FinCOSPAR 2013 – Abstracts 29–30th August, Vantaa, Finland Erkki Tomppo, Sini Merikallio and Irene Murtovaara (eds.) Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm ISBN 978-951-40-2431-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-40-2432-0 (paperback) ISSN 1795-150X www.metla.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 2 Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute publishes preliminary research results and conference proceedings. The papers published in the series are not peer-reviewed. http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/ ISSN 1795-150X Office Post Box 18 FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland tel. +358 29532 2111 e-mail julkaisutoimitus@metla.fi Publisher Finnish Forest Research Institute Post Box 18 FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland tel. +358 29532 2111 e-mail info@metla.fi http://www.metla.fi/ Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 3 Authors Erkki Tomppo, Sini Merikallio and Irene Murtovaara (eds.) Title FinCOSPAR 2013 – Abstracts 29–30th August, Vantaa, Finland Year 2013 Pages 74 ISBN 978-951-40-2431-3 (PDF) 978-951-40-2432-0 (paperback) ISSN 1795-150X Unit / Research programme / Projects Vantaa Unit / 7566 / The XIV meeting of the Finnish Space Researchers, FINCOSPAR 2013 Accepted by Prof. Taneli Kolström, Director of Research 15.8.2013 Abstract The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established by the International Council for Sci- ence (ICSU) in 1958 “as an interdisciplinary scientific body concerned with the progress on an in- ternational scale of all kinds of scientific investigations carried out with space vehicles, rockets and balloons”. Finland became a member of COSPAR a few years later, on June 2, 1964. The first Finnish space science conference was organized in 1987 at Hotel Rantasipi Hyvinkää. Since then, multiple FinCOSPAR meetings have brought together space scientists in Finland to venues from the southern seas to North Finland. The XIV meeting, FinCOSPAR 2013 takes place at the premises of the Finnish Forest Research Institute, METLA, in Tikkurila, Vantaa. The link to space sciences of this new venue is the operational use of space-borne remote sensing in monitoring forests. The presentations of FinCOSPAR 2013 include various corners of the space sciences, varying from space-borne remote sensing of the Earth to the planetary sciences and deep sky observations. The pro- gram consists of four invited presentations and 48 contributed talks or posters. Furthermore, the strat- egy by Tekes – the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation for space activities for years 2013–2020 will be introduced. The participants range from university students to the professors and on the other hand also from secretary to the chief editor of the most popular astronomy magazine of the Nordic countries. The program and the abstracts of the meeting are collected into this Working Paper volume by Metla. Keywords space, remote sensing, space research, COSPAR Available at http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm Replaces Is replaced by Contact information Erkki Tomppo, The Finnish Forest Research Institute. erkki.tomppo@metla.fi Sini Merikallio, The Finnish Meteorological Institute. sini.merikallio@fmi.fi Other information Layout: Irene Murtovaara/Metla Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 4 Foreword The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established by the International Council for SCIENCE (ICSU) in 1958 “as an interdisciplinary scientific body concerned with the progress on an international scale of all kinds of scientific investigations carried out with space vehicles, rockets and balloons”. Finland became a member of COSPAR a few years later, on June 2, 1964, that is, almost 50 years ago. The first Finnish space science conference was organized in 1987 at Hotel Rantasipi Hyvinkää. Since then, multiple FinCOSPAR meetings have brought together space scientists in Finland to venues from the southern seas to North Finland. The XIV meeting, FinCOSPAR 2013 takes place at the premises of the Finnish Forest Research Institute, METLA, in Tikkurila, Vantaa. The link to space sciences of this new venue is the operational use of space- borne remote sensing in monitoring forests. FinCOSPAR 2013 brings together more than 60 space scientists from the Finnish Universities and Research Institutes, as well as from other European countries and USA. The meeting has attracted interesting scientific talks and posters for full two days giving a good look of the current scientific focus of Finnish space research. The organizers and participants are particularly delighted by the keynote speakers from the top of their scientific disciplines, with two of them from the Jet Propul- sion Laboratory, NASA, Pasadena, California. The support and participation of scientific community is of vital importance for the success of conferences like this and the organizers have happily noted how plentifully the abstracts have flown in from all areas of space research, from the solar physics, planetary sciences, atmosphere, ionosphere and super-massive black holes to space-borne remote sensing of the Earth. We hope that many ideas of new science endeavours will be sowed, old contacts strengthened and new ones introduced. We also wish good and enjoyable time around the space science topics had so that afterwards we can all return to carry out our research with new invigorated and inspired spirits. The FinCOSPAR 2013 and its participation are financially supported by the Federation for Finn- ish Learned Societies, the The Finnish National Committee of COSPAR and the Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla. Metla and the Finnish Meteorological Institute have provided their staff for the meeting preparations. Professor Taneli Kolström, Research Director at Metla, accepted this abstract book to the publications of Metla Working Papers. The support and encouragement of the professor Hannu Raito, Director General at Metla is acknowledged with a pleasure. The organizers wish to express their sincere gratitude to all the individuals and organizations that have contributed and made this meeting possible. Erkki Tomppo, Sini Merikallio, Tuija Pulkkinen and Mirja Vuopio Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 5 Committees Organizing Committee Erkki Tomppo, Metla Sini Merikallio, Finnish Meteorological Institute Tuija Pulkkinen, Aalto University Mirja Vuopio, Metla Scientific Committee Sini Merikallio, Finnish Meteorological Institute Tuija Pulkkinen, Aalto University Erkki Tomppo, Metla Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 6 Programme http://www.cospar.fi/fincospar2013/ FinCospar 2013 Programme The XIV meeting of Finnish space researchers 29­30.8.2013 at The Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA). More information can be found online: http://www.cospar.fi/fincospar2013 Thursday 29.8.2013 Friday 30.8.2013 8:15 Registration and coffee, setting up posters 9:00 Erkki Tomppo and Tuija Pulkkinen; Wellcome 9:05 CHAIR: Hannu Koskinen Mars Marsiin! Way to Mars! 1. Joy Crisp, The Curiosity Rover Mission (40) 2. Ari­Matti Harri: Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ­ First Results of Pressure and Humidity Observations (15) 3. Henrik Kahanpää, Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) – First results of pressure observations (15) 4. Mark Paton, Atmosphere­surface interactions on Mars (15) 5. Sini Merikallio, Modelling scattering by Palagonite (Mars analog dust) dust. (15) 10:45 Coffee 8:30  coffee 9:00 CHAIR: Johanna Tamminen Kaukonäköistä kaukokartoitusta Far reaching remote sensing 1. David Crisp, The OCO­2 Mission ­ The Next Step in Space­Based CO2 Measurements (30) 2. Gerrit de Leeuw: Aerosol retrieval using AATSR data (15) 3. Larisa Sogacheva: Retrieval of cloud properties using AATSR data (15) 4. Heikki Saari: New compact spectral imaging technology offers unforeseen opportunities for atmospheric remote sensing (15) 5. Seppo Hassinen, Observing atmospheric composition: Usability of the Direct Broadcast transmission (15) 6. Poster Talk, 2 min/1 slide (2): a. Virtanen 10:30 Coffee 11: 15 CHAIR: Tuija Pulkkinen Katse tulevaisuuteen Eyes for the future 1. Stigell Pauli: Finnish space activities for years 2013­2020  (15) 2. Tuija Pulkkinen, Cospar study reports; towards global space exploration program (15) 3. Osku Kemppinen, Retrieval of Martian dust properties by surface observations and radiative transfer models (15) 4. Mark Paton, Trajectory simulations of Martian and Uranus atmospheric entry vehicles (15) 5. Heidi Kuusniemi, Tracking the First Satellites of the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou Systems (15) 6. Poster talks, 2 min/1 slide: a. Merikallio b. Tomppo 12:30  Lunch (at Metla cafeteria, 3 min walk) 11:00 CHAIR:  Jaan Praks Ilmakehästä ylöspäin From atmosphere to ionosphere 1. Pekka Kolmonen, Determining the aerosol radiative effect using satellite retrievals (15) 2. Johanna Tamminen, Highlights of GOMOS measurements of atmospheric composition and dynamics during 2002 – 2012 (15) 3. Anu­Maija Sundström, Estimating the direct aerosol radiative effect over China using multi­sensor satellite remote sensing measurements (15) 4. Gabor Facsko: A climate simulation comparison study: regions and footprints (15) 5. Yann Kempf, Ion distributions up­ and downstream of the Earth's collisionless bowshock obtained using Vlasiator (15) 6. Eija Tanskanen, Magnetospheric response to Alfvenic and non­Alfvenic interplanetary fluctuations (15) 12:30 Lunch (at Metla cafeteria, 3 min walk) Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 7 Thursday 29.8.2013 afternoon 13:30 CHAIR: Ari­Matti Harri Kiviä avaruudesta Space debris 1. Karri Muinonen, Photometric and Polarimetric Modeling of Small Solar System Bodies (15) 2. Walter Schmidt: SOHO/SWAN: 17 Years Monitoring of Solar Wind, Comets and Space Weather (15) 3. Jenni Virtanen, StreakDet data processing and analysis pipeline for space debris (15) 4. Lauri J. Pesonen, Two striking meteorite events: the “roof meteorite” Oslo 2012 and the “catastrophic” Chelyabinsk 2013 meteorite (15) 5. Maria Gritsevich, A comprehensive study of Chelyabinsk meteorite: physical, mineralogical, spectral properties and Solar System orbit (15) 6. M.S. Väisälä, High resolution ammonia mapping of the candidate First Hydrostatic Core object Cha­MMS1 (15) 7. Four poster talks, a 2 min/1 slide (10) a. Harri b. Ahmadzai c. Henriksson 15:10 Coffee Friday 30.8.2013 afternoon 13:30 CHAIR: Eija Tanskanen Auringosta tuulee Winds of Sun 1. Cole, Elizabeth: Nonaxisymmetric large­scale dynamos in rapidly rotating spherical shell convection (15) 2. Urs Ganse: Heliospheric Particle­Shock Interactions with nontrivial Shock Profiles (15) 3. Petri J. Käpylä: Solar­like magnetic activity and differential rotation from simulations of spherical shell convection (15) 4. Maarit J. Mantere: Solar dynamo: time for a paradigm change? (15) 5. Minna Myllys, Geomagnetically induced currents in the Norwegian power grid (15) 14:45 Coffee 15:30 CHAIR: Riku Järvinen Tähtien kutsu Stars are calling 1. Marko Pekkola: Scientist Navigating Media Space (20) 2. Markku Alho, Esa Kallio, Riku Järvinen: Hybrid Modeling Insights Into the Interaction Between the Solar Wind and Lunar Magnetic Anomalies (15) 3. V. F. Sofieva, Studying gravity waves and turbulence in the stratosphere using satellite observations of stellar scintillation (15) 4. Mika Juvela: Initial phases of Galactic star formation (15) 5. Peter H. Johansson: Modelling the impact of supermassive black holes on massive galaxies (15) 6. Four postertalks, á 2 min/1 slide (10) a. Hoilijoki b. Gritsevich c. Silén d. Malinen 17:10 Poster  session 17:50 → Walk to Heureka (takes 10 min) 18:15 Heureka Info 19:30 Dinner in Heureka ­ Cafe Einstein,                After dinner speech by Martti Tiuri                Dinner music by pianist Jesse Rouvinen 15:00 CHAIR: Erkki Tomppo Tutkimusta ja tutkailua Research with radar 1. Jaan Praks, Modern spaceborne radar in forest applications (20) 2. Tuija Pulkkinen, Space Research at Aalto University: Recent Highlights (15) 3. McKay­Bukowski D. KAIRA — the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (15) 4. Markku Poutanen, Renewal of Metsähovi Geodetic Observatory (15) 5. Turunen E., National research infrastructure roadmap proposal 2013: EISCAT and EISCAT_3D (15) 16:20 Risto Pellinen, Some highlights of the national Finnish COSPAR activities during the past 50 years 16:30 Erkki Tomppo ­ loppusanat Free poster discussion and farewells → 17:00. