2.3 10.2 10.8 11.7 23 Labour force Efficient multi-function timber harvesters ( nowadays numbering about 1200) are increasingly used in logging operations. The mechanization of logging has led to a continuous decrease in the number of forest workers. Only about 7 000 men are working in logging proper. Forestry employed 25 000 people in 1994, compared with 63 000 in 1980. The same trend applies to forest industries. They employed 120 000 people in 1980, but only 74 000 in 1994. However, the production has increased about 30 % during that period. Consequently, forestry and forest industries, even during a boom, do not directly contribute to solving the severe problem of unemployment in Finland (17.5 %in May 1995). Employment in forestry and forest industries, 1992-94 Source: Statistics f inland 1000 persons 1992 1993 1994 Forestry 30 28 25 Forest industries 76 73 74 Forest sector, totol 106 101 99 Employment, total 2174 2 041 2 024 Unemployed, total 328 444 456 Unemployment rate, % 13.1 17.9 18.4 Employment in forest industries, 1992-94 24 ' Includes e.g. carpentry and manufacture of wooden houses. Source: Statistics Finland Roundwood markets The commercial removals in 1994 amounted to an all-time high, 49.2 million m 3 in total, of which an unusually high proportion (82 %) came from private non-industrial forests. The cuttings have increased rapidly following the severe recession in 1991. Logging, even from private forests, is mainly carried out by the forest industries or by their separate wood procurement organisations. In 1994, forest owners themselves carried out or organized the logging of 11.6 million m 3, or 29 %of the commercial roundwood removed from the private forests. Due to the recession, roundwood prices declined three years in succession, 1991-93, bottoming out in May 1993. After that the prices have again increased. Roundwood prices in Finland are agreed in regional negotiations between forest owners and forest industries. 1000 persons 1992 1993 1994 Sawmills 10 10 11 Plywood and veneer industry 7 7 7 Other board industry 1 1 1 Other wood products industry 1 14 11 12 Pulp industry 20 20 19 Paper industry 19 19 18 Paperboard industry 6 6 6 Forest industries, total 76 73 74 25 Roundwood procurement and consumption in Finland, 1994 Note I. Imported wood is mostly birch pulpwood from Russia. Note 2. Sawmills furnished pulp industry with 5.4 mill, m 3 of wood residues. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Sources mill, m 3 Commercial roundwood from private-owned forests 40.6 from industry-owned forests 4.4 from state-owned forests 4.2 Non-commercial wood 5.8 Domestic roundwood, total 55.0 Imported wood 8.5 Roundwood procurement, total 63.5 Consumption Sawmills 22.7 Wood-based panels 2.3 Other wood products 0.5 Chemical pulp industry 23.7 Mechanical pulp industry 9.4 Industry, total 58.6 Fuelwood 4.6 Exports of roundwood 1.9 Roundwood consumption, total 65.0 Roundwood removals by ownership category, 1992-94 26 1 includes here communes, parishes and some other public forests. 2 FFPS is a statenwned enterprise managing most of the statenwned forests. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Roundwood removals by assortment, 1992-94 1 only thai purchased by industry. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Ownership category 1992 1993 mill, m 1 1994 Private forests' 34.6 36.7 46.4 commercial 29.7 31.1 40.6 non-commercial 4.9 5.6 5.8 Forests industries 5.4 6.0 4.4 Finnish Forest and Park Service 1 5.1 5.0 4.2 Commercial, total 40.2 42.1 49.2 Grand total 45.1 47.7 55.0 mill, m 3 Roundwood assortment 1992 1993 1994 Large-sized timber 18.0 19.8 24.9 pine sawlogs 7.6 8.2 9.6 spruce sawlogs 9.3 10.6 14.1 birch sawlogs 1.1 1.0 1.2 Pulpwood 22.2 22.1 24.2 pine pulpwood 8.7 8.7 9.7 spruce pulpwood 8.5 8.6 9.4 birch pulpwood 4.8 4.5 4.7 other industrial wood 0.2 0.2 0.4 Commercial fuelwood' 0.1 0.2 0.1 Commercial removals, total 40.2 42.1 49.2 Non-commercial removals 4.9 5.6 5.8 Grand total 45.1 47.7 55.0 27 Stumpage prices in non-industrial private forestry, 