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Author(s): Helama, Samuli Title: Low-frequency patterns in Late-Holocene tree-ring records from northern Fennoscandia Year: 2025 Version: Final draft, accepted for publication Copyright: The Author(s) 2025 Rights: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s). Reuse is restricted to non-commercial and no derivative uses. Rights url: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en Please cite the original version: Helama, S. (2025). Low-frequency patterns in Late-Holocene tree-ring records from northern Fennoscandia. The Holocene, 35(6-7), 654-660. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836251320323 (Original work published 2025) https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en For Peer Review Low-frequency patterns in late Holocene tree-ring records from northern Fennoscandia Journal: The Holocene Manuscript ID HOL-24-0124.R1 Manuscript Type: Forum Article Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Helama, Samuli; Natural Resources Institute Finland Keywords: dendrochronology, palaeoclimatology, chironomid, Lapland, Holocene, Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age Abstract: Northern Fennoscandia is a cradle of tree-ring based climate reconstructions. These late Holocene data come from several types of tree-ring proxies and are typically used for discussing the extent of past climate excursions such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age, relative to the modern temperatures. This article compares tree-ring records published from the region over the past two decades with those produced here by recalculations, focussing on their low-frequency temperature patterns. Paleoclimate evidence fully independent of trees (sedimentary chironomid data) was used to assess the dendroclimatic records. Chironomid record correlated best with anatomy (maximum latewood radial-cell-wall thickness) data averaged over the region (A- FEN) when the latewood (maximum) anatomy was not tuned by earlywood (minimum) anatomy values. While all the examined tree-ring records are highly sensitive to high-frequency summer temperature variability, non-temperature factors likely play a role in modifying their low-frequency patterns. As a result, the subsets of A-FEN (representing NW and NE Fennoscandian sites i.e., Torneträsk region and Finnish Lapland) did not correlate, unlike the subsets of the maximum density data, for which reason the regionally averaged A-FEN seems to underestimate the temperature amplitudes during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. The findings contribute to the discussion on low-frequency patterns in millennia-long tree-ring chronologies. http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE For Peer Review Published and new records The characterisation of late Holocene temperature variability is of importance for science and society as reconstructions of current and past climates are needed to faithfully track the recent extremes in the context of natural and anthropogenic forcings. Tree-ring proxies are often employed for this task but also referred to as a type of data not fully recording the extent of long-term climatic changes (Hughes, 2011; Klippel et al., 2020; Lücke et al., 2021). A possible solution to overcome these drawbacks is to develop novel tree-ring proxies. Such work has been long active in northern Fennoscandia to the extent that the region seems to have become a natural laboratory for paleoclimatic tree-ring studies (Figure 1a). Dendroclimatic research started in northern Fennoscandia a century ago (Boman, 1927; Erlandsson, 1936; Hustich, 1947). More recent work has become known especially from millennia-long tree-ring chronologies composed of subfossil Pinus sylvestris samples (Sirén, 1961; Bartholin and Karlén, 1983; Eronen et al., 1999, 2002; Grudd et al., 2002; Helama et al., 2008, 2022). This work includes ~1500-year-long X-ray based latewood maximum density (MXD) chronology for the Torneträsk region in northern Sweden (Schweingruber et al., 1988; Briffa et el., 1990, 1992; Grudd, 2008; Melvin et al., 2013) that has become a cornerstone of late Holocene paleoclimatic studies (Esper et al., 2002; Jones and Mann, 2004; Shi et al., 2013; Luterbacher et al., 2016). The first tree-ring records of latewood blue intensity reflection (BI) were developed as temperature-sensitive proxy data in northern Finland (McCarroll et al., 2002; Campbell et al., 2007, 2011), where also tree-ring δ13C data were used to reconstruct summer temperatures (Gagen et al., 2007), although currently these isotopic data are considered a proxy for irradiance and/or cloud cover (Young et al., 2010, 2012; Loader et al., Page 1 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 2013; Helama et al., 2018). Moreover, ~1200-year multiproxy tree growth (composite of tree- ring and tree height growth; McCarroll et al., 2013) and ~2000-year MXD records (”N-Scan”; Esper et al., 2012) have been built from samples representing a larger area in the same region, in addition to a ~7500-year composite BI-MXD record that likewise originates from northern Finland (Helama et al., 2022). These studies demonstrate the general evolution of dendroclimatic temperature reconstructions that have been traditionally produced for high-altitude and latitude sites, where MXD data commonly proves superior to ring widths (Briffa et