ODC 88 861.2 FOLIA FORESTALIA ns IETSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS • INSTITUTUM FORESTALE FENNIAE • HELSINKI 1971 LORENZO RUNEBERG PLASTICS AS A RAW-MATERIAL BASE FOR THE PAPER INDUSTRY IN FINLAND MUOVIT PAPERITEOLLISUUDEN RAAKA-AINEENA SUOMESSA N:ot I—lB on lueteltu Folia Forestalia-sarjan julkaisuissa I—4l. Nos. I—lB are listed in publications I—4l of the Folia Forestalia series. N:ot 19—55 on lueteltu Folia Forestalia-sarjan julkaisuissa 19—96. Nos. 19—55 are listed in publications 19—96 of the Folia Forestalia series. 1969 No 56 Terho Huttunen: Länsi-Suomen havusahatukkien koko ja laatu vuonna 1966. The size and quality of coniferous sawlogs in western Finland in 1966. 1,50 No 57 Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen päätös puutavaran mittauksessa käytettävistä muuntoluvuista ja kuutioimistaulukoista. Skogsforskningsinstitutets beslut beträffande omvandlingskoefficienterna och kuberings tabellerna, som används vid virkesmätning. 28,80 No 58 Paavo Tiihonen: Puutavaralajitaulukot 2. Maan eteläpuoliskon mänty, kuusi ja koivu. No 59 Paavo Tiihonen: Puutavaralajitaulukot 3. Männyn ja kuusen uudet paperipuutaulukot. No 60 Paavo Tiihonen: Puutavaralajitaulukot 4. Maan pohjoispuoliskon mänty ja kuusi. 2, — No 61 Matti Aitolahti ja Olavi Huikari: Metsäojien konekaivun vaikeusluokitus ja hinnoittelu. Classification of digging difficulty and pricing in forest ditching with light excavators. No 62 Kullervo Kuusela ja Alli Salovaara: Etelä-Pohjanmaan, Vaasan ja Keski-Pohjanmaan mestävarat vuonna 1968. Forest resources in the Forestry Board Districts of Etelä-Pohjanmaa, Vaasa and Keski pohjanmaa in 1968. 3,— No 63 Arno Uusvaara: Maan ja metsän omistus Suomessa v. 1965 alussa ja sen kehitys v. 1957—65. Land and forest ownerships in Finland 1965 and their development during 1957—65. No 64 Timo Kurkela: Haavanruosteen esiintymisestä Lapissa. Leaf rust on aspen in Finnish Lapland. 1,— No 65 Heikki Ravela: Metsärunko-ojien mitoitus. Dimensioning of forest main ditches. 1,50 No 66 Matti Palo: Regression models for estimating solid wood content of roundwood lots. No 67 Terho Huttunen: Suomen puunkäyttö, poistuma ja metsätase vuosina 1967—69. Wood consumption, total drain and forest balance in Finland in 1967—69. 2,50 No 68 Lauri Heikinheimo, Seppo Paananen ja Hannu Vehviläinen: Stumpage and contract prices of pulpwood in Norway, Sweden and Finland in the felling seasons 1958/59— 1968/69 and 1969/70. 2,50 No 69 U. Rummukainen ja E. Tanskanen: Vesapistooli ja sen käyttö. A new brush-killing tool and its use. 1,— No 70 Metsätilastollinen vuosikirja 1968. Yearbook of forest statistics 1968. 6, — No 71 Paavo Tiihonen: Rinnankorkeusläpimittaan ja pituuteen perustuvat puutavaralajitaulukot. No 72 Olli Makkonen ja Pertti Harstela: Kirves- ja moottorisahakarsinta pinotavaran teossa. Delimbing by axe and power saw in making of cordwood. 2,50 No 73 Pentti Koivulehto: Juurakoiden maasta irroittamisesta. On the extraction of stumps and roots. 1,50 No 74 Pertti Mikkola: Metsähukkapuun osuus hakkuupoistumasta Etelä-Suomessa. Proportion of wastewood in the total cut in southern Finland. 1,50 No 75 Eero Paavilainen: Tutkimuksia levitysajankohdan vaikutuksesta nopealiukoisten lannoit teiden aiheuttamiin kasvureaktioihin suometsissä. Influence of the time of application of fast-dissolving fertilizers on the response of trees growing on peat. 2,— 1970 No 76 Ukko Rummukainen: Tukkimiehentäin, Hylobius abietis L., ennakkotorjunnasta taimi tarhassa. On the prevention of Hylobius abietis L. in the nursery. 1,50 No 77 Eero Paavilainen: Koetuloksia suopeltojen metsittämisestä. Experimental results of the afforestation of swampy fields. 2, — No 78 Veikko Koskela: Havaintoja kuusen, männyn, rauduskoivun ja siperialaisen lehtikuusen halla- ja pakkaskuivumisvaurioista Kivisuon metsänlannoituskeokentällä. On the occurrence of various frost damages on Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver birch and Siberian larch in the forest fertilization experimental area at Kivisuo. 2,— No 79 Olavi Huikari—Pertti Juvonen: Työmenekki metsäojituksessa. On the work input in forest draining operations. 1,50 No 80 Pertti Harstela: Kasausajan ja valtimonlyöntitiheyden sekä tehollisen sahausajan määrit täminen järjestettyjen kokeiden, pulssitutkimuksen ja frekvenssianalyysin avulla. Determination of pulse repetition frequency and effective sawing time with set tests pulse study and frequency analysis. 1,50 No 81 Sulo Väänänen: Yksityismetsien kantohinnat hakkuuvuonna 1968—69. Stumpage prices in private forests during cutting season 1968—69. 1,— No 82 Olavi Huuri, Kaarlo Kytökorpi, Matti Leikola, Jyrki Raulo ja Pentti K. Räsänen: Tutki muksia taimityyppiluoldtuksen laatimista varten. I Vuonna 1967 metsänviljelyyn käytet tyjen taimien morfologiset ominaisuudet. Investigations on the basis for grading nursery stock. I The morphological characteristics of seedlings used for planting in the year 1967. 1,50 Luettelo jatkuu 3. kansisivulla FOLIA FORESTALIA 119 Metsäntutkimuslaitos. Institutum Forestale Fenniae. Helsinki 1971 Lorenzo Runeberg PLASTICS AS A RAW-MATERIAL BASE FOR THE PAPER INDUSTRY IN FINLAND Muovit paperiteollisuuden raaka-aineena Suomessa Suomenkielinen tiivistelmä sivulla 4 FOREWORD This work is part of a larger research project concerning the interaction between plastics and wood in Europe which the Forest Research Institute has on its programme. The main project has been delayed due to difficulties in obtaining original source material (i.e. due to lack of travelling funds). The infiltration of plastics in the field of paper products which has already occurred and not least the question of synthetic paper production are matters of current interest which may significantly in fluence the structure of the industry and the demand for pulpwood. The Forest Research Institute wishes to thank all the forest as well as plastics enter prises who by kindly completing the question naires have made this publication possible. Helsinki, August 1971 Lauri Heikinheimo 13856—71/80 2 CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 3 0. TIIVISTELMÄ 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. SURVEY OF ENTERPRISES STUDIED AND FIELDS OF PRODUCTION 6 2.1. Paper-coating 6 2.2. Film and foils 7 2.3. Non-woven products 8 2.4. Synthetic paper 9 2.5. Miscellaneous 12 3. ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION 12 3.1. Main products 12 3.2. Distribution of exports 14 4. ANALYSIS OF RAW-MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 14 5. EFFECTS ON THE FUTURE OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY AND RAW-MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 3 FIGURES 1. Demand estimation for synthetic paper in Japan to 1978, in million tons 10 2. Expected price reduction of synthetic paper by weight in Japan to 1980 11 TABLES 1. Extruder installations for coating at paper factories in Finland in 1971 6 2. Consumption of plastic raw material by extruders for coating in the paper industry in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 6 3. Consumption of plastic dispersions for coating in the paper industry in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 7 4. Consumption of plastic raw material for the manufacture of film and foil in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 7 5. Consumption of plastic raw material for the manufacture of non-woven products in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 8 6. Pigment-coated synthetic paper compared with wood-based printing