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 8 Poster programme 1. Ari-Matti Harri. METNET lander Network for Martian Atmospheric Research 2. Sini Merikallio. Uranus and Neptune to be scouted by Esail 3. Timo H. Virtanen. Retrieval of volcanic ash plumes and their height using AATSR data 4. Shabana Ahmadzai. Spotting auroras with the help of geomagnetic field recordings 5. Sanni Hoilijoki. Reconnection and energy conversion at the magnetopause as influenced by Earth’s dipole tilt angle and interplanetary magnetic field 6. Svante V. Henriksson. A concept of an electromagnetic highway to Mars and beyond 7. Maria Gritsevich. Physical properties of meteoroids according to Middle and Upper atmosphere radar measurements 8. Johan Silén. Time of flight spectra of dust impacts in the solar system and at comets Wild 2 and Tempel 1 as measured by CIDA 9. Johanna Malinen. Profiling filaments: comparing nearinfrared extinction and submillimetre data in TMC1 10. Heid Kuusniemi. Tracking the First Satellites of the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou Systems 11. Erkki Tomppo. Spaceborne remote sensing at Metla – selected examples Posters from outside the abstract programme 12. Jaan Praks. Aalto1 Mars as seen by NASA Curiosity Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 9 Content Committees.................................................................................................................................................... 5 Programme..................................................................................................................................................... 6 The Curiosity Rover Mission.............................................................................................................13 Joy Crisp and the MSL Science Team The OCO-2 Mission – the Next Step in Space- Based CO2 Measurements............................................14 David Crisp and the OCO-2 science team Modern Spaceborne Radar in Forest Applications...............................................................................16 Jaan Praks Scientist Navigating in Media Space..................................................................................................17 Marko Pekkola Finnish Space Activities for Years 2013–2020.....................................................................................19 Pauli Stigell Spotting Auroras with the Help of Geomagnetic Field Recordings.........................................................21 Shabana Ahmadzai, Ari Viljanen, Noora Partamies, Liisa Juusola and Kirsti Kauristie Hybrid Modeling Insights Into the Interaction Between the Solar Wind and Lunar Magnetic Anomalies.....22 Markku Alho, Esa Kallio and Riku Järvinen KAIRA – the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array................................................................23 McKay-Bukowski D., Vierinen J., Kero A., Fallows R., Virtanen I.I., Ulich Th., Orispää M., Wucknitz O., Postila M.J., Lehtinen M.and Turunen Esa. Nonaxisymmetric Large-Scale Dynamos in Rapidly Rotating Spherical Shell Convection........................24 Elizabeth Cole, Petri J. Käpylä, Maarit J. Mantere, Jörn Warnecke and Axel Brandenburg A Climate Simulation Comparison Study: Regions and Footprints.........................................................25 Gabor Facsko, Karin Agren, Ilja Honkonnen, Chandrasekhar Anekallu, Pekka Janhunen, Minna Palmroth, Hermann Opgenoorth and Steve Milan Heliospheric Particle-Shock Interactions with nontrivial Shock Profiles..................................................26 Urs Ganse and Rami Vainio A Comprehensive Study of Chelyabinsk Meteorite: Physical, Mineralogical, Spectral Properties and Solar System Orbit...................................................................................................................................27 Maria Gritsevich, Tomas Kohout, Viktor Grokhovsky, Grigoriy Yakovlev, Esko Lyytinen, Vladimir Vinnikov, Jakub Haloda, Patricie Halodova, Radoslaw Michallik, Antti Penttilä, Karri Muinonen, Jouni Peltoniemi, Valery Lupovka and Vasily Dmitriev Physical Properties of Meteoroids According to Middle and Upper Atmosphere Radar Measurements......28 Maria Gritsevich, Johan Kero, Jenni Virtanen, Csilla Szasz, Takuji Nakamura, Jouni Peltoniemi, Detlef Koschny METNET Lander Network for Martian Atmospheric Research...............................................................29 Ari-Matti Harri, Sergey Aleksashkin, Héctor Guerrero, Walter Schmidt, Maria Genzer, Luis Vazquez, Jyri Heilimo, Sini Merikallio, Tero Siili, Mark Paton and Harri Haukka Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) – First Results of Pressure and Humidity Observations.........................30 Ari-Matti Harri, Henrik Kahanpää, Osku Kemppinen, Maria Genzer, Javier Gómez-Elvira, Robert M. Haberle, Walter Schmidt, Hannu Savijärvi, Jose Antonio Rodríquez-Manfredi, Scott Rafkin, Jouni Polkko, Mark Richardson, Claire Newman, Manuel de la Torre Juárez, Javier Martín-Torres, Maria Paz Zorzano- Mier, Evgeny Atlaskin, Janne Kauhanen, Mark Paton, Harri Haukka and the MSL Science Team Observing Atmospheric Composition: Usability of the Direct Broadcast Transmission.............................32 Seppo Hassinen, Johanna Tamminen, Simo Tukiainen, Janne Hakkarainen, Osmo Aulamo, Timo Pirttijärvi, Jyri Heilimo, Nickolay Krotkov and Pepijn Veefkind Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 10 A Concept of an Electromagnetic Highway to Mars and Beyond...........................................................33 Svante V. Henriksson Dynamics of the Magnetopause Reconnection as Influenced by Earth’s Dipole Tilt Angle and Interplanetary Magnetic Field....................................................................................................... 34 Sanni Hoilijoki and Minna Palmroth Modelling the Impact of Supermassive Black Holes on Massive Galaxies..............................................35 Peter H. Johansson Initial Phases of Galactic Star Formation............................................................................................36 Mika Juvela Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) – First Results of Pressure Observations.............................................37 Henrik Kahanpää, Ari-Matti Harri, Jouni Polkko, Maria Genzer, Javier Gomez-Elvira, Robert Haberle, Manuel de la Torre Juarez, María Paz Zorzano, Javier Martin-Torres, Sara Navarro, José Antonio Rodriquez-Manfredi, Veronica Peinado, Nilton Rennó, Hannu Savijävi, Janne Kauhanenand the entire REMS/MSL science team Ion Distributions in the Earth’s Foreshock and Magnetosheath Obtained Using Vlasiator........................38 Yann Kempf, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Rami Vainio, Sebastian von Alfthan, Hannu Koskinen and Minna Palmroth Retrieval of Martian Dust Properties by Surface Observations and Radiative Transfer Models.................39 Osku Kemppinen, Sini Merikallio, David Crisp and Ari-Matti Harri Determining the Aerosol Radiative Effect Using Satellite Retrievals......................................................40 Pekka Kolmonen, Larisa Sogacheva, Anu-Maija Sundström, E. Rodriguez, T. Virtanen, and Gerrit de Leeuw Tracking the First Satellites of the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou Systems..........................41 Heid Kuusniemi, Mohammad Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Jingbin Liu, Laura Ruotsalainen and Salomon Honkala Solar-like Magnetic Activity and Differential Rotation From Simulations of Spherical Shell Convection......43 Petri J. Käpylä Aerosol Retrieval Using AATSR Data.................................................................................................44 Gerrit de Leeuw Profiling Filaments: Comparing Near-Infrared Extinction and Submillimetre Data in TMC-1.....................46 Johanna Malinen, Mika Juvela and Mark Rawlings Solar Dynamo: Time for a Paradigm Change?....................................................................................47 Maarit J. Mantere Modelling Scattering by Palagonite (Mars Analog dust)........................................................................48 Sini Merikallio, Timo Nousiainen, Michael Kahnert and Ari-Matti Harri Uranus and Neptune to be Scouted by E-sail ....................................................................................49 Sini Merikallio, Pekka Janhunen, Mark Paton, Petri Toivanen, Jouni Envall and Jean-Pierre Lebreton Photometric and Polarimetric Modeling of Small Solar System Bodies..................................................51 Karri Muinonen, Evgenij Zubko, Antti Penttilä and Gorden Videen Geomagnetically induced Currents in the Norwegian Power Grid.........................................................52 Minna Myllys and Ari Viljanen Atmosphere-surface Interactions on Mars .........................................................................................53 Mark Paton, Ari-Matti Harri, Teemu Mäkinen, Hannu Savijärvi and Osku Kemppinen Trajectory Simulations of Martian and Uranus Atmospheric Entry Vehicles............................................54 Mark Paton, Sini Merikallio and Pekka Janhunen Two Striking Meteorite Events: The “Roof Meteorite” Oslo 2012 and the “Catastrophic” Chelyabinsk 2013 Meteorite........................................................................................56 Lauri J. Pesonen, Robert Klein and Tomas Kohout Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 11 Renewal of Metsähovi Geodetic Observatory.....................................................................................57 Markku Poutanen, Ulla Kallio, Hannu Koivula, Jyri Näränen, Arttu Raja-Halli and Nataliya Zubko Space Research at Aalto University: Recent Highlights........................................................................58 Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Martti Hallikainen, Anne Lähteenmäki and Merja Tornikoski New Compact Spectral Imaging Technology Offers Unforeseen Opportunities for Atmospheric Remote Sensing ..........................................................................................................59 Heikki Saari, Johanna Tamminen, Erkki Kyrölä, Kai Viherkanto and Antti Näsilä Time of Flight Spectra of Dust Impacts in the Solar System and at Comets Wild 2 and Tempel 1 as Measured by CIDA..........................................................................................................................61 Johan Silén, Walter Schmidt and Jochen Kissel SOHO/SWAN: 17 Years Monitoring of Solar Wind, Comets and Space Weather....................................62 Walter Schmidt Studying Gravity Waves and Turbulence in the Stratosphere Using Satellite Observations of Stellar Scintillation.....................................................................................................................................63 Viktoria F. Sofieva, Alexandre S. Gurvich, Valery Kan, Francis Dalaudier and the GOMOS team Retrieval of Cloud Properties Using AATSR Data................................................................................64 Larisa Sogacheva Estimating the Direct Aerosol Radiative Effect Over China Using Multi-Sensor Satellite Remote Sensing Measurements ...............................................................................................................................65 