al. 1988; McCarroll et al., 2003), BI reflectance providing a surrogate for MXD (McCarroll et al., 2011; Björklund et al., 2014, 2021; Vyukhina and Gurskaya, 2022). In northern Fennoscandia, the MXD, BI and multiproxy records are expectedly comparable as they have all been used for reconstructions of spring-summer temperatures (from April, May or June through August) (Briffa et al., 1992; Esper et al., 2012; McCarroll et al., 2013; Melvin et al., 2013; Helama et al., 2022). Relying on tree-ring methods of regional-curve-standardization (RCS; Briffa et al., 1992; Esper et al., 2002; Helama et al., 2018) that remove biological noise from the data while supposedly preserving their long-term and period (i.e., low-frequency) climatic variations, the Fennoscandian studies have strongly contributed to the discussion on temperature history due to the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and modern warming which have characterised the long-term climatic development of the past millennium, at least in the North Atlantic sector (Lamb, 1982; Grove, 2004; Drinkwater, 2006). The newest contribution to this tree-ring proxy collections is a ~1300-year-long summer temperature record based on quantitative wood anatomy (Björklund et al., 2023). Among Page 2 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review several anatomy variables, radial-cell-wall thickness was used for a reconstruction of northern Fennoscandian temperatures (A-FEN) and compared with the MXD data produced previously as a regionally averaged mean record over the same region (X-FEN; Wilson et al., 2016). Contributing to the long-lasting discussion, A-FEN resulted in modern temperatures warmer than those during the MCA (AD 850–1100; Björklund et al., 2023), in contrast with the previous studies where MXD records from the region had not indicated unprecedently warm modern temperatures (Esper et al., 2014; Matskovsky and Helama, 2014, 2016). Obviously, more detailed comparisons are needed to assess the anatomy and density records, their subsets, and other tree-ring based summer temperature records for the region (Esper et al., 2012; McCarroll et al., 2013; Melvin et al., 2013; Helama et al., 2022), to throw more light on the described disparities and offsets. Considering the rule “one method is no method” in empirical data analysis (Tölg, 1987) and addressing the worries that tree-ring records may be prone to low-frequency noise (Klippel et al., 2020; Lücke et al., 2021), the evaluations should be ideally augmented with paleoclimate evidence fully independent of trees (i.e., non-dendrochronological and non-pollen data). Statistically, various proxy data representing trees are interrelated (McCarroll et al., 2003; Jalkanen et al., 2008) and it cannot be ruled out that the linkages represent not only climatic but also biological processes. Such an analysis is carried out in this paper. In addition to comparisons between the dendroclimatic records (since AD 850), another type of proxy data originates from taxonomic assemblages of sedimentary chironomids (Sundqvist et al., 2014). This reconstruction was not considered more truthful than dendroclimatic estimates and it is acknowledged that sedimentary records may be additionally biased by their age-depth models (Telford et al., Page 3 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 2004). Despite the shortcomings, chironomid data is included to portray summer temperature variations independent of indications inferred from tree-growth data. Additionally, this dataset represents multiple sites around northern Fennoscandia, as previously extracted and averaged (Helama et al., 2022) from the circumpolar collection of Arctic proxy sites with Holocene paleoclimate data of Sundqvist et al. (2014). The main body of this article focuses on the enigmatic warm–cool–warm cycle of the past millennium, for which reason the analyses were restricted to low-frequency temperature patterns. Focus on long-term variations means that the significance testing of Pearson correlations took account of the spectral properties of the time series (Ebisuzaki, 1997; Macias-Fauria et al., 2012). In what follows, the analyses of the proxy records and their particularly low-frequency patters are preceded by a short demonstration of hitherto undiscussed peculiarities in the anatomy- based A-FEN record. The paper closes with recommendations for future research that would accelerate the evaluation of proxy data available on similar subjects. Earlywood versus latewood signals Unlike X-FEN, the A-FEN record was not built only from latewood data points. Instead, A-FEN was derived as a ‘delta radial-cell-wall thickness parameter’ that represents difference between latewood maximum and earlywood minimum cell wall thicknesses of each ring (see Methods in Björklund et al., 2023). It appears that this new ‘delta’ parameter may be more problematic than it appears at first sight. Here, this is revealed by a new anatomy-based record built using only latewood anatomy values from northern Fennoscandia (LA-FEN). That is, the regional LA-FEN chronology was computed from RCS-detrended latewood maxima of cell wall thickness series, adopting the previously used approach (Björklund et al., 2023) Page 4 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review except that the ‘Hugershoff’ function (Briffa et al., 2001) was fitted to raw data instead of splines, and