paper 10 7. Production of paper and paperboard with plastic coating in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 13 8. Finland's exports of plastic-coated paper and paperboard, 1967—71, in tons 13 9. Finland's exports ot plastic-coated paper and paperboard by countries, 1967—71, in tons 13 10. Consumption of plastics in the manufacture of paper-industry products in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 14 11. The shares of co-operative and competitive plastics in the paper industry in Finland, 1967—71, in tons 14 12. The shares of plastic-coated paper and paperboard produced in Finland, in 1000 tons and % of production 15 13. The share of plastics in paper-industry products in Finland, 1967—71, in 1000 tons and % of production 16 14. Export price of bleached sulphate compared with LDPE, PVC, PS and PP in Sweden, 1960—75, in Kr per kg 17 15. Requirements of plastic raw material for paper-industry products in Finland, 1970—80, in tons 18 4 0. TIIVISTELMÄ Muovin käyttö paperiteollisuuden raaka-ai neena on huomattavasti laajentunut ja kasvanut viimeisten viiden vuoden aikana. Suulakepuristimia paperin päällystämistä var ten on nykyään (1971) 13 kpl, neljässä paperi tehtaassa. Muita yrityksiä ei tällä alalla ole toi minnassa. Muovidispersioita paperin pintakäsit telyyn käyttää 10 paperitehdasta ja 4 ulkopuo lista yritystä. Muoviaineiden kokonaiskulutus ilmenee taulukoissa 2 ja 3. Tärkein raaka-aine on päällystämispuolella ollut korkeapainepoly eteeni ja dispersiopuolella styreenibutadieeni. Muovikalvoja valmistavat nykyään myös use at paperitehtaat tai niiden omistuksessa olevat muovifirmat. Taulukosta 4 nähdään, että näi den raaka-ainetarve on kasvanut keskimäärin 31 % vuosivauhdilla ja että 40 % kokonais kulutuksesta menee nykyään paperiteollisuuden tarpeisiin. Tuotosta käytetään pääasiassa pussien ja säkkien valmistukseen, jotka täten kilpailevat perinteellisten paperivalmisteiden kanssa. Myös tällä alalla polyeteeni on eniten käytetty raaka aine. Kuitukangasvalmistuksessa paperiteollisuus on mukana ennen kaikkea Oy W. Rosenlew Ab :n ja Oy Tampella Ab:n ansiosta. Muoviraaka-aine kulutus on toistaiseksi suhteellisen vähäistä, kos ka tuotanto pohjautuu rayonkuituihin ja muo via käytetään vain sideaineena. Kuitukangastuo tanto on tuonut mukanaan teknisiä muunnoksia valmistusmenetelmiin, joita soveltamalla ehkä voidaan ajaa erilaisia muovi-selluloosakombi naatioita myös tavallisilla paperikoneilla suh teellisen pienin muutoskustannuksin. Spun bond menetelmää, jolloin kuitukangasta val mistetaan kokonaan muovista, ei Suomessa ole kokeiltu. Synteettisen paperin valmistukseen Suomen paperiteollisuus ei ole toistaiseksi osoittanut erityistä kiinnostusta. Muoviteollisuuden puolel la sensijaan Upo Oy vuonna 1970 aloitti muovi paperin valmistamisen polyeteenikalvon poh jalta. Myös Wihuri-Yhtymä Oy suunnittelee tuotannon aloittamista. Synteettisen paperin ominaisuuksista verrattuna tavalliseen paperiin voidaan todeta, että puukuitu antaa paperille jäykkyyttä, huokoisuutta, läpinäkymättömyyt tä ja ympäristöystävällisyyttä, kun taas muovi tekee paperista vahvan, taipuisan, pinnaltaan tasaisen sekä kosteutta ja kemikaaleja sietävän. Japanissa muovipaperin kehitystyöhön on käy tetty paljon voimia ja siellä ennakoidaan tuo tannon vuonna 1973 nousevan 300 000 tonniin ja vuonna 1978 2.5 milj. tonniin. Myös USA:ssa ja monissa Euroopan maissa synteettisen pape rin tuotanto on päässyt alkuun. Hintasuhde on toistaiseksi huomattavasti tavallisen paperin eduksi, mutta oletetaan, että tämän vuosikym menen loppupuolella suhde olisi tasaantunut (Kuva 2). Muovipaperin erikoisominaisuuksien ansiosta voidaan odottaa, että tämä tuote lähi aikoina valtaa markkinoita uutena paperilaatuna muun paperin rinnalla. Paperiteollisuus on ryhtynyt valmistamaan myös vaahtomuovia pakkausteollisuuden tar peisiin. Muoviraaka-ainepuolella Kymin Oy ja Enso-Gutzeit Oy osallistuvat Pekema Oy:n tuo tantoon. Integraatio muovi- ja paperiteollisuu den välillä on täten Suomessa edistynyt jo sangen pitkälle. Muovien tunkeutuminen paperituotantoon on selvästi havaittavissa sen koostumuksessa. Taulukko 7 esittää muovilla päällystetyn pape rin ja kartongin tuotoksen, joka viime vuonna (1970) ensimmäisen kerran ylitti 100 000 ton nia, oltuaan 867 tonnia vuonna 1961. Viennin kehitys ilmenee taulukoista Bja 9. Muovien kulutus paperiteollisuustuotteiden valmistuksessa tulee tänä vuonna (1971) nouse maan 70 000 tonniin eli 1/3 koko Suomen muovituonnista. Käytetystä määrästä yli 60 % jalostetaan paperiteollisuuden omistamissa yri tyksissä. Taulukko 11 esittää miten muovien käyttö jakaantuu puuvanuketta täydentäviin ja kilpaileviin osuuksiin. Suoraan symbioosisuh teessa oleviin tuotteisiin ei tämän mukaan käytetä enempää kuin 38 % muovimäärästä. Jos kuitenkin otetaan huomioon kaikki paperi teollisuuden omistamat muoviyritykset yhteis työpuolelle kuuluviksi, nousee prosenttiluku 62:een. Vuonna 1971 Suomen koko paperi tuotantoon sisältyy 1.5 % muovia. Voima 5 paperista 6 % ja kartongista 7 % on muovipääl lystettyä. Itse asiassa muovin osuus on usein tärkeämpi kuin mitä suora painovertailu näyttää. Yhteistyö muovi-ja paperiteollisuuden välillä on epäilemättä eduksi monesta näkökulmasta. Ennen kaikkea vaikea puuraaka-ainetilanne hel pottuu. Lopputuotteiden jalostusaste myös nousee. On ilmeistä, että raakaöljyn tuonti tulee tulevaisuudessakin muodostumaan hal vemmaksi kuin raakapuun tuonti kaukaisista maista. Raakaöljyä on myös riittävästi saata vissa, kun sen sijaan raakapuun saanti ulko mailta on epävarmaa. Kuten taulukosta 14 il menee, on todennäköistä, että jo lähivuosina selluloosan ja polymeerien hinnat tulevat suurin piirtein yhtymään, joten paperiteollisuus voi raaka-aineena käyttää molempia. Koska ennak kolaskelmien mukaan paperituotteiden tarve Euroopassa nousee nopeammin kuin mitä met sänparannustöiden avulla hakkuita voidaan li sätä, on syytä suosia muovin käyttöä. Taulukko 15 esittää muoviraaka-aineiden ennakoidun tar peen Suomessa vuoteen 1980. Koska muovin käyttö raaka-aineena pienentää puun käyttöä, saattaa olla mahdollista laajentaa paperiteolli suutta nopeammin kuin pelkästään puuraaka aineeseen perustuvat tuotantolaskelmat osoit tavat. 1. INTRODUCTION The infiltration of plastics into the Fin nish forest industry both as a competitive and as a co-operative material was first investi gated in 1966-67 (RUNEBERG 1967). Since the rapid development indicated by this study has clearly continued, the time seems ripe to survey the present position of the plastics and forest industries. On the basis of earlier ex perience, a questionnaire was sent to all fac tories in Finland manufacturing paper, paper board, plywood, chipboard and fibreboard, as well as to all plastics factories whose production touches in this field. The results for the paper and paperboard industry are presented and analysed in this paper. The results for the board industry will be published separately. The tables cover the period 1967—71, the last year consisting of forecasts based on material from the first half of the year. Where material was available, 1961 has been included to show developments throughout the last decade. The following generally accepted abbrevia tions for plastics are used: The term paper industry is used in the follow ing to cover both paper and paperboard fac tories. /IF 'A >E melamine polyamide polyethylene — LD low density — HD high density >F >P >S >UR 'VAC >VAL 'VC 'VCA »VDC JF phenol polypropylene polystyrene polyurethane polyvinyl acetate polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride acetate polyvinylidene chloride urea formaldehyde 2. SURVEY OF ENTERPRISES STUDIED AND FIELDS OF PRODUCTION 2.1. Paper-coating The last five years have seen a powerful expansion of plastics as a raw-material base in the paper industry. If we first examine the situation with regard to coating, Table 1 shows the total number of extruder installations in 1971 for direct lamination of plastic onto the underlying paper. A. Ahlström Oy has decided to set up a further installation with two extruders in 1972. For comparison, it can be mentioned that at the beginning of 1967 the number of installa tions was 5, of which only one was equipped with double extruders for coating both sides of the paper. It can also be noted that Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat Oy's new installation is probably unique in Scandinavia, in that the double extruders allow coating with different plastics on the same side of the paper. Enso-Gutzeit Oy's new machine is also particularly sophisti cated, with all three extruders in a line. No new enterprises have entered this field since the beginning of the 19605, however, and it continues to be dominated by only four paper mills. No enterprise independent of the forest industry is undertaking such opera tions, either. The consumption of plastic raw material has developed since 1967 as shown in Table 2. The material used has been almost 100 % LDPE. Less than 100 tons annually consists of PVC. The rate of growth appears to have eased off in recent years but continues to be substantial. The use of plastics as binders for paper coating has grown even faster. At present, the paper industry has 17 surface-treating installa tions, distributed among 10 enterprises, while a further two firms intend to install machines in 1972. Consumption is shown in Table 3. Table 1. Extruder installations for coating at paper factories in Finland in 1971. Taulukko 1. Suomen paperitehtaisiin asennetut suulakepuristimet paperin päällystämistä varten v. 1971 Table 2. Consumption of plastic raw material by extruders for coating in the paper industry in Finland, 1967—71, in tons. Taulukko 2. Paperiteollisuuden suulakepuristimissa päällystämiseen käytetty muoviraaka-aine Suomes sa v. 1967—71, tonnia. Factory — Tehdas Installations Asennuksia Number of extruders Puristimien lukumäärä A. Ahlström Oy, Kauttua Enso-Gutzeit Oy, Vuoksenniska Joutseno Pulp Oy, Lohja Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat Oy, Valkeakoski 2 2 3 7 1 1 2 3 Total 13 ear — Vuosi Tons — Tonnia Increase in % from previous yeai Kasvu vuodessa % 1961 250 1967 6 740 1968 9 633 43 1969 11 658 21 1970 14 226 22 1971 16 800 15 7 Table 3. Consumption of plastic dispersions for coating in the paper industry in Finland, 1967—71, in tons. Taulukko 3. Paperin päällystämiseen käytetty muovidispersio Suomen paperiteollisuudessa v. 1967—71, tonnia, The material used has been mainly 50 % styrene-butadiene latex, while small quantities of PVC, PVDC and PVAC have been utilized. According to the forecast for 1971, the last three materials will make up about 3 % of the total consumption. In addition, at least four firms unconnected with the forest industry are operating in this field. These have 6 binder installations, but their combined consumption is not significant (150—170 tons annually). 2.2. Film and foils A number of extruders owned by forest concerns are also used for manufacturing film and foils by the blowing method. G. A. Ser lachius Oy in Kolho has installed an extruder with a production capacity of about 250 tons a year. The enterprise produces HDPE film which is reminiscent of silk paper, although the production should not really be considered as plastic paper. Similarly, Tervakoski Oy is cur rently building a new section for the manu facture of PP film for the production of condensers. Production will begin at about 500 tons a year using one extruder for film manufacture, although the section is planned from the beginning for double this capacity. In both cases, the final product consists entirely of plastic. Lamination with paper based on wood fibre does not occur. In the sphere of film and foil, attention should also be paid to the operations of Oy W. Rosen lew Ab and Oy Tampella Ab. The former has developed its own foil production at R-Pak in Pori. This is used mainly for the manufacture of plastic bags and sacks. Oy Tampella Ab has obtained a similar capacity through the direct purchase of two plastics enterprises. Besides these forest enterprises, 12 other independent factories produce film and foil. The total consumption of raw material in this field is shown by the figures in Table 4. Table 4. Consumption of plastic raw material for the manufacture of film and foil in Finland, 1967— 71, in tons. Taulukko 4. Filmin ja kalvon valmistukseen käytetty muoviraaka-aine Suomessa v. 1967—71, tonnia. ear — Vuosi Tons — Tonnia Increase in % from previous yeai Kasvu vuodessa % 1967 2 285 1968 3 609 58 1969 4 702 30 1970 6 105 30 Year Vuosi Total consumption Kokonaiskäyttö Increase in % from previous year Kasvu vuodessa % Of which integrated in the paper industry Paperiteollisuuteen integroituneissa yrityksissä Integration % Integroitumis % 1961 550 0 1967 14 620 4 700 32 1968 19 970 37 6 580 33 1969 28 810 44 12 370 42 1970 36 160 26 15 290 42 1971 42 950 19 17 000 40 8 In contrast to consumption on the coating and surface-treating side, film and foil produc tion obviously competes with forest products based on wood fibre. However, it can be seen from the figures that the paper industry has kept itself forward in this sphere and now controls about 40 % of the market through production in its own factories. The major part of production is used for manufacturing bags and sacks, while a little more than 10 % of the raw material is used for producing building foil. PE is the predominant material. Various special films are manufactured from PVC and PP, while PA has won ground in recent years; these mate rials altogether account for less than 10 % of the total consumption. 2.3. Non-woven products The paper industry has also come into the picture in the field of non-woven products. One enterprise began production in Ahvenan maa in 1960, and from 1968 has been owned by SOK and Oy W. Rosenlew Ab. Under the name Bilon Ab, the firm has greatly expanded l operations and now produces 15 million metres in length annually, which involves an acrylic consumption of about 150 tons. The owners divide out the production, each continuing the processing and marketing of its own share. The final products, based on rayon, include sheets, pillow-slips, towels, table-cloths and disposable hospital supplies. Similar produc tion was begun in 1970 at Oy Tampella Ab's non-woven factory in Tampere. At full capacity, the requirements of plastic amount to about 200 tons a year. In addition, Oy W. Rosenlew Ab is planning its own plant at Pori to manu facture fabrics by the wet process. G. A. Ser lachius Oy has also shown interest in non-woven products and is making trial production using the method developed by Neste Oy, although the decision concerning final production has not yet been taken. Two major firms unconnected with the forest industry also operate in this field. Suo men Vanutehdas Oy — Finnwad Ltd. in Jokela has been selling non-woven products based on rayon since the mid-19605. The consumption of plastic has now risen to about 400 tons annually. J. W. Suominen Oy in Nakkila manu factures non-woven products from both leather waste and synthetic fibres. About 600 tons