Anu-Maija Sundström, Antti Arola, Pekka Kolmonen and Gerrit de Leeuw Highlights of GOMOS Measurements of Atmospheric Composition and Dynamics During 2002–2012......66 Johanna Tamminen, Erkki Kyrölä, Viktoria Sofieva, Pekka Verronen, Janne Hakkarainen, Simo Tukiainen and the international GOMOS team Magnetospheric Response to Alfvenic and Non-Alfvenic Interplanetary Fluctuations...............................67 Eija I.Tanskanen, Kristian Snekvik, Jianpeng Guo, David Pérez-Suárez, Maarit Mantere and Reko Hynönen Space-borne remote sensing at Metla – selected examples.................................................................68 Erkki Tomppo National research Infrastructure Roadmap Proposal 2013: EISCAT and EISCAT_3D..............................70 Esa Turunen, Anita Aikio, Kirsti Kauristie, Tuija Pulkkinen, Hannu Koskinen, Markku Poutanen, Mikko Kaasalainen, Heikki Haario and Antti Pursula StreakDet Data Processing and Analysis Pipeline for Space Debris......................................................71 Jenni Virtanen, Karri Muinonen, Laura Immonen, Mikael Granvik, Johanna Torppa, Jyri Näränen, Jonne Poikonen, Jussi Lehti, Tero Säntti, Tuomo Komulainen, Tim Flohrer and the StreakDet team Retrieval of Volcanic Ash Plumes and Their Height Using AATSR Data.................................................72 Timo H. Virtanen High Resolution Ammonia Mapping of the Candidate First Hydrostatic Core Object Cha-MMS1..............73 Miikka Väisälä, Jorma Harju, Maarit Mantere, Oskari Miettinen, Robert S. Sault, C. Malcom Walmsley and Jonhn B. Whiteoak Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 12 Keynote presentations Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 13 The Curiosity Rover Mission Joy Crisp and the MSL Science Team Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. joy.a.crisp@jpl.nasa.gov The goal of the Curiosity rover mission is to assess whether past and present environments on Mars were favorable for life. The rover is equipped with an alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) to determine rock and soil chemistry; X-ray diffractometer (CheMin) to determine min- eralogy of rocks and regolith fines; laser-induced breakdown spectrometer and remote micro-im- ager (ChemCam) to measure the chemical composition of rocks and regolith from a distance of up to 7 m; neutron spectrometer (DAN) to measure hydrogen in the ground; color cameras (Mast- cam, MAHLI, MARDI) to image landscapes, rock/regolith textures, and sky; sensors (RAD) to monitor solar energetic particle and cosmic radiation; weather station (REMS); quadrupole mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph, and tunable laser spectrometer (SAM) to characterize organ- ic carbon in rocks, regolith fines, and atmosphere; and tools for drilling, scooping, sieving, and brushing. Since the August 2012 landing in Gale crater, the rover has spent the first 11 months of its surface mission exploring the area around the landing site and 450 m to the east in the Glenelg region. Although the rover did not travel very far during this part of the mission, a variety of geo- logic materials was examined and clues were revealed about past environments suitable for mi- crobial life. The rover is now on a several-kilometer trek to Aeolis Mons (unofficially known as Mount Sharp), which rises 5.5 km above the base of Gale crater and exposes an extensive layered rock record that is expected to reveal information about changes in the ancient environmental his- tory of Mars. This talk will describe the challenges of operations and highlight the major science results of this discovery-driven mission. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 14 The OCO-2 Mission – the Next Step in Space- Based CO2 Measurements David Crisp and the OCO-2 science team Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. david.crisp@jpl.nasa.gov Space based remote sensing observations of the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2, hold substantial promise for future long-term monitoring of CO2 and other greenhouse gas- es on regional scales over the globe. However, such measurements must have adequate precision and accuracy to resolve the small (< 1%) variations associated with typical CO2 emission sources and natural sinks. XCO2 estimates can be derived from coincident, spectra of the absorption of re- flected sunlight by CO2 and molecular oxygen (O2). The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Envi- SAT SCIAMACHY and Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) TANSO-FTS were the first two satellite instruments designed to exploit this approach. SCIAMACHY returned global maps of XCO2 and XCH4 from 2002–2012. The precision of its measurements over land eventually approached 1–2%. However, the instrument’s low sensitivity precluded useful obser- vations over the ocean and its large sounding footprints (30 km by 60 km) were often contami- nated by clouds. GOSAT has been returning XCO2 and XCH4 soundings since April 2009. Recent GOSAT XCO2 products show little or no bias and random errors that are typically less than 0.5% (2 ppm) on regional scales over much of the globe. While GOSAT measurements have fostered dramatic improvements in XCO2 retrieval algorithms, the restricted coverage over the ocean (±20° of the sub-solar latitude) and low yield over high latitudes has limited its impact on flux inver- sion studies. Figure 1: OCO-2 will collect continuous measurements along a narrow track (left). The spatial sampling for nadir (center) and glint (right) observations collected on alternate 16-day repeat cycles are shown. mailto:David.Crisp@jpl.nasa.gov Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 15 The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is the next space-based CO2 satellite. OCO - 2 carries and points a single instrument that incorporates 3, co-bore-sighted high-resolu- tion, imaging, grating spectrometers. This instrument records the absorption of reflected sunlight by O2 and CO2 within spectral ranges that overlap those used by the GOSAT. To maximize spatial resolution and coverage, it was optimized to yield a high signal to noise ratio over a large dynamic range. It has a small sounding footprint (< 3 km2) and will collect 24 XCO2 soundings per second, yielding up to one million soundings over the sunlit hemisphere each day. To further increase its sensitivity to CO2 variations over dark, ocean or ice-covered surfaces, OCO-2 can point the in- strument’s field of view toward the bright ocean glint spot at solar zenith angles > 75°. OCO-2 is expected to yield the data needed to retrieve XCO2 with single-sounding random errors < 0.25% over > 80% of the range of latitudes on the sunlit hemisphere each month. The OCO-2 instrument and spacecraft bus are now being integrated and pre-launch characterization and calibration tests are ongoing. OCO-2 is currently scheduled to launch on Delta-II 7320 launch vehicle from Van- denberg Air Force Base on July 1, 2014. This presentation will summarize the final preparations for launch, and describe the mission plans for OCO-2. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 16 Modern Spaceborne Radar in Forest Applications Jaan Praks Department of Radio Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. jaan.praks@aalto.fi The first spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was launched 35 years ago on board of Seasat satellite. Despite its short lifetime, the satellite become an important landmark for space- borne Earth Observation largely due to its SAR instrument and the mission opened an entire new era of spaceborne microwave imaging. Seasat demonstrated for the first time the SAR ability to map environment in a large sacle and revealed many features which were never seen before. Since then, usage of microwave SAR in Earth Observation has been steadily increased and both imag- ing techniques and instruments have significantly developed. Current spaceborne SAR systems provide all-seasonal, all-day, and nearly all-weather high resolution imaging capability which is utilized in both research and operational monitoring. Current trend in modern spaceborne SAR systems is towards to increased amount of independent observables through multi-polarization, multi-frequency, multi-antenna measurement configurations, by utilizing imaging techniques such as SAR polarimetry, interferometry, polarimetric SAR interferometry, tomography, and ad- vanced modeling of radar scattering. These new techniques have brought along new possibilities also for remote sensing of global veg- etation, especially remote sensing of forests, which has been gaining more and more attention as general understanding of global ecosystem global climate is improving. Traditionally forest has been mapped mostly with optical sensors, but lately potential of new microwave SAR system has been realized. Compared to optical sensors, SAR reveals different features of vegetation due to its much longer wavelength. Microwaves interact directly with vegetation structure and the coherent nature of the SAR measurement allows one to study structural parameters. Many contemporary SAR studies focus on retrieving forest parameters related to the 3D structure such as tree height, biomass, vertical and horizontal heterogeneity by utilizing new techniques such as interferometry and polarimetry. Significant progress has been made in forest height estimation by developing technique called po- larimetric interferometry. The technique is developed by using airborne SAR systems and now for the first time it is demonstrated also that tree height can be retrieved by using spaceborne Xband measurement of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X mission. However, X-band is not the most optimal wavelength for tree height measurement and cannot be used globally for all types of forest. There- fore European Space Agency has selected a SAR mission called Biomass to become the seventh Earth Explorer mission. The Biomass mission should give a significant improvement in global forest biomass estimation accuracy. The presentation gives an overview of latest developments and trends in spaceborne SAR based forest remote sensing and presents the latest results achieved in this topic in Finland. mailto:jaan.praks@aalto.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 17 Scientist Navigating in Media Space Marko Pekkola Tähdet ja avaruus, Stars and Space -magazine. jmpekkol@ursa.fi Scientific articles in average are read by few people and the impact of individual paper in the so- ciety may remain small. A typical press release might not help much. Simultaneously media is seeking for interesting science news–particularly in the internet, but the two needs rarely meet successfully. The biggest problem is the wide gap between the aims and means of journalist and scientist. Yet a scientist who knows how and what to popularize, may obtain a large audience and sometimes even help the chosen media to win the news competition. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 18 Conributed and Poster Presentations Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 19 Finnish Space Activities for Years 2013–2020 Pauli Stigell Tekes – the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation. pauli.stigell@tekes.fi Ministry of the economy published on 28 February 2013 the tenth Finnish space strategy since year 1985. This strategy is the first to cover a longer timeline: from 2013 to 2020. The main fields of Finnish space activity are the scientific exploration of space and Earth, Earth observation, satellite positioning and the spacecraft equipment manufacturing industry. The core of Finnish space activity, especially related to satellite industry, is formed by the European Space Agency’s (ESA) programmes. Some 30 Finnish companies and 20 research institutes are pres- ently participating in space activities mainly in Europe, either in the programmes of ESA or the European Commission. Finnish space activities are focusing base on the strategy on applications: Arctic solutions and the usage of open-source data material. The four main fields of Finnish space activity are, and have been, 1 scientific exploration of space and Earth, 2 Earth observation applications, 3 satellite positioning applications and equipment 4 spacecraft equipment manufacturing industry Finland has not participated in human space flight apart from one space debris instrument on board ISS and some astronaut heath test experiments. Finland has not participated in making any parts of launch vehicles. Finnish space activities are focusing on: 5 Supporting activities in the Arctic region by means of space technology. The Sodankylä based satellite data centre fortifies research on the Arctic, its natural resources, climate change and environmental safety, while also creating services in the public and private sector. 