calibrated/verified against the May-August temperatures (65–70° N, 15–30° E) (Morice et al., 2021) (see Tables S2 and S3). Moreover, to ensure comparability, the A-FEN chronology was recomputed using a ‘Hugershoff’ -based RCS method, and calibrated/verified against the May-August temperatures, for the purpose of this study. These calculations show (Figures 1b–d) that the detrending methods do not alter the conclusions, but rather the delta-based A-FEN results in less warm MCA and warmer current temperatures, compared to the simple latewood maxima of the cell wall thickness (LA-FEN). The deviations between A-FEN and LA-FEN can be explained by long-term trends observed in the earlywood anatomy data (Figure 1e) differing markedly from those observed for latewood anatomy. Thus, these long-term trends in earlywood production seem to modify the delta-based A-FEN. It appears the earlywood anatomy represents positive and negative influences from a repertoire of temperature factors (Figure 1f). When a mixture of such properties is subtracted from latewood anatomy data, expected to represent May–August temperatures, to calculate the ‘delta’ values, an uncertain amount of noise is unavoidably added to proxy indications. It is noteworthy that a similar ‘delta’ parameter has been previously used for evaluations of cross-sectional reflectance images of tree rings, where the use of delta values may diminish the effects of discolouration of wood by fungi (Björklund et al., 2014). This may work given that such discolouration has some constant earlywood/latewood ratio. For the anatomy data, the necessity for using delta calculations remains obviously more questionable. In what follows, multiproxy comparisons were performed to throw more light on the problem. Page 5 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Anatomy and density records The two anatomy-based records (A-FEN and LA-FEN) were compared with a previously constructed X-ray based wood density record averaged over the northern Fennoscandian sites (X-FEN; Wilson et al., 2016), which was produced originally from virtually the same set of subfossil P. sylvestris wood specimens (Esper et al., 2012; Melvin et al., 2013). Comparing these records also with sedimentary proxy evidence fully independent of trees (i.e., chironomid data) from northern Fennoscandia showed correlations in favour of anatomy rather than density-based tree-ring records (Figures 2a–b). Similarly to the tree rings, the chironomid record exhibited warm temperatures during the MCA period over the eleventh and twelfth centuries and LIA cooling that peaked in the seventeenth century. Further, here LA-FEN shows a higher correlation with the independent temperature record than A-FEN (Figure 2c), suggesting the veracity of its long-term climatic signals. In this regard, the delta value calculation appears to have added noise to the series, instead of denoising the latewood anatomy data. Interestingly, LA-FEN shows show stronger (and statistically significant) correlations also with X-FEN and BI-MXD records than A-FEN (Figures 2d–g). These linkages are logical since LA- FEN shows modern temperatures that are less warm relative to MCA, which is similar to X- FEN and BI-MXD records. In contrast, A-FEN is more clearly connected with the multiproxy tree-growth record than LA-FEN (Table S1). Again, this appears to result from MCA temperatures that were less distinctive in both the multiproxy and A-FEN records. Although Page 6 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review these results are interesting, they also show the difficulty of assessing climate histories that simply reflect different aspects of the trees’ responses to climate. In this regard one way to prioritise the findings is to highlight the highest correlation between the independent temperature and non-anatomy (r = 0.788 for BI-MXD) records, which again would re-emphasise the value of the relationship between the LA-FEN and BI- MXD (see Table S1). To provide more detail on the relationships, both the anatomy and density datasets were next divided into two groups. Focussing on sub-regions Comparisons were made between the biogeographically separated subsets of the Fennoscandian sites, those belonging either to Torneträsk (Melvin et al., 2013) or Finnish Lapland/N-Scan (Esper et al., 2012) sub-regions (see Figure 1a). To do so, sub-regional averages were computed from the RCS-detrended latewood maxima of the cell wall thickness series and calibrated/verified against the May-August temperatures (Morice et al., 2021) (see Tables S2 and S3). As a result, the two subsets exhibited surprisingly different wood production patterns over much of the study period. Statistically, the comparison of LA- FEN records between the sub-regions results in a near-zero correlation (Figure 3a). It appears the LA-FEN/Torneträsk correlates more strongly with the independent temperature data than LA-FEN/Finland (Figures 3b–c), implying that the data from Finnish Lapland may be more sensitive to non-temperature related variations on timescales relevant to this study. However, the LA-FEN/Finland do show statistically significant relationships with Page 7 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review all the X-FEN records and multiproxy tree-growth record (Table S1). That the LA- FEN/Torneträsk is so poorly related to other tree-ring records can be partly explained by a warm phase it