a year of acrylic, PP, polyester and nylon fibre are used. The consumption of rayon is compara tively small, some 150 tons a year. In addition, some 110 tons of PVAC, PVC and acrylic plas tics are consumed each year as latex in the syn thetic-fibre branch. The development of non-woven products is illustrated by Table 5. At the present time, the forest industry accounts for something over 30 % of the total use. The production of non-woven products in Finland is based at present, as has been seert above, primarily on rayon fibre produced by Säteri Oy on a cellulose base. The share of plastic is limited to the plastic added as a binding agent (10—20 %). Thanks to non-woven products, which use considerably longer-fibred material than does the traditional paper indus try, the wet part of these machines has been developed according to completely new guide lines. With Voith's wet process from Germany, it is possible to use up to 120-mm-long fibre. This development appears to make possible the production of plastic or various plastic-cellulose Table 5. Consumption of plastic raw material for the manufacture of non-woven products in Finland, 1967—71, in tons. Taulukko 5. Kuitukangastuotteiden valmistukseen käytetty muoviraaka-aine Suomessa v. 1967—71, tonnia. ear — V 1967 Suosi ons — Tonnia Increase in % from previous ye; Kasvu vuodessa % 670 1968 770 15 1969 930 21 1970 1 180 27 1971 1 530 9 combinations on traditional paper machines with relatively modest reconstruction costs. On the other side, this technical development has also led to machines which work by the dry forming method, for example Kroyer in Den mark. The binding together of the fibre is done by the addition of separate binding agents and only to a small degree by hydrogen bonds. These machines can use practically all types of fibre, and thus produce non-woven or normal paper according to need. The advantage lies in the modest investment costs and the small requirements of water. A drawback is the slow speed of production, which so far remains at less than 100 m per minute. The latest phase of development as far as non-woven products are concerned is manu facture by the spun-bond method, in which the raw material is 100 % plastic, for example PP fibre. In this method, plastic threads are blown out of a finely divided mouthpiece. A separate binding agent is not required, since the fibre threads at the production stage are sufficiently heated to stick firmly together. Since the threads are thus "spun" into a net, production is undertaken through rollers in the normal way. If necessary, the roll can be heated to strengthen the binding further. Non-woven products based on the spun-bond method are produced at least in the United Kingdom, West Germany and the U.S.A. If this method be comes more widespread, plastic consumption will grow markedly, since, as was mentioned, the raw material consists entirely of plastic. Neither dry-form nor spun-bond production occurs in Finland. 2.4. Synthetic paper The Finnish paper industry has not so far showed very much interest in the manufacture of plastic paper. The only firm to have invested in this field is Upo Oy's plastics section, which uses particularly high-molecular PE film as a starting point. Manufacture began in 1970, but is so far only in the trial stage. The quality is suitable for the packaging field, and the theoretical capacity is probably around 3000 tons a year. Wihuri-Yhtymä Oy, Wi-pakkaus, has also announced its intention to begin production based on olefin film. On the petro-chemical side, Neste Oy has developed its own method for manufacturing synthetic paper from PVC film, but the method is still untested on a production scale. .It is evident from the above that so far the plastics industry has been the more active in this branch. The paper industry, however, has taken the initiative in convening a major symposium to discuss the question in detail. The following guide lines can be given at this point. Synthetic paper production can come under consideration for the following reasons: Shortage of timber raw material Demand for improved products Need for new markets for the petro-chemical industry Shortage of water for the conventional paper industry In Finland, the prime cause for concern, which may contribute to the development of plastic paper production, is the timber raw-material situation. Synthetic paper is defined as a material made from high polymeric chemicals and treated to give paper-like properties, with the product being used for paper-like applications. The treatment in general provides opacity and printability. Various types of paper are already developed and they can be grouped according to the manufacturing process: 1) Methods of surface treatment of basic film 2) Methods of developing the film itself into paper quality 3) Methods of using synthetic fibre as a raw material. These methods can be further divided into several sub-groups, but it lies outside the frame of this paper to examine the technicalities of production. A general comparison of the res pective properties of plastic and conventional paper is, however, in order (cf. EIDEM 1971, p. 63). The figures are presented in Table 6. To sum up, EIDEM states "that cellulose gives paper pliability, porosity, opacity and disposi bility while plastic gives strength, flexibility, surface smoothness and resistability against damp and chemicals." Japan is without doubt the country which has gone furthest in the development of syn thetic paper. The interest in this branch in Japan stems primarily from shortage of timber 10 Table 6. Pigment-coated synthetic paper compared with wood-based printing paper. Taulukko 6. Pigmentti päällystetyn synteettisen paperin ja puukuidusta valmistetun painopaperin omi naisuuksien vertailu. raw material and industrial water. This has meant that the government has taken a positive attitude towards development work and sup ported it in many ways. According to calcula tions, the saving of foreign exchange through importing oil instead of the corresponding requirements of roundwood is something in the order of 50—75 %. This does not take into account by-products from oil-refining such as butadiene, the use of which can improve the position still further. The requirements of water for synthetic manufacture are only 10 % of the water requirements for wood-fibre pro duction, and there is no danger of pollution of water sources. There is also no need for round wood storage places at factories. In Japan, no less than 20 firms working primarily in the paper industry have announced Fig. 1. Demand estimation for synthetic paper in Japan to 1978, in million tons. Kuva 1. Synteettisen paperin ennustettu tarve Japanissa vuoteen 1978, miljoonaa tonnia. plans to invest in synthetic-paper manufacture. Actual production is so far small, however, and concentrated in three enterprises. Substantial expansion is taking place, nevertheless, and should show results in 2—3 years. Figure 1 gives a picture of the estimated demand (cf. Mass production of. . . 1970, p. 23). 