6 Open positioning data enhances the competitive edge of the services. The new Earth observa- tion satellites produce a wealth of information never before available. Combined with the four global positioning satellite networks (GPS, GLONASS, Beidou/Compass, Galileo), it facili- tates countless positioning applications. 7 The level of scientific research is enhanced through participation in ESA and EU programmes. The international integration of Finnish space research and Earth observation know-how will be further intensified, particularly through ESA and EU programmes. 8 Our space industry’s answers to increasing international competition are specialisation and ap- plications. The competitiveness of Finnish space technology enterprises on the international satellite market is being further improved. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 20 A small group of Finnish enterprises designs and manufactures satellite components, structures and software. The number of these companies corresponds to the space industries in other Euro- pean countries of comparable size. The combined turnover of these enterprises was approximate- ly EUR 13 million in 2011. The estimated annual turnover of domestic enterprises applying space technologies is EUR 240 million. Science – space science and scientific earth observation – are large part of Finnish space ac- tivities, several hundred scientist work in these areas in universities and research institutes. The amount of science publications in these fields has increased steadily ever since Finland decided to join e.g. ESA. In remote sensing research has turned into operational EO activities in e.g. forestry and sea ice.  In space science the participation in designing and building science instruments for spacecraft has been perceived as highly beneficial to science. The strategy has been prepared by the Finnish Space Committee in cooperation with the Ministry of Employment and the Economy. The strategy steers the space activities funded by the Finnish public sector, as well as the development and utilisation of related knowledge and technology. All past strategies have had similar pro-applications focus. Not satellite applications companies, about 50 in Finland ranging from nanosize companies to a very large  GPS-navigation and maps (in celluler phones) company, are in satellite navigations. Commercial remote sensing is to large based on aerial images but Sentinels etc. may change the picture during this strategy period. Opening of all public sector geospatial and environmental data (all over in Europe) may speed up changes.   Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 21 Spotting Auroras with the Help of Geomagnetic Field Recordings Shabana Ahmadzai, Ari Viljanen, Noora Partamies, Liisa Juusola and Kirsti Kauristie Finnish Meteorological Institute. sahmad@utu.fi The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) maintains the AurorasNow! -service (aurora.fmi.fi) for nowcasting auroral activity with the help of all-sky cameras and geomagnetic recordings. Geomagnetic recordings provide important supporting information for optical measurements es- pecially during cloudy conditions. In addition, magnetic data are more convenient to handle in statistical surveys on auroral occurrence rates than auroral camera data. When estimating the pre- vailing auroral occurrence probability one can use regional magnetic recordings (like Auroras- Now does) or some statistical models which link global geomagnetic indices with the position of the auroral oval. In the presentation we will compare results from these two approaches during some recent auroral storm periods. The auroral oval location (the cyan zone) as estimated with the statistical model presented in Sigernes et al. (2011) and as estimated by the regional magnetic field recordings (the green zone) on August 4, 2013. Reference Sigernes, F., et al. (2011). Two methods to forecast auroral displays. Spotting auroras with the help of geomagnetic field recordings Shabana Ahmadzai, Ari Viljanen, Noora Partamies, Liisa Juusola and Kirsti Kauristie Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) maintains the AurorasNow! service (aurora.fmi.fi) for nowcasting auroral activity with the help of all-sky cameras and geomagnetic recordings. Geomagnetic recordings provide important supporting information for optical measurements especially during cloudy conditions. In addition, magnetic data are more convenient to handle in statistical surveys on auroral occurrence rates than auroral camera data. When estimating the prevailing auroral occurrence probability one can use regional magnetic recordings (like AurorasNow does) or some statistical models which link global geomagnetic indices with the position of the auroral oval. In the presentation we will compare results from these two approaches during some recent auroral storm periods. Figure: The auroral oval location (the cyan zone) as estimated with the statistical model presented in Sigernes et al. (2011) and as estimated by the regional magnetic field recordings (the green zone) on August 4, 2013. Reference: Sigernes, F., et al. (2011): Two methods to forecast auroral displays Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 22 Hybrid Modeling Insights Into the Interaction Between the Solar Wind and Lunar Magnetic Anomalies Markku Alho, Esa Kallio and Riku Järvinen Finnish Meteorological Institute. markku.alho@fmi.fi The localized, crustal magnetic fields on the Moon show complex interactions with the impinging solar wind. Understanding these interactions will aid in characterizing the lunar dust environment possibly finding suitable sites for lunar bases, in developing advanced remote imaging techniques for airless bodies with energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) for example, for the the Hermean magnetic and plasma environment, and in comprehending the basic plasma processes of plasma environ- ments and phenomena on the Hall current scale. In this work we model a lunar magnetic anomaly in the mesoscale of hundreds of kilometers with an 100nT surface field anomaly. We employ the HYB hybrid plasma model (HYB-Anomaly), in which ions are treated as fully kinetic macropar- ticles, with electrons providing a massless, charge-neutralizing fluid. We discuss the effects of Hall currents in these environments and present results on the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions on the mini-magnetosphere in three cases: Open, closed, nominal, in which the IMF and the dipole are aligned parallel with the lunar sur- face, and a cusp case, where the dipole is perpendicular to the surface. We also discuss the effects of the electric fields resulting from the interaction with respect to deceleration and reflection of the impinging proton flux and the corresponding ENA emissions. Particle observations of the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission are used as a comparison. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 23 Nonaxisymmetric Large-Scale Dynamos in Rapidly Rotating Spherical Shell Convection Elizabeth Cole1, Petri J. Käpylä2, Maarit J. Mantere3, Jörn Warnecke4 and Axel Brandenburg4 1 University of Helsinki, Finland. lizmcole@gmail.com 2 University of Helsinki, Nordita, Finland 3 Aalto University, Finland 4 Stockholm University, Nordita, Sweden We report the results from turbulent convection simulations in spherical wedges, keeping the den- sity stratification fixed and varying the rotation rate. An upper limit to the Coriolis number that resulted in solar-like differential rotation is reported, above which the simulations exhibit almost- rigid rotation profiles. Adding a magnetic field into these rapid rotators within this interesting re- gime, we examine the resulting dynamo, searching for equator-ward migration and changes in the dominant dynamo mode. The wedges covering a quarter of the longitudinal extent were extended to full 2pi to search for large-scale non-axisymmetric modes. These results are put into context with observations of rapidly-rotating late-type stars. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 24 A Climate Simulation Comparison Study: Regions and Footprints Gabor Facsko1,2, Karin Agren3, Ilja Honkonnen1,4, Chandrasekhar Anekallu1,4, Pekka Janhunen1, Minna Palmroth1, Hermann Opgenoorth3 and Steve Milan5 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. gabor.facsko@fmi.fi 2 Geodetic and Geophysical Institute, RCAE, HAS, Sopron, Hungary 3 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden 4 University of Helsinki, Finland 5 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK One full year (155 Cluster orbits) is simulated using the Grand Unified Magnetosphere Iono- sphere Coupling simulation (GUMICS) in the European Cluster Assimilation Technology project (ECLAT). Real solar wind measurements downloaded from the OMNIWeb are given to the code as input. The data along the orbit of the Cluster reference spacecraft orbit is dumped from the sim- ulation, and the Cluster SC3 footprints are also determined. These products give an opportunity to compare and verify the GUMICS to the real measurements. The dayside magnetosphere, magnetosheath, solar wind, tail and lobe are studied separately. In- tervals are selected in each of them, in which the Cluster orbit is in the same region in the simu- lation and in reality. The time shift is calculated by correlation calculation using five minutes smoothed real data and compared to the calculated shift based on OMNIWeb data. The correlation coefficients describe how the shape of the functions is related; the ratio of the parameters provides additional information about the accuracy of the simulation. The location and time of the bound- ary layers in the simulation and the measurements are also compared. The footprints are located by ray tracing from the simulation results and the Tsyganenko model. The footprint determination could result in two footprints on each hemisphere or only one foot- print of an open but connected field line. The closed field lines are in the magnetosphere, the open-close field lines are in the cups, the lobe and the tail. Only the deviance of the appropriate footprints (close-close and open-close) are compared as the function of different parameters, like solar wind velocity and temperature; furthermore IMF magnitude and orientation. The location and time of the non-appropriate pairs are determined. mailto:gabor.facsko@fmi.