1987-95 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 28 Silvicultural and forest improvement work About 110-120 thousand hectares are currently planted or seeded annually for forestry, almost exclusively with native tree species. Seed tree or shelterwood cuttings have been applied to 40 to 60 thousand hectares yearly. About 210 000 hectares of seedling stands are treated annually with silvicultural measures. About half of the Finnish mires have been drained for forestry, but nowadays this work is quantitatively declining. The same applies to forest fertilization. The total costs of silvicultural and forest improvement work amounted to FIM 1008 million (about 200 million USD) in 1994. Out of the 856 million FIM corresponding non-industrial private forestry, 58 % are accounted for by forest owners' own financing or work, and the rest are financed by state grants (37 %) or loans (5%). Annual cutting areas, 1992-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 1 000 ha Type of cutting 1992 1993 1994 Thinnings 138 141 260 Clearcuttings 127 106 147 Seed tree and shelterwood cuttings 43 46 71 Removals of seed tree and shelterwood 36 38 50 Other cuttings 7 9 14 Total 351 340 543 % of forest area 1.5 1.5 2.4 Silvicultural and forest improvement work, 1992-94 29 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Financing of silviculture and forest improvement work in non-industrial private forestry, 1963-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 1993 1994 Cleoring of regeneration areas 1000 ha 93 78 Scarification " 121 120 Artificial regeneration " 111 108 Seedling stand improvement " 232 167 Forest fertilization " 4 6 Drainage of mires " 26 17 Maintenance of drainage " 80 82 Construction of forest roads km 4196 3238 Total costs mill. FIM 1 143 1 008 30 Forest resources The nationwide information on forest resources is based on surveys carried out by the Finnish Forest Research Institute. Systematic ground sampling has been applied. The inventory years are as follows: In spite of the 12 % reduction in forest area in 1944 due to the war, wood resources are currently more plentiful than in pre-war Finland. According to the Ist Inventory the total growing stock volume was 1 588 million m 3. The 7th Inventory gave a result of 1 660 million m 3 and the Bth 1 887 million m 3. In recent years annual volume increment has exceeded drain by some 30 million m 3. During the past 70 years the structure of the forests has changed significantly. The forests now have a more even age structure. Of the growing stock, Scots pine's share is 45 % and Norway spruce's 37 %, leaving 18 % for the broad-leaved species, mostly birch. This distribution has been stable. However, Scots pine is the dominant species on 65 % of forest land area, which means that there is a large area of young pine stands. The area of productive forest land (criterion: capability to yield at least 1 m 3/ha/yr) is 20.0 million hectares and that of other wooded land 3.0 million hectares. Thus, the total wood-growing area is 23.0 million hectares. Of this, 1.17 million hectares (5.1 %) has been protected. These areas, in which all forestry activities are prohibited, are almost entirely situated in the northern part of country. 1921-24 1964-70 1936-38 1971-76 1951-53 1977-84 1960-63 1986-94 Principal land use categories in Finland, 1986-94 31 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Mineral soils and mires and their drainage, 1986-94 Soil is recorded as mire if it is peat-covered or mire plants account for more than three quarters of the ground flora. In transforming mires the effect of drainage is perceptible in the growing stock. Transformed mires have reached full produchvity after drainage. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute mill, ha Total area 33.8 Inland watercourses 3.3 Land area 30.5 Forest land 20.0 Other wooded land 3.0 Waste land 3.1 Roads, depots 0.2 Forestry land, total 26.3 Agricultural land 3.0 Built-up areas 0.8 Transport routes 0.4 mill, ha Mineral soils 17.2 Mires 8.9 Roads, depots 0.2 Forestry land, total 26.3 Spruce mires 2.3 Pine mires 4.9 Open mires 1.7 Total 8.9 Undrained mires 4.3 Recently drained mires 1.1 Transforming mires 2.7 Transformed mires 0.9 Total 8.9 Dominant tree species of forest stands, 1986-94 32 ' on forest land area. Note that of volume the broad-leaved species share much more. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Wood resources in Finland, 1986-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Temporarily non-stocked 1.5 Scots pine Pinus sylveslris 64.5 Norway spruce Piceo abies 25.7 Other coniferous 0.1 White birch Betula pendulo 1.3 Downy birch Betula pubescens 6.2 Aspen Populus tremula 0.3 Alder Alnus sp. 0.4 Other broad-leaved 0.1 Total 100.0 Forest land area (mill, ha) 20.0 Forest and other wooded land mill, ha 23.0 Growing stock volume mill, m 3 1887 Scots pine " 863 Norway spruce " 690 Broad-leaved " 334 Volume increment mill.mVyr 77.1 Scots pine " 33.1 Norway spruce " 27.4 Broad-leaved " 16.6 Age structure development of the Finnish forests 33 1) per cent of forest land area Source: Finnish Forest Research Insitule Growing stock volumes according to eight national forest inventories 34 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Forest ownership in Finland, 1986-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Ownership Forest land Forestry land category mill, ha mill, ha % Private 12.4 14.2 54.2 Companies 1.7 2.0 7.7 State 5.0 8.8 33.4 Others 1.0 1.2 4.7 Total 20.0 26.3 100.0 Non-industrial private ownership of forests, 1990 35 The figures concern forest holdings of over five hectares of forest land, the number of which is about 280 000 and the corresponding forest land area is 12.4 million hectares. Source: Finnish forest Research Institute % Ownership group On holdings/ On forest owners land area Family ownership 76 76 Group ownership 6 7 Heirs ownership 18 17 Farmers 32 42 Wage earners 27 24 Entrepreneurs 5 5 Pensioners 36 29 Less than 40 years old 14 16 40 to 59 years old 44 45 Over 60 years old 42 39 Reside on the holding regularly 59 66 Reside on the holding part-time 9 9 Reside somewhere else 32 25 Growing stock volume within ownership categories, 1986-94 36 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Annual volume increment within ownership categories, 1986-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute mill, m3 Ownership Scots Norway Broad- Total % category pine spruce leaved Private 533 526 243 1 302 69.0 Companies 77 51 22 150 7.9 State 211 80 53 344 18.2 Others 43 33 16 92 4.9 Total 863 690 334 1 887 100.0 Ownership Scots Norway Broad- Total category pine spruce leaved mill. m 3/yr % Private 20.8 21.8 12.7 55.3 71.7 Companies 3.9 2.3 1.2 7.4 9.6 State 6.7 2.1 1.9 10.7 13.9 Others 1.7 1.2 0.8 3.7 4.8 Total 33.1 27.4 16.6 77.1 100.0 Mean growing stock volume and annual increment within ownership categories, 1986-94 37 The data refer to stands on forest land. State forests are located mainly in North Finland where the climate is less favourable. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Icrement (I) and drain (D) in 5 -year periods, 1980-94 Hole. Increments for 1990-94 me rough forecasts. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Ownership Mean volume Increment Increment category m 3/ha m 3/ha/yr percentage Private 104 4.4 4.2 Companies 85 4.2 4.9 State 64 2.0 3.1 Others 92 3.8 4.1 Total 92 3.8 4.1 mill. m 3/yr 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 Scots pine 1 29.6 33.9 35.8 D 21.8 20.9 20.0 Norway spruce 1 26.2 27.9 28.8 0 20.2 21.9 22.3 Broad-leaved 1 16.2 16.8 16.8 D 11.1 12.1 11.0 Total 1 72.0 78.6 81.4 D 53.2 54.9 53.3 Annual increment and drain of the growing stock, 1923-94 38 Multiple production of forests, 1992-94 ' Quantities offered for sale. Sources: Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finnish Came and Fisheries Research Institute 1992 1993 1994 Commercial roundwood mill, m 3 o.b 40 42 49 Non-commercial roundwood mill, m 3 o.b 5 6 6 Commercial forest berries m.t. ' 7 504 1774 10 339 Commercial forest mushrooms m.t. 1 672 379 462 Lichen picking for export m.t. 466 459 401 Elk catches m.t. 6 656 6 495 6 842 Hare catches m.t. 670 721 740 Catches of callinaceous birds m.t. 211 256 327 Catches of fur animals 1000 indiv. 