'roperity — Ominaisuus Synthetic paper Synteettinen paperi Wood-based paper Puukuitupaperi Dimensional stability Excellent Poor Durability 'liability Poor Good surface smoothness Excellent >> iase material's opacity Poor )> 'rintability Waterproof dould resistance Good Yes >> >> No » \cid-aLkali resistance >> » Dil-fat resistance Good Poor Vater-damp barrier >> >9 Possibility of reuse Poor Good 11 Demand is estimated to be 300 000 tons in 1973 and 2.5 million tons in 1978 according to the latest available calculations. Since Japan's total plastics production in 1970 was c. 5 million tons, this development is obviously largely dependent on a comparable expansion of the petro-chemical industry in addition to its normal rate of growth. Synthetic-paper production has also become a topic of current interest in other parts of the world. In North America, where one can so far hardly speak of a shortage of timber raw material, synthetic paper is developing principal ly to obtain improved products. At present, half-a-dozen firms in the U.S.A. are carrying on production. Their combined capacity in 1969 was c. 70 000 tons and is estimated to rise by 1972 to 300 000 tons. The major part of this consists of paper manufactured by the spun-bond method, while film-based paper only comprises a few thousand tons. In Europe, at least the United Kingdom, West Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Finland are carrying on synthetic-paper production. The main reason can be considered shortage of tim ber raw materials. The units of production are so far small and mostly owned by the petro chemical industries. There are no certain figures of total production for 1971, but it can be estimated at between 10 000 and 20 000 tons. The disadvantages of synthetic paper are the disposal problem and its price level, Since recycling possibilities are poor and the paper does not disintegrate by itself, large-scale burn ing would probably have to be resorted to. In this respect, there are important differences depending on the basic material. For example, paper based on PE film is much more easily burnt than PVC-based paper, from which hydro chloric acid arises as a by-product. However, it is probable that the disposal problem will be solved as production of synthetic paper in creases. As far as the price level is concerned, synthetic paper is 300—400 % more expensive than traditional paper. A marked price fall is expected, however, as large units of production are created and the price of the raw material falls further. Moreover, there is the rising price trend for wood fibre. Figure 2 gives a picture of the expected development in Japan (cf. Mass production of. . . 1970, p. 25). Fig. 2. Expected price reduction of synthetic paper by weight in Japan to 1980. Kuva 2. Synteettisen paperin arvioitu hinta kehitys Japanissa vuoteen 1980. By the beginning of the 1980 s, as can be seen, the price difference is likely to be rela tively small. From the plastic paper sold by the Japanese, it is evident that the techniques of printing, including multi-colour printing, have been satisfactorily solved. In Japan, it is even predicted that plastic paper will compete with newsprint in five years, which seems incredible. Even at its present price level, plastic paper has a market, due to the product's special properties. Examples are its use for rain-proof advertisement posters for outdoor use, for packaging of wet products, and for special hard-wearing catalogues and suchlike. Plastic paper can later replace wood-fibre paper to an important extent. We are now in the same situation as when the first plastic bags and sacks began to compete with the corresponding paper products. It is probable that plastic paper will this decade initially win a firm foothold as a new quality in the wide assortment of paper products which a paper-manufacturing country ought to be able to offer as a matter of course to its customers. 12 2.5. Miscellaneous As a further field in which the Finnish paper industry has incorporated plastics in manu facturing can be mentioned Yhtyneet Paperi tehtaat Oy's section for foam polystyrene. Three automatic machines have been installed and the production will be used primarily for packaging. G.A. Serlachius Oy began developing similar production in 1970. The participation of the forest industry in the plastics branch has further expanded to include the raw-material side. Among the share owners of Pekema Oy, which is to process the products obtained by Neste Oy from cracking, are Kymin Oy and Enso-Gutzeit Oy, owning respectively 20 % and 6 % of the shares. Kymin Oy is also independently building a plant for the manufacture of polyester resin and softening agents, and the firm has an interest in Stymer Oy, which is to produce polystyrene. It can further be mentioned that Myllykos ken Paperitehdas Oy has become a share-owner in Paraisten Kalkki Oy, primarily so that the latter can take care of the sale of the former's production of plasterboard. In this way, a further point of contact has been created between paper and plastics. Paraisten Kalkki Oy is engaged in the plastics branch in several spheres, primarily in board production. The following forestry enterprises are now members of the Finnish Plastics Association (Muoviyhdistys r.y.): A. Ahlström Oy Enso-Gutzeit Oy Kymin Oy Oy W. Rosenlew Ab G. A Serlachius Oy Oy Tampella Ab Tervakoski Oy This association does not concern itself with the members' sales, but looks after their more general interests. The opposite circumstance, in which plastics firms are members of the forest industries' central organizations, has not yet occurred, Upo Oy's application for membership of the Finnish Paper Mills' Association having been refused. 3. ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION 3.1. Main products The penetration of plastics has naturally had a marked influence on production output. The figures in Table 7 give a picture of the quantities produced at the extruder installations belonging to the paper industry. These products are divided into the following four sub-groups for the industrial statistics (Official Statistics of Finland XVIII A 85): 4807-7011 Bleached homogenous paperboard with a coating of plastic 7012 Other paperboard 7091 Other with coating of plastic 7092 Other The paperboard side is dominated by paper board for milk packaging, which consists prima rily of 340 g/m paperboard plus 40 g/m 2 PE, divided between the two sides (14 + 26). Paper board weighing 460 g/m 2 is also used. In addition, about 10 % of the production consists of bleached-sulphate paperboard (PE 20 + 280 + PE 20). The share of plastics in the paper board side is between 9 and 15 %. Production output has furthermore been indirectly influenced by plastics, in that quali ties are manufactured for plastic coating at a later stage in the importing country. An example is Enso-Gutzeit Oy's 260 g/m 2 White Top quality, which is coated in Sweden. On the paper side, production embraces what is known as industrial paper, i.e. bleached, semi-bleached and brown wrapping paper, in which the paper weight is 100—150 g/m 2 . Sack paper and various laminates also occur. A quality of great interest for the future is the plastic-coated paper or plastic film beginning to be used as protection for packaged lots of sawn goods. The share of plastic in the paper qualities is about 20 % of the product's total weight. 13 Table 7. Production of paper and paperboard with plastic coating in Finland, 1967—71, in tons. Taulukko 7. Muovipäällystetyn paperin ja pahvin tuotos Suomessa v. 1967—71, tonnia. Table 8. Finland's exports of plastic-coated paper and paperboard, 1967—71, in tons. Taulukko 8. Muovipäällystetyn paperin ja pahvin vienti Suomesta v. 1967—71, tonnia. Table 9. Finland's exports of plastic-coated paper and paperboard by countries, 1967—71, in'tons. Taulukko 9. Suomesta viedyn muovipäällystetyn paperin ja pahvin jakautuminen vientimaittain v. 1967 —71, tonnia. 