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 25 Heliospheric Particle-Shock Interactions with nontrivial Shock Profiles Urs Ganse and Rami Vainio University of Helsinki. urs.ganse@helsinki.fi Charged particle acceleration at coronal and heliospheric shocks forms a longstanding problem in understanding solar energetic events. Analytic treatment typically assumes adiabatic invariants to be conserved during particle-shock interaction. In-situ observations of shocks indicate however that strong kinetic-scale structures on the shock are present, potentially invalidating the assumption of adiabatic invariance and contrib- uting significantly to the accelerations characteristics, with potentially important effects on the superthermal particles’ distributions. Since self-consistent kinetic-scale simulations of shocks, spanning scales from the kinetic to the global, are not yet computationally feasible, we have devised a test particle simulation system to study the effects of different types of kinetic-scale structures on the resulting particle distribu- tions, such as shock ripples, over-oscillations and turbulence. Preliminary results indicate that large-amplitude magnetic structures at kinetic scales may quali- tatively change the particle-shock interaction, while incoherent small-amplitude field fluctuations have a more limited effect on the interaction. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 26 A Comprehensive Study of Chelyabinsk Meteorite: Physical, Mineralogical, Spectral Properties and Solar System Orbit Maria Gritsevich1, 2, 3, Tomas Kohout3, 4, 5, Viktor Grokhovsky6, Grigoriy Yakovlev6, Esko Lyytinen3, Vladimir Vinnikov2, Jakub Haloda7, Patricie Halodova7, Radoslaw Michallik8, Antti Penttilä4, Karri Muinonen1, 4, Jouni Peltoniemi1, Valery Lupovka9 and Vasily Dmitriev9 1 Finnish Geodetic Institute, Masala, Finland. maria.gritsevich@fgi.fi 2 Dorodnitsyn Computing Center, Russian Academy of Science 3 Finnish Fireball Working Group 4 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland 5 Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 6 Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia 7 Czech Geological Survey, Praha, Czech Republic 8 Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland 9 State University of Geodesy and Cartography, Moscow, Russia On February 15, 2013, at 9:22 am, an exceptionally bright and long duration fireball was observed by many eyewitnesses in South Ural, Russia. A strong shock wave associated with the fireball caused significant damage such as destroyed windows and parts of buildings in the city of Chely- abinsk and the surrounding territories. A number of video records of the event are available and have been used to reconstruct atmospheric trajectory, velocity, deceleration rate, and parent aster- oid Apollo-type orbit in the Solar System (see the Figure below). Two types of meteorite mate- rial are present among recovered fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. These are described as the light-colored and dark-colored lithology. Both types are of LL5 composition with the dark- colored one being an impact-melt shocked to a higher level. Based on the magnetic susceptibil- ity measurements, the Chelyabinsk meteorite is richer in metallic iron as compared to other LL chondrites. The measured bulk and grain densities and the porosity closely resemble other LL chondrites. Shock darkening does not have a significant effect on the material physical properties, but causes a decrease of reflectance and decrease in silicate absorption bands in the reflectance spectra. This is similar to the space weathering effects observed on asteroids. However, no spec- tral slope change similar to space weathering is observed as a result of shock-darkening. Thus, it is possible that some dark asteroids with invisible silicate absorption bands may be composed of relatively fresh shock darkened chondritic material. mailto:maria.gritsevich@fgi.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 27 Physical Properties of Meteoroids According to Middle and Upper Atmosphere Radar Measurements Maria Gritsevich1, 2, Johan Kero3, Jenni Virtanen1, Csilla Szasz3, Takuji Nakamura4, Jouni Peltoniemi1, Detlef Koschny5 1 Finnish Geodetic Institute, Masala, Finland. maria.gritsevich@fgi.fi 2 Institute of Mechanics and Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3 Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden 4 National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tokyo, Japan 5 European Space Agency, Research and Scientific Support Department, AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands We introduce a novel approach to reliably interpret the meteor head echo scattering measurements detected by the 46.5 MHz Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar system near Shigaraki, Ja- pan. The data reduction steps include determining the exact trajectory of the meteoroids enter- ing the observation volume of the antenna beam and calculating meteoroid mass and velocity as a function of time. The model is built using physically based parameterization. The considered observation volume is narrow, elongated in the vertical direction, and its area of greatest sensi- tivity covers a circular area of about 10 km diameter at an altitude of 100 km above the radar. Over 100,000 meteor head echoes have been detected over past years of observations. Most of the events are faint with no alternative to be detected visually or with intensified video (ICCD) cameras. In this pioneer study we are focusing on objects which have entered the atmosphere with almost vertical trajectories, to ensure the observed luminous segment of the trajectory is as complete as possible, without loss of its beginning or end part due to beam-pattern related loss of signal power. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 28 METNET Lander Network for Martian Atmospheric Research Ari-Matti Harri1, Sergey Aleksashkin2, Héctor Guerrero3, Walter Schmidt1, Maria Genzer1, Luis Vazquez4, Jyri Heilimo1, Sini Merikallio1, Tero Siili1, Mark Paton1 and Harri Haukka1 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Earth Observation Research, Helsinki, Finland. ari-matti.harri@fmi.fi 2 Lavochkin Association, Moscow, Russia 3 Institutio Nacional de Tecnica Aerospacial, Madrid, Spain 4 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain A new kind of planetary exploration mission for Mars is being developed in collaboration be- tween the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Lavochkin Association (LA), Space Research Institute (IKI) and Institutio Nacional de Tecnica Aerospacial (INTA). The Mars MetNet mission is based on a new semi-hard landing vehicle called MetNet Lander (MNL), using an inflatable entry and descent system instead of rigid heat shields and parachutes as the earlier developed semi-hard landing devices have used. This way the ratio of the payload mass to the overall mass is optimized. The landing impact will make the payload container penetrate into the Martian soil providing a more favorable thermal environment for the electronics and a suitable orientation of the telescopic boom with external sensors and the radio link antenna. Eventually, the MetNet Mis- sion is to deploy several tens of MNLs covering all the sections of the Martian surface. The MNLs will be operating simultaneously that is a major prerequisite for the understandong of the Martian atmospheric dynamics and to generate profound meteorological network science. Currently we are developing the MetNet Precursor Mission (MMPM) deploying one MetNet ve- hicle to Mars to demonstrate the technical robustness and scientific capabilities of the MetNet type of landing vehicle. Full Qualification Model (QM) of the MetNet landing unit with the Pre- cursor Mission payload is currently under functional tests. During the next few months the QM unit will be exposed to environmental tests with qualification levels including vibrations, ther- mal balance, thermal cycling and mechanical impact shock. One complete flight unit of the entry, descent and landing systems (EDLS) has been manufactured and tested with acceptance levels. Definition of the Precursor Mission and discussions on launch opportunities are under way. The baseline program development funding exists for the next few years. Flight unit manufacture of the payload bay is estimated to take about 18 months, and it will be commenced after the Precur- sor Mission has been defined. The current MMPM system and payload configuration and their performance parameters will be discussed. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 29 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) – First Results of Pressure and Humidity Observations Ari-Matti Harri1, Henrik Kahanpää1, Osku Kemppinen1, Maria Genzer1, Javier Gómez-Elvira2, Robert M. Haberle3, Walter Schmidt1, Hannu Savijärvi4, Jose Antonio Rodríquez-Manfredi2, Scott Rafkin6, Jouni Polkko1, Mark Richardson7, Claire Newman7, Manuel de la Torre Juárez5, Javier Martín-Torres2, Maria Paz Zorzano- Mier2, Evgeny Atlaskin1, Janne Kauhanen1, Mark Paton1, Harri Haukka1 and the MSL Science Team 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Earth Observation, Helsinki, Finland. maria.genzer@fmi.fi 2 Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-SCIC), Madrid, Spain 3 NASA/Ames Research Center, USA 4 University of Helsinki, Finland 5 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA 6 Southwest Research Institute, USA 7 Ashima Research, USA The Mars Science laboratory (MSL) called Curiosity made a successful landing at Gale crater early August 2012. MSL has an environmental instrument package called the Rover Environmen- tal Monitoring Station (REMS) as a part of its scientific payload. REMS comprises instrumenta- tion for the observation of atmospheric pressure, temperature of the air, ground temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and UV measurements. The REMS instrument suite is described at length in (Gómez-Elvira et al. 2012). We concentrate on describing the first 100 sol results from the REMS pressure and humidity observations and comparison of the measurements with modeling results. The REMS pressure (REMS-P) and humidity (REMS-H) devices are provided by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. REMS-P is based on silicon micromachined capacitive pressure sensors developed by Vaisala Inc., and makes use of two transducer electronics sections placed on a single multi-layer PCB inside the REMS Instrument Control Unit (ICU) with a filter-protected ventila- tion inlet to the ambient atmosphere. The absolute accuracy of the pressure device (< 3 Pa) and zero-drift (< 1 Pa/year) enables the investigations of long term and seasonal cycles of the Martian atmosphere. The relative accuracy, or repeatability, in the diurnal time scale is < 1.5 Pa, less than 2% of the observed diurnal pressure variation at the landing site. The pressure device has special sensors with very high precision (less than 0.2 Pa) that makes it a good tool to study short-term atmospheric phenomena, e.g., dust devils and other convective vortices. The observed MSL pressure data enable us to study both the long term and short-term phenomena of the Martian atmosphere. This would add knowledge of these phenomena to that gathered by earlier Mars missions and modeling experiments (Haberle et al. 2013, Smith et al. 2006). Pressure observations are revealing new information on the local atmosphere and climate at Gale crater, and will shed light on the mesoscale and micrometeorological phenomena. Pressure observations show also planet-wide phenomena and are a key observation for enhancing our understanding of the global atmospheric flows and CO2 cycle of the Martian atmosphere. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 30 REMS-H is based on polymeric capacitive humidity sensors developed by Vaisala Inc. The hu- midity device makes use of one transducer electronics section placed in the vicinity of the three (Smith et al. 2006) humidity sensor heads. The humidity device is mounted on the REMS boom 2 providing ventilation with the ambient atmosphere through a filter protecting the device from air- borne dust. The absolute accuracy of the humidity device is temperature dependent, and is of the order of 2% at the temperature range of -30 to -10 °C, and of the order of 10% at the temperature range of -80 to -60 °C. This enables the investigations of atmospheric humidity variations of both diurnal and seasonal scale. The relative humidity results appear to be aligned with earlier obser- vations of the total atmospheric precipitable water contents as well as with the modeling results. (Smith et al. 2006, Savijarvi et al. 2010). References Gómez-Elvira J. et al. (2012), Space Sci. Rev. 170, 583–640. Haberle, R.M. et al. (2013) Mars, submitted. Smith, M. et al. (2006), J. Geophys. Res., 111, E12S13. Savijarvi et al. (2010), Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136: 651, 1497–1505. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 31 Observing Atmospheric Composition: Usability of the Direct Broadcast Transmission Seppo Hassinen1, Johanna Tamminen1, Simo Tukiainen1, Janne Hakkarainen1, Osmo Aulamo2, Timo Pirttijärvi2, Jyri Heilimo2, Nickolay Krotkov3 and Pepijn Veefkind4 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Earth Observation, Helsinki, Finland. seppo.hassinen@fmi.fi 2 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Center, Sodankylä, Finland 3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA 4 The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands The modern society is more and more dependent on real-time information about the atmospheric composition affecting the air quality and air traffic. The need and usefulness of real-time satel- lite data products of volcanic ash was clearly recognized during the last major Icelandic volcanic eruptions, which disturbed the European air traffic. While geostationary satellites provide infor- mation continuously at lower latitudes the high latitudes are best covered with polar- orbiting sat- ellites whose data is downlinked typically only once per orbit. Most of the satellites have so called Direct Broadcast (DB) capability, i.e. the ability to broadcast data at the same time as it is measured. This enables new kind of services with a very short time lag between the measurement and available products. Such services may be targeted to monitor- ing of volcanic plumes and timing of atmospheric soundings and research flights, for example. Existing example is the OMI Very Fast Delivery (VFD) Service (http://omivfd.fmi.fi) for moni- toring atmospheric composition and UV-radiation in almost real time, within 20 minutes after the overpass. In this presentation we demonstrate the DB approach by focusing on existing OMI service. Fur- thermore, we will show more extensive possibilities enabled by usage of two or more ground sta- tions and/or instruments, particularly Sodankylä/Alaska and OMI/OMPS combinations. http://omivfd.fmi.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 32 A Concept of an Electromagnetic Highway to Mars and Beyond Svante V. Henriksson Finnish Meteorological Institute. svante.henriksson@fmi.fi An idea of road-like infrastructure in space is presented. Most existing concepts for spacecraft propulsion in interplanetary space are based upon launching exhaust material in the direction op- posite to the traveling direction or on collecting momentum from the sun’s radiation or particle wind. On the electromagnetic highway, momentum would be provided by pieces of the road, con- sisting of stone and an electric engine utilizing magnetic suspension. The pieces would be placed in orbits around the sun between starting point and destination. Sources for the electric energy needed could be solar, fusion, fission or another form as well as kinetic energy retrieved from braking spacecraft. The individual spacecraft would be free from needing any energy source of their own while great speed could be achieved and large volumes of spacecraft served. The high- way needs to be coupled with an initial launch system, that could be electromagnetic or consist- ing of rockets. A major issue for the highway is its dynamic nature, leading at large scale to a spiral-like form as the Earth orbits the Sun at a faster rate than Mars. How to retrieve the original form of the high- way in a fast and feasible way is discussed. Orbital mechanics, initial construction and smaller- scale stabilization issues are also very important and discussed. On the proposed highway, a trip to Mars would last for about 2 days when using a comfortable acceleration and deceleration for humans of 1 g when the distance between the two planets is at its shortest. For freight traffic, significantly higher accelerations could be used. The scale of the project can be compared for example to the current world road network, approximately double in length to the shortest distance between Earth and Mars. Possibilities brought by such an infra- structure to for example the mining industry are enormous and in theory hugely exceed the needed material input. The idea is presented here for criticism and initial evaluation of technological feasibility using current or foreseeable technology. Additionally, technological issues, initial investment costs and convincing people are large challenges to be won before considering to implement the idea in re- ality. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 33 Dynamics of the Magnetopause Reconnection as Influenced by Earth’s Dipole Tilt Angle and Interplanetary Magnetic Field Sanni Hoilijoki1,2 and Minna Palmroth1 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. sanni.hoilijoki@fmi.fi 2 University of Helsinki, Finland We study the effect of Earth’s dipole tilt angle and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bx and By components on the location of reconnection and the energy conversion at the magnetopause. We carry out three sets of runs with different dipole tilt angles using a global MHD model GU- MICS-4. Each set consists of IMF parameters satisfying both inward- and outward-type Parker spiral conditions during southward IMF. We find that different combinations of IMF Bx and By components and the dipole tilt angle mod- ify the location, morphology and magnitude of the reconnection and energy conversion at the magnetopause. We discuss the relative role of the non-zero Bx and the dipole tilt angle in dayside reconnection first separately and then by changing the parameters simultaneously. We find evi- dence that processes induced by reconnection modify the shape of the magnetopause, which in turn has and effect on the reconnection location. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 34 Modelling the Impact of Supermassive Black Holes on Massive Galaxies Peter H. Johansson Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland. peter.johansson@helsinki.fi Observations in the last decade have shown that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) reside in the centers of most if not all massive galaxies. The properties of the SMBHs and their host galaxies are correlated in the sense that the more massive black holes are found in general in more massive galaxies. Supermassive black holes are also the prime suspect for terminating star formation in the most massive galaxies and thus setting an upper limit for their masses. Here using numerical simulations of binary galaxy mergers of both gas-rich disk galaxies and gas-poor elliptical galaxies including radiative cooling, star formation and supermassive black holes we demonstrate that energetic feedback from black holes is an efficient method for termi- nating star formation. We also study the impact of feedback from SMBHs on the detailed prop- erties of galaxies. In particular we attempt to constrain the energy input mechanism of the black holes and compare models with thermal heating of the gas to more realistic models which involve a mixture of thermal heating and kinetic feedback, resulting in mass outflows on galactic scales, as observed in active galaxies Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 35 Initial Phases of Galactic Star Formation Mika Juvela Department of Physics, University of Helsinki. mika.juvela@helsinki.fi The project “Galactic cold cores” is studying star formation in the Milky Way using data from Planck and Herschel satellites. Planck has detected a large number of cold sources that are inter- preted as dense, prestellar clumps within Galactic molecular clouds. Thus, the Planck all-sky sur- vey provides an exciting opportunity for a global study of prestellar sources. The full catalogue of over 10,000 Planck detections will be published shortly. We have completed Herschel observations of 115 fields where Planck detected a strong signature of cold dust emission. The fields were mapped with Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments, con- firming the sources as dense clouds within the Milky Way. Observations have revealed numerous prestellar cloud cores but most fields are already actively forming stars. With Herschel data, we have built a catalogue of ~500 reliable core detections. Infrared surveys were used to separate starless and protostellar objects. The latter were found to be warmer and more compact. The temperatures, column densities, and masses were correlated against Galactic position and the characteristics of the host clouds. No significant trends were found, indicating that the core properties depend weakly on environmental factors. Because of low level of back- ground emission, high galactic latitude clouds are ideal targets for studies of low mass star forma- tion. As an example, I will discuss our observations of the cloud LDN1642. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 36 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) – First Results of Pressure Observations Henrik Kahanpää1, Ari-Matti Harri1, Jouni Polkko1, Maria Genzer1, Javier Gomez- Elvira2, Robert Haberle3, Manuel de la Torre Juarez4, María Paz Zorzano2, Javier Martin-Torres2, Sara Navarro2, José Antonio Rodriquez-Manfredi2, Veronica Peinado2, Nilton Rennó5, Hannu Savijävi6, Janne Kauhanen1 and the entire REMS/MSL science team 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. henrik.kahanpaa@fmi.fi 2 Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain 3 NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA 4 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA 5 University of Michigan, Michigan, USA 6 University of Helsinki, Finland NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover named Curiosity landed in Gale crater, Mars, on 6 August 2012. MSL has an environmental instrument package called the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) as a part of its scientific payload. REMS is comprised of instrumen- tation for the observation of atmospheric pressure, air and ground temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and UV radiation. We concentrate here on describing the REMS pres- sure sensor and its first results. The REMS pressure sensor is provided by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and is based on Barocap® technology developed by Vaisala, Inc. The pressure sensor is located inside the rover body with a filter-protected ventilation inlet to the ambient atmosphere. The absolute accuracy of the pressure sensor (< 3 Pa) and zero-drift (< 1 Pa/year) enable investigations of long term and seasonal cycles of the Martian atmosphere. The relative accuracy, or repeatability, in the diurnal time scale is < 1.5 Pa, less than 2% of the observed diurnal pressure variation at the landing site. The pressure sensor has special sensors for very high precision of less than 0.2 Pa that makes it also a useful tool for the study of short-term atmospheric phenomena, e.g., dust devils and other convective vortexes. The REMS pressure sensor has observed atmospheric phenomena with time scales from seconds to months and spatial scales from meters to global. Some of the observed phenomena have not been detected by earlier Mars landers and are probably caused by local flows associated to the complex topography of the landing site. mailto:henrik.kahanpaa@fmi.