297 294 321 Reindeer meat production m.t. 4150 3000 3 200 39 Forest condition in Finland, 1986-94 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Forest land area, total 20.0 mi ill. ha Extension of damages affecting stand quality % on forest land Totally damaged 0.4 Severely damaged 4.2 Moderately damaged 17.0 Total 21.6 Damaging agents Natural competition 1.4 Climatic factors 5.2 Harvesting damages p|L 0.6 1 9 LlK Moles 1 .L 0.1 Insects 0.3 Fungi 7.0 Multiple symptoms 1.5 Unknown 4.3 Total 21.6 40 Pollution-induced load to forests Source: Finnish Meteorological Institute (1992) 41 KEY CONTACTS IN FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH Note. On October 12, 1996, the regional telephone codes will be changed. The new codes are mentioned in brockets after the current ones. European Forest Institute Torikatu 34 FIN-80100 Joensuu Tel. +358 73 [l3] 252 020, fax +358 73 [l3] 124 393 E-mail: efisec@efi.joensuu.fi (independent, non-governmental research unit) Finnish Pulp and Paper Research Institute (KCL) (Keskuslaboratorio) Tekniikantie 2 FIN-02150 Espoo Tel. +358 o[9] 43 711, fox +358 o[9] 464 305 (owned by the paper industry) (Metsäntutkimuslaitos, abbr. METLA) • Unioninkatu 40 A FIN-00170 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 85/ 051, fax +358 o[9] 625 308 E-mail: metla@metlD.fi WWW services: http://www.metla.fi/ (forest resources and economics, administration) • Jokiniemenkuja 1 FIN-01300 Vantaa Tel.+3sBo[9] 857 051, fax +358 o[9] 8570 5569 (forest ecology and production) 42 Research Stations of the Finnish Forest Research Institute: • Yliopistokatu 7 FIN-80100 Joensuu Tel. +358 73 [l3] 151 4000, fox +3sß 73 [l3] 151 4111 (especially silviculture and forest management) • P.O. Box 44 FIN-69101 Kannus Te1.+358 68[6] 871 161, fax+3sß 68[6] 871 164 (peatland forestry, bioenergy) • Yllasjokisuu FIN-95900 Kolari Te1.+358 695[16] 561 401, fax+3sß 695[16] 561 904 k (forest genetics) Kirkkosaarentie FIN-91500 Muhos lei. +358 81 [B] 531 2200, fax +358 81 [B] 531 2211 (forest health, forest regeneration) • Kaironiementie 54 FIN-39700 Parkano Tel. +358 33[2] 44 351, fax +358 33[2] 443 5200 (peatland forestry, forest regeneration) • Finlandiantie 18 FIN-58450 Punkaharju Tel. +358 57 [ls] 644 241, fax +358 57 [ls] 644 333 (forest genetics) 43 • Eteläranta 55 FIN-96300 Rovaniemi Tel. +358 60[16] 336 411, fax +358 60[16] 336 4640 (forest health, forest regeneration) • Juntintie 40 FIN-77600 Suonenjoki Te1.+358 79[17] 513811,fax+358 79[17] 513 068 (seedling nursery and regeneration research) Finnish Society of Forest Science (Suomen Metsätieteellinen Seura) Unioninkatu 40 B, FIN-00170 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 658 707, fax +358 o[9] 1917 619 The Finnish Society of Forest Science and the Finnish Forest Research Institute jointly publish the scientific journals Acta Forestalia Fennica and Silva Fennica. Acta Forestalia Fennica is an international monograph series. It publishes reports of original research, and comprehensive reviews. Silva Fennica is a refereed quarterly with international distribution. It covers all aspects of forest research. In addition to original research articles, the journal published review articles, research notes, discussion papers, book reviews, and information on forthcoming events. Editorial office: METLA/ Editorial Office Unioninkatu 40 A, FIN- 00170 Helsinki Tel.+3sBo[9] 857 051, fax +358 o[9] 625 308 E-mail: silva.fennica@metla.fi WWW Home Page: http://www.metla.fi/publisb/silva/ 44 Foundation for Forest Tree Breeding (Metsänjolostussäötiö) Viljatie 4 A 5 FIN-00700 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 359 022, fax +358 o[9] 359 720 Metsäteho Unioninkatu 17 FIN-00130 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 132 521, fax +358 o[9] 659 202 (R&D Department for Timber Procurement and Production at the Finnish Forest Industries Federation) University of Helsinki Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Unioninkatu 40 B FIN-00170 Helsinki Te1.