1967 1968 1969 1970 Year Vuosi Plastic-coated paper Muovipäällystetty paperi Increase in % from pre- vious year Kasvu vuodessa Plastic-coated paperboard Muovipäällys- tetty pahvi Increase in % from pre- vious year Kasvu vuodessa Total Yhteensä Increase in % from pre vious year Kasvu vuodessa % % % 1961 867 1967 18 000 33 709 51 816 1968 19 000 6 53 601 59 72 446 40 1969 23 000 21 65 312 22 88 826 23 1970 1971 28 000 31 000 22 11 80 630 90 000 24 12 108 356 121 120 22 12 ear — Vi uost ixport — Vi ' ent ti % of production Viennin osuus % tuotoksesta 65 1967 33 915 1968 50 991 70 1969 61 275 69 74 182 Norway Sweden 6 786 15 029 13 028 13 366 Denmark 3 263 7 984 9 602 10 131 Netherlands 432 673 4 176 7 810 iouth Africa 1 480 3 163 4 163 6 587 Jnited Kingdom 1 354 2 301 4 267 5 529 Soviet Union 3 319 2 440 2 894 3 640 3.2. Distribution of exports Not unexpectedly, a large part of the plastic coated qualities is exported, as can be seen from the figures in Table 8 (Official Statistics of Finland I A 89). The distribution of exports among the most important countries in tons is presented in Table 9 (Official Statistics of Finland I A 89). In all, the plastic-coated qualities go to 38 countries throughout the world. The figures show that the main exports are to the other Scandinavian countries. 4. ANALYSIS OF RAW-MATERIAL CONSUMPTION The figures presented so far can be combined to give the total consumption of the new raw material in manufacturing connected with the paper industry. This is done in Table 10. The question of paramount interest to both the paper and the plastics industries is how the relative shares of competitive and co-opera tive plastics will develop. A further analysis of the figures in Table 10 results in the figures of Table 11. Table 10. Consumption of plastics in the manufacture of paper-industry products in Finland, 1967—71 in tons. Taulukko 10. Paperiteollisuustuotteiden valmistuksessa käytetty muovi Suomessa v. 1967—71, tonnia. Table 11. The shares of co-operative and competitive plastics in the paper industry in Finland, 1967— 71, in tons. Taulukko 11. Paperia täydentävän ja sen kanssa kilpailevan muovin osuus Suomen paperiteollisuudessa v. 1967—71, tonnia. 14 ear — i -Vi 'uosi Total consumption Käyttö yhteensä Of which integrated in the paper industry Paperiteollisuuteen integroituneissa yrityksissä Integration % Integroitumis-' 1961 800 250 31 1967 24 469 13 787 56 1968 34 140 19 924 58 1969 46 263 28 871 62 1970 57 864 35 875 62 1971 69 584 42 571 61 Y ear Vuosi Co-operative Täydentävä muovi % Competitive Kilpaileva muovi % Total Yhteensä % 1961 250 30 550 70 800 100 1967 9 847 40 14 622 60 24 469 100 1968 14 169 42 19 971 58 34 140 100 1969 17 451 38 28 812 62 46 263 100 1970 21 690 37 36 164 63 57 864 100 1971 26 756 38 42 748 62 69 584 100 15 As well as plastics from the paper industry's extruder and binder installations, all plastics used for non-woven products are included as co-operative plastics, since these products clear ly expand the product range of the forest in dustry and only compete with the textile branch. Foam polystyrene has similarly been included, although less certainly, as co-operative since its use as inner protective material in packaging often increases paperboard's possibili ties of use. On the competitive side has been placed all film and foil used for bag and sack manufacture and in the building industry. Shrink film is difficult to place, since it is partly used in conjunction with paperboard underlays, es pecially in the food branch. Since a detailed analysis is practically impossible, all shrink film has been considered to belong to the competitive side. Plastic paper will obviously belong in this group as production gets under way. The consumption of raw material in the uncertain areas is so far sufficiently limited for it to have only a minor influence on the relationship between the co-operative and com petitive sides. The figures indicate that combined products of plastics and paper have increased at a somewhat slower rate during the 5-year period 1967—71 than competitive products. The share of co-operative plastics is now 38 %, against 40 % in 1967. On the other hand, as the earlier given figures indicated, the paper in dustry has already to an important extent itself begun to produce iilm and foil. These un doubtedly compete with products based on wood fibre, but do not worsen the enterprise's position as such. If this share is counted as co-operative, then the co-operative share has ■increased from 60 % to 62 %. In other words, at present 62 % of all plastic which is consumed for the manufacture of paper-industry goods is used either in combined products or in integrated enterprises. If the production of plastic-coated qualities is compared with total production of paper products, the figures of Table 12 are obtained, giving a picture of the growing penetration of plastics. The situation has developed somewhat dif ferently on the paper and paperboard side. Coating has primarily been done on paper board, with the result that the co-operative trend with plastic for this period has increased from 3 % to 7 %. On the paper side, the share of plastic must be chiefly related to kraft paper, in which plastic's share has increased to 6 %. It is also possible to compare total paper and paperboard production with all plastic which has penetrated this field, i.e. böth co-operative and competitive shares, as shown in Table 13. Table 12. The shares of plastic-coated paper and paperboard produced in Finland, in 1000 tons and % of production. Taulukko 12. Muovipäällystetyn paperin ja pahvin osuus Suomessa, 1000 tonnia ja % tuotoksesta. , l i ll l t t i ihvin , j t k s . Year Vuosi Kraft paper Voimapaperia Of which plastic-coated Josta muovi- päällystetty % of Paperboard Of which plastic Pahvia plastic-coated % Josta muovi- muovia päällystetty % of plastic % muovic 1961 311 0 698 0.5 0 1967 416 18 4 971 34 3 1968 430 19 4 1 069 54 5 1969 480 23 4 1 226 65 5 1970 490 28 5 1 225 81 6 1971 510 31 6 1 286 90 7 16 Table 13. The share of plastics in paper-industry products in Finland, 1967—71, in 1000 tons and % of production. Taulukko 13. Muovin osuus paperiteollisuustuotteista Suomessa, 1000 tonnia ja % tuotoksesta. A direct weight comparison as presented here is not entirely successful, since plastic is often equivalent to more paper than its weight indicates. Plastic can be used in thinner layers than paper to obtain a given quality demand or durability requirement. In Japan, for exam pie, it has been proposed that comparisons should be made on the basis of 2/3 —1. The infiltration of plastics can thus effectively be considered to be 1/3 greater than the above figures show. 5. EFFECTS ON THE FUTURE OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY AND RAW-MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS It can be seen from this investigation that plastics have now established themselves firmly in the paper industry as an important auxiliary material in manufacturing. The close co-opera tion which exists in a variety of ways between the plastics and paper industries can be regarded with satisfaction, especially as now home pro duction of the most important basic plastics is ensured. In view of the difficult situation regarding timber raw material, it seems that the use of plastics is a natural way both to conserve the forests and to raise the degree of processing of the final products. That it is more advantageous to import from distant countries oil for plastics manufacture rather than roundwood for cellulose seems evident and is supported, for example, by the Japanese