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 37 Ion Distributions in the Earth’s Foreshock and Magnetosheath Obtained Using Vlasiator Yann Kempf1,2, Dimitry Pokhotelov1, Rami Vainio2, Sebastian von Alfthan1, Hannu Koskinen1,2 and Minna Palmroth1 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Earth Observation Unit, Helsinki, Finland. yann.kempf@fmi.fi 2 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Finland We present ion distribution functions from 2D-3V simulations of the Earth’s magnetosphere with Vlasiator, the world’s first global magnetospheric hybrid-Vlasov simulation code. The unprece- dented uniform discretisation of the ion distribution functions in the velocity space at resolutions comparable to in-situ measurements allows detailed studies of a variety of phenomena. We show that Vlasiator reproduces well-known observational features of ion distributions in the foreshock and the magnetosheath. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 38 Retrieval of Martian Dust Properties by Surface Observations and Radiative Transfer Models Osku Kemppinen1, Sini Merikallio1, David Crisp2 and Ari-Matti Harri1 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. osku.kemppinen@fmi.fi 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA We present a line of work to investigate the properties of Martian dust based on observed changes in atmospheric opacity and surface temperature by using fast and accurate radiative transfer mod- els. We utilize large amounts of atmospheric data, such as the recent data from Viking Landers re- processed by Finnish Meteorological Institute, and select periods of time when there are sudden changes in the observed atmospheric opacity. Then, we will automatically fine-tune the dust and other optical parameters in a radiative transfer model and other models to reproduce the observed effect in the atmospheric temperature. This will result in a large number of required computations, which dictates that the models need to be computationally fast, while also being accurate and flex- ible. Due to these restrictions, we will be using the SMART model developed by Dr. David Crisp. As is usual for inverse problems with several free parameters, there will likely be an infinite num- ber of possible solutions. We hope to limit the valid solution space by using a large amount of separate instances of opacity changes. We will also utilize a priori information based on the cur- rent knowledge of Martian dust to achieve additional accuracy on top of the purely computational approach. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 39 Determining the Aerosol Radiative Effect Using Satellite Retrievals Pekka Kolmonen1, Larisa Sogacheva1, Anu-Maija Sundström2, E. Rodriguez1, T. Virtanen1, and Gerrit de Leeuw1,2 1 Climate Change Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. pekka.kolmonen@fmi.fi 2 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland In climate studies the reliable estimate of radiative effect (or forcing) by atmospheric aerosols is a very important parameter that is related to Earth’s energy budget. Usually the estimate is obtained from model simulations. This study discusses an alternative method to determine the effect. Sat- ellite retrieval of the needed parameters to compute the effect is described. These parameters in- clude e.g. aerosol loading, aerosol optical properties, aerosol size distribution, and surface reflec- tance. The described method is able to give good estimates of the instantaneous effect as the use of aggregated model or climatological data is avoided as much as possible. The method is being developed for data from the AATSR satellite instrument. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 40 Tracking the First Satellites of the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou Systems Heid Kuusniemi, Mohammad Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Jingbin Liu, Laura Ruotsalainen and Salomon Honkala Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geodetic Institute. heidi.kuusniemi@fgi.fi Satellite-based positioning is undergoing a rapid change. There is a need to reform the U.S. GPS and Russian GLONASS systems due to the increasing number of applications that utilize po- sitioning, more demanding requirements from users and the need to mitigate interferences and disturbances to the radio signals used by these systems. Both the GPS and the GLONASS sys- tems are being modernized to serve better the current challenging applications in harsh signal conditions. These modernizations include increasing the number of transmission frequencies and changes to the signal components. In addition, the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou sys- tems are currently under development for global operation. There is a strong intention to design the forthcoming: to make the modernized systems to be resistant to interference as well as make them more accurate and available over a wider range of conditions. Also, the use of multiple sys- tems for positioning increases the accuracy and reliability even further. Europe’s own satellite navigation system Galileo is designed for civilian use and has been under development for almost a decade. Two test satellites (GIOVE-A, GIOVE-B) have already been in orbital operation since 2005 and 2008, respectively, and in October 2012 the latest Galileo launch secured 4 actual in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites to be successfully transmitting signals from their planned orbits. The amount of 4 IOV satellites is already sufficient to determine the position, time and speed of a Galileo receiver in real-time. The fully deployed Galileo system will consists of 30 satellites positioned in three circular Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) planes at around 23,000 km altitude above the Earth’s mean sea level with an inclination angle of 56 degrees with respect to the equator. The system is expected to be operational by the year 2020. Galileo will provide EU countries an independent navigation system that has better positioning accuracy and reliabil- ity compared to the current satellite systems of the US (GPS) and Russia (GLONASS). Galileo satellites will transmit signals on the same frequencies as GPS, but modulated with different code techniques. The Chinese satellite navigation system BeiDou has a mixed space constellation that has, when fully deployed, five Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, twenty-seven MEO satellites and three Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit (IGSO) satellites. The GEO satellites are operat- ing in orbit at an altitude of 35786 kilometers and positioned at 58.75°E, 80°E, 110.5°E, 140°E and 160°E respectively. The MEO satellites are operating in orbit at an altitude of 21,528 kilom- eters and an inclination of 55° to the equatorial plane. The IGSO satellites are operating in orbit at an altitude of 35,786 kilometers and an inclination of 55° to the equatorial plane. These satel- lites broadcast navigation signals and messages within 3 frequency bands. The BeiDou system has been in development for more than a decade, and it is estimated to be operational with global coverage at the latest in 2020. The BeiDou satellites transmit ranging signals based on the CDMA (code division multiple access) principle, like GPS and Galileo. The mixed constellation structure of BeiDou results in better observation geometry for positioning and orbit determination com- Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 41 pared to current GPS and GLONASS, and future Galileo, especially in China and neighboring regions. The BeiDou system contributes to the multi-GNSS benefits where increased accuracy, availability and integrity are possible when utilizing interoperable GNSS (Global Navigation Sat- ellite Systems). Researchers at the Finnish Geodetic Institute are following signals from all four IOV-satellites of the Galileo-system as well as the visible BeiDou satellites with their software-defined satellite navigation receiver FGI-GSRx which has been developed for research purposes. So far the plat- form has been used to verify that the Galileo satellites are sending accurate signals as defined in the Galileo system specifications and also to acquire and track BeiDou satellites. The software re- ceiver is a unique platform in Finland for analyzing Galileo and BeiDou signals. Better position- ing methods utilizing Galileo and BeiDou signals can be developed, especially for challenging environments such as urban spaces or high-dynamics space applications. We will present initial results on Galileo and BeiDou signal acquisition and tracking with the developed FGI-GSRx soft- ware receiver platform. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 42 Solar-like Magnetic Activity and Differential Rotation From Simulations of Spherical Shell Convection Petri J. Käpylä Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland. petri.kapyla@helsinki.fi Explaining the solar magnetic cycle remains one of the main challenges in solar physics. Whilst simplified models relying on averaged equations of magnetohydrodynamics can reproduce many observed features, the included physics are poorly constrained due to which the desired result is achieved only after finetuning. On the other hand, more realistic models solving the equations of magnetohydrodynamics in three dimensions from first principles, have a hard time reproducing many observed features such as the internal rotation profile of the Sun and the equatorward mi- gration of the activity belts. Here we summarize the numerical challenges, shortcomings of direct simulations, and the con- nection of current simulations to real stars. We present recent results from moderate resolution 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations which for the first time show equatorward migration and solar-like differential rotation. mailto:petri.kapyla@helsinki.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 43 Aerosol Retrieval Using AATSR Data Gerrit de Leeuw1,2 1 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Change Unit, Helsinki, Finland. gerrit.leeuw@fmi.fi 2 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland The Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) aboard ESA’s Environmental satel- lite ENVISAT measures the radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) at seven wavebands from the visible to the thermal infrared in each of the two viewing directions (nadir and 55o for- ward). The radiances are converted to reflectances which in turn are used to retrieve properties of aerosols in the atmospheric column. To this end, clouds are detected using a combination of tests using almost all wavebands; cloud-contaminated pixels are discarded from further aerosol retriev- al because of their high reflectance which overwhelms the atmospheric signal. Next, over land the contributions of the surface reflectance to the TOA reflectance are eliminated by using the ratio of the reflectances in the nadir and forward viewing directions. Thus, the atmospheric reflectance, or path radiance, for cloud-free pixels is retained. Aerosol properties are subsequently retrieved in an iterative comparison by application of forward and inverse radiative transfer models. Aerosol properties are described in these models by a combination of four aerosol components which al- low for the variation of the optical and physical properties. An a priori combination, based on a combination of global climate models, can be used in the first retrieval step, but the eventual aero- sol component combination is determined as the best fit to the measurements. The AATSR dual view algorithm (ADV) is applied over land where surfaces may be bright. Over ocean the surface is darker and only one of the views is used together with a surface reflectance model, to account for effects of wind speed which creates waves and whitecaps, and reflecting substances in the wa- ter column. The over-ocean algorithm is called AATSR Single View (ASV). Aerosol Optical Depth (March 2008, mean) retrieved with AATSR ADV algorithm. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 44 ADV and ASV were introduced in Helsinki in 2007 and further developed and improved for application in a variety of studies. A large improvement was made as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (cci)) project Aerosol-cci where the most prominent European aerosol retrieval groups cooperate and retrieval experts from NASA participate in workshops. The cooperation re- sulted in statistical performance of AATSR algorithms including ADV and ASV, as determined by an independent validation team, which is similar to that of NASA instruments. The fundamental aerosol property retrieved is the Aerosol Optical Depth (column-integrated extinction) at 3 (land) or 4 (ocean) wavelengths, including per-pixel uncertainty, and the AOD wavelength dependence described by the Ångström exponent. Other, research, products are information on aerosol com- position and single scattering albedo. Further improvements are (1) the introduction of a cloud retrieval scheme which allows for the determination of cloud properties (see presentation Sogacheva), while eventually a common aero- sol-cloud retrieval is foreseen; (2) since the surface properties are not used in the aerosol retrieval, the aerosol properties can be used as independent information to retrieve surface reflectance (So- gacheva). Applications are in the field of, e.g., radiative effects of aerosol and climate (see presentation Kol- monen; and Sundström who used MODIS and CERES data), detection of volcanic ash plumes and their height, air quality studies, forest fires, etc. The combined ATSR-2 and AATSR data provide a 17-years global time series of aerosol properties, which is available for trend analysis. Uncertainty characterization allows for assimilation of the data in air quality and climate models. An overview of current activities in Helsinki will be presented. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 45 Profiling Filaments: Comparing Near-Infrared Extinction and Submillimetre Data in TMC-1 Johanna Malinen1, Mika Juvela1 and Mark Rawlings2 1 University of Helsinki, Finland. johanna.malinen@helsinki.fi 2 NRAO, USA Interstellar filaments are an important part of the star formation process. To understand the struc- ture and formation of filaments, the filament cross-section profiles are often fitted with the Plum- mer profile function. Currently this profiling is often approached with submm studies, especially with Herschel. If these data are not available, it would be convenient if filament properties could be studied using groundbased near-infrared (NIR) observations. We compare the filament pro- files obtained by NIR extinction and submm observations to find out if reliable profiles can be derived using NIR data. We use J-, H-, and K-band data of a filament north of TMC-1, which we call TMC-1N, to derive an extinction map from colour excesses of background stars. We compare the Plummer profiles obtained from these extinction maps with Herschel dust emission maps. We present two new methods to estimate profiles from NIR data. Plummer profile fits to median Av of stars within certain offset or directly to the Av of individual stars. We compare these methods by simulations. In simulations the extinction maps and the new methods give correct results to within 10–20% for modest densities. The direct fit to data on in- dividual stars usually gives more accurate results than the extinction map, and can work in higher density. In the profile fits to real observations, the values of Plummer parameters are generally similar to within a factor of ~2. The parameter values can vary significantly, but the estimates of filament mass usually remain accurate to within some tens of per cent. NIR extinction maps can be used as an alternative to submm data to profile filaments. However, Plummer profile param- eters are not always well constrained, and caution should be taken when making the fits. In the evaluation of the Plummer parameters, one can make use of the independence of dust emis- sion and NIR data and the difference in the shapes of the confidence regions. We also present studies of filaments using NIR scattered light and 3D MHD simulations. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 46 Solar Dynamo: Time for a Paradigm Change? Maarit J. Mantere1,2 1 Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland. maarit.mantere@aalto.fi 2 Physics Department, University of Helsinki, Finland The solar magnetic field is commonly believed to arise due to the action of a hydromagnetic dyna- mo, in which fluid motions at different scales generate and sustain the magnetic field against dif- fusive effects. Two competing theories of how the dynamo process works in detail exists, namely the so called flux-transport dynamo, which is based on two separate layers of field generation (shear layer beneath the convection zone and near-surface sunspot formation and decay region) connected by a conveyor-belt due to a single-cell meridional circulation pattern with a poleward flow near the surface and a return flow in the bottom of the convection zone. The distributed dy- namo theory, on the other hand, assumes that meridional circulation plays a less important role, while convective turbulence, present throughout the convection zone, is the major player in the game together with the large-scale shear. The flux-transport scenario has been, during the past two decades, the leading theory of the solar dynamo. It has been evolved to a stage, in which the dynamo models have been used as predic- tive tools of the forth-coming solar activity. The predicting power of the models arises from the fact that turbulent mixing in the convection zone is considered unimportant–therefore magnetic fields can have a ‘memory’ over a few consequtive solar cycles. Distributed dynamo models natu- rally do not, by definition, possess significant predicting power as turbulent diffusion destroys the generated structures in a time scale comparable to the solar cycle length. So far the usefulness of the flux-transport models as long-term prediction tools has shown to be poor. There is also gath- ering theoretical and observational evidence of the single-cell meridional conveyor-belt picture being too idealized. Direct numerical simulations of the solar convection zone, such as the ones extensively investigated in our reserach group, tend to show more complicated flow patterns with two- or multi-cellular meridional circulation. Recently, analysis of solar helioseismic observa- tions have also given evidence for similar meridional circulation patterns. These new results seri- ously challenge the flux-transport dynamo picture. Moreover, the most realistic direct numerical simulations of the magnetic solar cycle being consistent with the distributed dynamo picture, it might be a time for a paradigm change in solar dynamo theory. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 47 KAIRA – the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array McKay-Bukowski D.1, Vierinen J.2, Kero A.1, Fallows R.3, Virtanen I.I.4, Ulich Th.1, Orispää M.1, Wucknitz O.5, Postila M.J.1, Lehtinen M.1and Turunen Esa.1 1 Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Sodankylä, Finland. kaira@sgo.fi 2 MIT Haystack Observatory, United States 3 ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands 4 University of Oulu, Finland 5 Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR), Bonn, Germany The Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) is a new facility of the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory at Kilpisjärvi, near the Nowegian-Finnish border. This new Finland’s largest radio telescope was officially opened on 6th June 2013, although the first successful meas- urements were done already in August 2012. KAIRA comprises a dual array of omni-directional VHF radio antennas, principally funded by the University of Oulu, Finland. KAIRA offers all- sky multi-beam and imaging capability. It has wide frequency coverage between 10 and 88 MHz (LBA) and 110 and 275 MHz (HBA) and high time resolution. It makes extensive use of the proven LOFAR antenna and digital signal-processing hardware, and can act as either a stand- alone passive receiver, as a receiver for the EISCAT VHF incoherent scatter radar near Tromsø, Norway, or for use in conjunction with other Fenno-Scandinavian VHF experiments. The facility is modular with a very flexible software-controlled experiment system and DSP, so that KAIRA conduct a large range of astronomical, geophysical and atmospheric experiments, and operate even simultanously for different science targets with different instrumental setups. KAIRA will act as a pathfinder for technologies to be used in the proposed EISCAT_3D radar system, for which it was originally built. However, since the first successful experiments, KAIRA has proved to be a powerful and versatile instrument in its own right. Here we present an overview of KAIRA, its principle hardware and software components, and its main science objectives. We also introduce the facility from a new-user perspective, outlining its capabilities and possibilities both as a receiver site complementary to EISCAT facilities, and as an independent multi-role instrument. A showcase of the recent results will be presented, illustrating our recent scientific accomplishments and the future opportunities emerging after the commis- sioning phase of this new radio observatory. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 276 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp276.htm 48 Modelling Scattering by Palagonite (Mars Analog dust) Sini Merikallio1, Timo Nousiainen2, Michael Kahnert3 and Ari-Matti Harri2 1 Climate Change Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute. sini.merikallio@fmi.fi 2 Department of Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute 3 Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute and Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Earth and Space Science Due to future MetNet (Harri et al. 2007) Mars lander mission, which has optical instruments on- board, we are interested in modeling accurately the radiative effect of dust present in the Martian atmosphere, to allow reliable and accurate retrieval of information from their measurements. This radiative effect depends on size, shape and composition of the dust particles. Shape information on Martian dust is not available, but it is reasonable to assume their shapes to resemble that of ter- restrial dust. Recently, Bi et al. 2009, showed that scattering properties of terrestrial dust can be closely mimicked using ellipsoidal model particles. We therefore apply ellipsoids to model Mar- tian dust. Precomputed scattering properties for ellipsoids are readily available from the database by Meng et al. 2010. In contrast, there are many in-situ measurements of the Martian dust composition. Interestingly, there are terrestrial soils with similar composition, such as Palagonite. Scattering properties of Palagonite particles have been measured in a laboratory (Laan et al. 2009), so we use these meas- urements to validate our modeling approach. The ellipsoids can closely reproduce the laboratory-measured scattering properties of Palagonite. When comparing the uncertainties related to size and composition to those related to particle shape, these are found to have comparable effects on the scattering properties. Properly account- ing for the particle shape is therefore important in interpretation of remotely sensed data (Meri- kallio et al. 2013). References A-M. Harri et. al. MetNet: in situ observational network and orbital platform to investigate the Martian environment, FMI reports, ISBN: 978-951-697-625-2, http://hdl.handle.net/10138/1116, 2007 L. Bi, P. Yang, G.W. Kattawar, and R. Kahn, Single-scattering properties of triaxial ellipsoidal particles for a size parameter range from the rayleigh to geometric-optics regimes, Appl. Optics 48(1), 114–126, 2009. Z. Meng, P. Yang, G. W. Kattawar, L. Bi, K.N. Liou, I. Laszlo. Single-scattering properties of tri-axial ellipsoidal mineral dust aerosols: A database for application to radiative transfer calculations, Journ