+358 0 [9] 1911 Helsinki University Library of Forestry (Metsäkirjasto) Unioninkatu 40 B FIN-00170 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 1911, fax+3sB 0 [9] 1917619 University of Joensuu Faculty of Forestry P.0.80x 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu Te1.+358 73 [l3] 1511,fax+358 73[13] 1513 590 Work Efficiency Institute (Työtehoseura) Melkonkatu 16 A FIN-00210 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 2904 1200, fax +358 o[9] 6922 084 (small-scale forestry, forest work) 45 Other useful contacts Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö) Hallituskatu 3 A FIN-00170 Helsinki Te 1 .+358 o(9] 1601, fax+3sB o(9] 1602 190 Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe Liaison Unit in Helsinki Unioninkatu 45 B 42 FIN-00170 Helsinki Te1.+358 o(9] 1601, fax+3sB o(9] 1602 430 Ministry of Environment (Ympäristöministeriö) Ratakatu 3 FIN-00120 Helsinki Te1.+358 o[9] 19 911, fax+3sB o(9] 1991 9545 Finnish Forest and Park Service (Metsähallitus) Vernissakatu 4 FIN-01300 Vantaa Tel. +358 o[9] 857 841, fax +358 o[9] 8578 4500 (state-owned enterprise which manages most of state forests) Forestry Development Centre Tapio Maistraatinportti 4 FIN-00240 Helsinki Tel. +358 o(9] 15 621, fax+3sB o[9] 1562 232 (provides expertise for private forestry) 46 MTK Forestry Department (MTK:n Metsäosasto) Simonkatu 6 FIN-00100 Helsinki Tel. +358 0 [9] 131 151, fax +358 o[9] 1311 5403 (MTK is the Federation of Agricultural and Forestry producers) Finnish Forest Industries Federation (Metsäteollisuus ry) Eteläesplanadi 2 FIN-00130 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 13 261, fax+3sB o[9] 174 479 Finnish Forestry Association (Suomen Metsäyhdistys) Salomonkatu 17 B FIN-00100 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 6940 300, fax +358 o[9] 6933 466 (joint association for the ones related to forestry and forest industries) Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus) Työpajakatu 13 FIN-00580 Helsinki Tel. +358 o[9] 17 341, fax +358 o[9] 1734 2474 Source: Finnish Forestry Association 47 The Statistical Yearbook of Forestry Dear Colleague, Now, after having examined "Forest Finland in Brief", you certainly have the basic facts on the Finnish forest sector. But is this enough for you? - There are other options for those interested in obtaining a more in-depth and detailed statistical view of forestry and the forest industries in Finland. The Finnish , comprising approx. 200 tables and 70 figures, covers the Finnish forest sector in full detail, ranging from forest resources to foreign trade in forest related products. Recent international statistics of major importance are also presented. Special emphasis is placed on extended time series, many of which date back to the 1 950'5. The yearbook is presented in two languages, Finnish and English. Finally, I would like to remind you that the METLA also monitors the development of the Finnish roundwood markets and foreign trade on a monthly basis. At request, this information can also be distributed abrood. For further information, feel free to contact me: Te1.+358 0 8570 5233 Telefax+3sB 0 8570 5717 Internet E-mail: martti.aarne@metla.fi Yours sincerely, Martti Aarne Research Forester The Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA) Forest Statistics Information Service The changing world: the latitude-related drift history of Fennoscandia CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Major producers and traders Eurasian boreal forest zone The European Union FINNISH FORESTRY AND FOREST INDUSTRIES National economy, forestry and the forest industries Forest industry: production and experts Wood consumption Labour force Roundwood markets Silvicultural and forest improvement work Forest resources KEY CONTACTS IN FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH Other useful contacts The Statistical Yearbook of Forestry