calculations. Transport costs always tend to operate as a disadvantage to roundwood. The transport of Persian oil to Finland, for example, costs about $ 10 a ton, while the transport of roundwood from, say, Turkey would cost about $ 18 a ton. Timber purchases from the Soviet Union can perhaps be made advantageously, but there is no security of future deliveries, since every country is attempting to develop its own processing industry. ERVASTI et ai. (1969) assume that timber imports from the Soviet Union will end at the latest in 1990. The supplies of crude oil in the world, on the other hand, are so important that no supply difficulties should arise during the next few gen erations, despite the fact that the world's total demand in the year 2000 is estimated at 5000 million tons annually. The price of timber raw materials at pulp mills is at present still cheaper (in Finland on average 79 mk/ton for spruce pulpwood) than the same quality of oil at the refinery (c. 97 mk/ton). However, if the price development for processed cellulose and Ta l s i lli t tt i t C ia j Year — Vuosi Production of paper Share of plastics and paperboard Muovin Paperin ja pahvin tuotos osuus % of total productior % tuotoksesta 1961 2 387 1 0.04 1967 3 389 24 0.7 1968 3 629 34 0.9 1969 4 060 46 1.0 1970 4 258 58 1.3 17 Table 14. Export price of bleached sulphate compared with LDPE, PVC, PS and PP in Sweden, 1960 75, in Kr per kg. Taulukko 14. Valkaistun sulfaatin vientihinta Ruotsissa verrattuna LDPE, PVC, PS ja PP hintoihin v. 1960- 75, Kr/kg. polymer products is compared for the 19605, it is apparent that the price difference is disappearing. Table 14 illustrates the develop ment (cf. EIDEM 1971, p. 65). The Swedish prices are most suitable for comparison since there has been no devaluation. It can be seen that the price of plastics is rapidly approaching that of cellulose. The prices of the various base plastics, which still showed substantial differences in 1960, are also evening out. In fact, the price of PP has already (in 1971) fallen to less than 2 kr/kg. It is evident that the paper industry in the future can from a cost viewpoint equally well use plastics as timber as a raw material for its products. Decisive factors will instead be quality demands and availability of the respective raw materials. As it is known, the Finnish forestry industry has now developed to the limits of the yield capacity of the forests. If the forest-im provement measures are carried out as proposed under the MERA 111 programme, it is possible that the timber output will rise from 53.6 mil lionm 3in 1971 to 69.3illi n 3in the year 2000. The pulp industry's production capacity within the framework of all forest industries has been estimated at 13.5 million tons, requir ing 51.5million 3of timber. It is planned that this quantity will be processed entirely into paper in Finland, and that exports of cellulose will have ceased by the year 2000. In actual fact, the financing of the MERA 111 programme is unclear and this has already resulted in delays in silvicultural measures, putting the final targets in question. According to FAO's estimates, the de mand for paper in Europe will meanwhile rise in the same period from 38 million tons to 140 million tons, in other words, it will quadruple (at present, four-fifths of Finland's exports of forest products are directed to Europe). From a European perspective, there are no possibilities of raising timber production at this rate, so that Europe will become increasingly dependent on imports from other parts of the world. Against this background, the possibilities of using plas tics as a raw-material base seem especially welcome. A plastics raw-material base, of course, presupposes home production of the most important plastics, primarily PE. Whether Pe kema Oy's production plans are sufficient appears uncertain. The PE factory's capacity is estimated at 80 000 tons a year, which is the same quantity as was imported in 1970. This will perhaps be sufficient for the requirements of the next few years if it is taken into considera tion that imports from abroad will retain a certain share of the market. On the basis of developments during the period 1967—71, the plastics requirements of the paper industry for co-operative products and for film and foils (used mainly for bags and sacks) can be estimat ed for the present decade. However, there is no empirical material on which to base a forecast for the manufacture of synthetic paper and for the miscellaneous group. In Table 15, which shows the probable plastics requirements of the paper industry in Finland in 1975 and 1980, it has been estimated that the manu facture of synthetic paper will double every second year from a production rate of 3000 tons in 1972 (the original Japanese estimate counted on a doubling every year during the 19705j. The miscellaneous group is estimated on the basis of announced construction plans plus an annual growth rate of 30 %, which is the average growth rate for the other four groups. '5 (forecasts^ Sleached sulphate 0.80 0.86 1.04 1.20 'VC 2.15 1.53 1.42 1.40 J3PE 3.50 2.14 1.44 1.36 'S general purpose 2.30 1.70 1.56 1.56 »P 7.00 3.50 2.52 18 Table 15. Requirements of plastic raw material for paper-industry products in Finland, 1970—80, in tons. Taulukko 15. Suomen paperiteollisuustuotteiden muoviraaka-aineen arvioitu käyttö v. 1970—80, ton- In view of the fact that the main plastics of the paper industry comprise different quali ties of PE, it seems that the petro-chemical industry must expand its PE capacity as soon as the first installation is set in operation in 1972. Otherwise, Finland will find itself in the paradoxical situation of being forced to import plastic raw material, which the paper industry processes and then sells again abroad. A bright spot is that the European petro-chemi cal industry is well developed and is producing 35 % of the world's production of plastics. Thus no import difficulties need arise during a possible development period. Already this year (1971), the use of plastics as a raw material for paper-industry products has saved a total of 50000 m3 timber. In 1975, the saving will be 1million m and in 1980 3.5 million m 3, i.e. about 10 %of the total raw-material requirements. These quanti ties are significant enough to be taken into consideration when estimating the industry's raw-material requirements. A paper industry sufficiently oriented towards plastics can per haps be developed faster than provided for by the pulpwood raw-material estimates which have been made up to the present. iia. 1970 1975 1980 "or paper-coating "or binders 14 226 6 105 43 400 29 500 132 500 142 200 7 or film and foils 36 160 139 500 538 200 'or non-woven products 1 180 3 300 9 400 "or synthetic paper /liscellaneous 10 310 8 000 2 200 48 000 8 200 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY BENJAMIN, C. - VINEY, M.J. 1971. Some opportunities from development in thermo plastic papers and paper replacements. Plas tics & Polymers Feb. p. 64. EIDEM, INGMAR. 1971. Ekonomiska syn punkter pä kombinationen cellulosafiber syntetpolymerer. Svensk Pappers Tidning No. 3, p. 64. ERVASTI, SEPPO - HEIKINHEIMO, L. - KUUSELA, K. - MÄKINEN, V. 1969. Suo men metsä- ja puutalouden tuotantomahdol lisuudet vuosina 1970—2015. Helsinki. GEORGEVITS, L -McCORMICK, H.C. 1968. Trends and developments in binders for paper coatings. Paper Trade Journal Dec. 30, p. 26. GRANT, ROGER. 1970. Size press coating — Current means of increasing versatility and upgrading coated paper quality. Tappi No. 2, p. 261. KROYER, KARL. 1971. Will present tech nology be competitive to dry-forming pro cesses? Aarhus-Viby. LEVLIN, J—E. 1971. Synteettisen paperin val mistuksen kehitysnäkymät. MS. Helsinki. Mass production of synthetic paper is evolving into reality. 1970. Japan Pulp & Paper No. 3, p. 22. Massa och papper i en föränderlig ekonomi. 1969. Träfackens utredningsavdelning. Stock holm. Muoviteollisuuden näköaloja. 1970. Muoviyh distys r.y. 1940—1970. Lähti. Official Statistics of Finland I A 89. Foreign Trade. Helsinki. Official Statistics of Finland XVIII A 85. In dustrial Statistics of Finland. Helsinki. Papier und Kunststoffpapier. 1971. Der Papier macher No. 21, p. 13. PINOMAA, OLLI. 1971. Onko Nesteen muovi paperilla tulevaisuutta. Öljyposti No. 1, p. 4. RUNEBERG, L. 1967. Plasten som konkurrens och kombinationsmaterial inom skogsin dustrin i Finland. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen julkaisuja 62.8. Helsinki. SITRA. 1971. Tutkimus Suomen muoviteol lisuuden kansainvälisestä kilpailukyvystä. Helsinki. SOUTHAM, E.V. 1970. Packaging and industrial papers in the next three decades. Paper Tech nology No. 4, p. 262. Synthetic paper in Japan. 1969. The Society of Polymer Science. Japan. WALLENBERG, MARCUS. 1970. Träfiberns framtid. Skogen No. 9, p. 222. VIETH, RICHARD D. 1969. Marketing oppor tunities for extrusion coating. Chicago, Illinois. Helsinki 1971. Valtion painatuskeskus No 83 Ole Oskarsson: Pluspuiden fenotyyppisessä valinnassa sovellettuja valinnan asteita. Selection degrees used in the phenotypic selection of plus trees. 1,50 No 84 Kari Keipi ja Otto Kekkonen: Calculations concerning the profitability of forest ferti lization. Laskelmia metsän lannoituksen edullisuudesta. 2,— No 85 S.—E. Appelroth — Pertti Harstela: Tutkimuksia metsänviljelytyöstä I. Kourukuokka, kenttälapio, taimivakka, taimilaukku sekä istutuskoneet Heger ja LMD-1 istutettaessa kuusta peltoon. Studies on afforestation work I. The use of semi-circular hoe, the field spade, plant basket, plant bag and the Heger and LMD-1 tree planters in planting spruce in fields. 3,— No 86 Pertti Veckman: Metsäalan toimihenkilöiden koulutustarve 1970-luvulla. Educational requirements of professional forestry staff in the 19705. 4,— No 87 Michael Jones and David Cope: Economics Research in the Finnish Forest Research Institute, 1969—1974. 4,— No 88 Seppo Ervasti, Lauri Heikinheimo, Kullervo Kuusela ja Veikko O. Mäkinen: Forestry and forest industry production alternatives in Finland, 1970—2015. 6,— No 89 Risto Sarvas: Establishment and registration of seed orchards. 2,— No 90 Terho Huttunen: Suomen puunkäyttö, poistuma ja metsätase vuosina 1968—70. Wood consumption, total drain and forest balance in Finland in 1968—70. 5,— No 91 Pertti Harstela ja Teemu Ruoste: Kokonaisten puiden esijuonto kaksirumpuvintturilla käytävä- ja riviharvennuksessa. Laitteiden ja menetelmien kehittelyä sekä tuotoskokeita. Preliminary full-tree skidding by two-drum winch in strip and row thinning. 2,50 No 92 Pentti Hakkila ja Pentti Rikkonen: Kuusitukit puumassan raaka-aineena. Spruce saw logs as raw material of pulp. 1,50 No 93 Kari Löyttyniemi: Havupunkin ja kuusen neulaspunkin torjunta. Control of mites Oligonychus ununguis and Nalepella haarlovi var. piceae-abietis. 2,50 No 94 Paavo Tiihonen: Puutavaralajitaulukot 5. Koivun uudet paperipuutaulukot. Sortentafeln 5. Neue Papierholztafeln fiir Birke. 2,50 No 95 Jorma Rajala: Nykymetsiköiden kasvuprosentti Suomen eteläpuoliskossa vuosina 1964—68. 2,50 No 96 Metsätilastollinen vuosikirja 1969. Yearbook of forest statistics 1969. 8,— No 97 Juhani Numminen: Short-term forecasting of the total drain from Finland's forests. Suomen metsien kokonaispoistuman lyhytjaksoinen ennustaminen. 1,50 No 98 Juhani Nousiainen, Jukka Sorsa ja Paavo Tiihonen: Mänty- ja kuusitukkipuiden kuutioi mismenetelmä. Eine Methode zur Massenermittlung von Kiefern- und Fichtenblochholz. 4,— 1971 No 99 Yrjö Vuokila: Harvennusmallit luontaisesti syntyneille männiköille ja kuusikoille. Gallringsmallar för icke planterade tali- och granbeständ i Finland. Thinning models for natural pine and spruce stands in Finland. 2,— No 100 Esko Leinonen ja Kalevi Pullinen: Tilavuuspaino-otanta kuitupuun mittauksessa. Green density sampling in pulpwood scaling. 2,— No 101 lUFRO, Section 31, Working Group 4: Forecasting in forestry and timber economy. 5,— No 102 Sulo Väänänen: Yksityismetsien kantohinnat hakkuuvuonna 1969/70. Stumpage prices in private forests during cutting season 1969/70. 1,— No 103 Matti Ahonen: Tutkimuksia kanto- ja juuripuun korjuusta I. Kokeilu puiden kaatami sesta juurakkoineen. Studies on the harvesting of stumps and roots in Finland I. Experiment with the felling of trees with their rootstock. 2,— No 104 Ole Oskarsson: Plusmetsiköiden valintaero ja jalostusvoiton ennuste. Selection differential and the estimation of genetic gain in plus stands. 1,50 No 105 Pertti Harstela: Työjärjestyksen vaikutus tynkäkarsitun ja likipituisen kuusikuitupuun teossa. The effect of the sequence of work on the preparation of approximately 3-m, rough limbed spruce pulpwood. 2,50 No 106 Hannu Vehviläinen: Metsätyömiesten moottorisahakustannukset 1969—1970. Power-saw costs of forest workers in 1969—1970 3,— No 107 Olli Uusvaara: Vaneritehtaan jätepuusta valmistetun hakkeen ominaisuuksista. On the properties of chips prepared from plywood plant waste. 2,50 No 108 Pentti Hakkila: Puutavaran vaurioitumisesta leikkuuterää korjuutyössä käytettäessä. On the wood damage caused by shear blade in logging work. 2,— No 109 Metsänviljelykustannusten toimikunnan mietintö. Report of the committee on the costs of forest planting and seeding. No 110 Kullervo Kuusela — Alli Salovaara: Kainuun, Pohjois-Pohjanmaan, Koillis-Suomen ja Lapin metsävarat vuosina 1969—70. Forest resources in the Forestry Board Districts of Kainuu, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa, Koillis- Suomi and Lappi in 1969—70. 5,50 No 111 Kauko Aho ja Klaus Rantapuu: Metsätraktorien veto- ja nousukyvystä rinteessä. On slope-elevation performance for forest tractors. 2,— No 112 Erkki Ahti: Maaveden jännityksen mittaamisesta tensiometrillä. Use of tensiometer in measuring soil water tension. 1,— No 113 Olavi Huikari — Eero Paavilainen: Metsänparannustyöt ja luonnon moninaiskäyttö. Forest improvement works and multiple use of nature. 2,— No 114 Jouko Virta: Yksityismetsänomistajien puunmyyntialttius Länsi-Suomessa vuonna 1970. Timbers-sales propensity of private forest owners in western Finland in 1970. 6,— No 115 Veijo Heiskanen ja Pentti Rikkonen: Tukkien todellisen kiintomitan mittaamisessa käy tettävät muunto- ja kuutioimisluvut. Sahatukkien mittaus- ja hinnoittelututkimukseen 1970 perustuvat taulukot. 1,— No 116 Veijo Heiskanen: Tyvitukkien ja muiden tukkien koesahauksia Pohjois-Suomessa. Test sawings of butt logs and top logs in Northern Finland. 2,50 No 117 Paavo Tiihonen: Suomen pohjoispuoliskon mäntytukkipuusto v. 1969—70. Das Kiefernstarkholz der nördlichen Landeshälfte Finnlands i.J. 1969—70. 2,— No 118 Pertti Harstela: Moottorisahan tärinän vaikutuksesta työntekijän käsiin. On the effect of motor saw vibration on the hands of forest worker. 1,50 No 119 Plastics as a raw-material base for the paper industry in Finland. Muovit paperiteollisuuden raaka-aineena Suomessa. 2,50 Myynti — Available for sale at: Valtion painatuskeskus, Annankatu 44, Helsinki 10, p. 645 121 Merkintä ODC tarkoittaa metsäkirjallisuuden kansainvälistä Oxford-luokitusjärjestelmai 13856/71/0tf«p.,98 Valtion painatuskeskus