displays after, not during, the MCA, from AD 1150 to 1450. That A-FEN does not display as warm an MCA as X-FEN does is thus not only related to delta calculations but also to differing patterns of wood production between the Torneträsk and N-Scan regions. In general, averaging uncorrelated values tends to result in muted departures, which here means a deflation of the MCA temperature estimates (this effect concerns both A-FEN and LA-FEN), the deviating long-term patterns illustrating the problem with series that contain low-frequency noise. Importantly, the sample replication of anatomy data from the Torneträsk region remain slightly higher than those of N-Scan, suggesting that the quantity of the data should not be the reason behind its peculiar temperature indications (Figure S1). Moreover, the replications of the anatomy and density chronologies are very similar over the study period (except the most recent ~200 years when the density data is covered by higher number of living trees) (see Figure 2b in Björklund et al., 2023), for which reason this factor is not expected to contribute to this issue. In comparison, the X-FEN/Torneträsk and X-FEN/N-Scan data are more comparable and show statistically significant correlations (Figure 3d). Both subsets illustrate warm temperatures especially around AD 1000 and cooling since AD 1100, this agreement is in contrast with the mismatch in the anatomy (A-FEN and LA-FEN) data during the MCA and until c. AD 1450. It follows that the MCA is well manifested in the regionally averaged X-FEN. Page 8 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Tree growth as a holistic proxy Apart from previously highlighted relationships, the multiproxy tree-growth record (McCarroll et al., 2013) correlates statistically significantly with X-FEN, X-FEN/Torneträsk and BI-MXD records (Figure 3e; Table S1). This may not be surprising considering that the multiproxy record contains data from both sub-regions and includes MXD and BI data. It is also notable that the multiproxy record does not exhibit as vigorous low-frequency variations as most of the other records. Again, this may result from the fact that different tree-ring variables reflect different aspects of the trees’ responses to climate, for which reason the mean of multiple proxies may exhibit muted departures in comparison to single proxy records. On the other hand, the trendless low-frequency variability the multiproxy record displays is likely to result in statistical significance reached with relatively low coefficients, as low as r ~ 0.45, when the spectral properties are being taken into account when determining the significance with the Monte Carlo assessments (see Ebisuzaki, 1997; Macias-Fauria et al., 2012). Discussion and conclusions It seems necessary to delve into the factors possibly leading to the deviations between the wood density and anatomy patterns and between the sub-regions. What needs to be stressed about the underlying data is the dramatic heterogeneity in the sample origins (see the discussion in Matskovsky and Helama, 2014). Approximately half of the tree-ring samples forming both the wood density and anatomy data originate from densely forested sites of northeast Fennoscandia (N-Scan) where the subfossils representing ancient lakeshore trees Page 9 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review were sampled from lacustrine sediments by Eronen et al. (2002), the other half originating from sites where subfossil specimens have been preserved in subaerial conditions of more northern mountainous dry terrains near the treeline of the Torneträsk region in northwest Fennoscandia (Bartholin and Karlén, 1983). This distinction likely forms the basis for understanding why the subsets differ so substantially in their low-frequency patterns, especially given that considerable late Holocene changes are known to have occurred both in hydroclimate and treeline stand density. Changes topical to this study show tree-ring indications of a dry period in north-central Europe between AD 1000 and 1200 (Cook et al., 2015). Sedimentary proxy records from central and southern Finland indicate coinciding long-lasting drought to have started even some centuries earlier with low lake levels/peatland water tables (Linderholm et al., 2018). These perturbations overlap with the temperature-indicated MCA discussed here between AD 850 and 1100. Moreover, the MCA-LIA change may represent lake level rise of more than one metre (Nevalainen and Luoto, 2012), suggesting that hydroclimatic relationships cannot be fully ignored when riparian sites are concerned. Coeval to these changes, the treeline stands were likely becoming denser in northern Fennoscandia over the first millennium AD, peaking during the MCA (around AD 1000), and becoming relatively sparser with the progression of the LIA conditions (Helama et al., 2005, 2010). The essential question remains whether these changes can be related to low-frequency patterns in wood density and anatomy. Previously no such statement has been made (Björklund et al., 2023). However, it has been shown that the latewood density of P. sylvestris increases in dry sites (Düthorn et al., 2016) and when stands are thinned (Peltola et al., 2007). Page 10 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Possibly, these non-temperature relationships could help explain why during the MCA, when precipitation and lake levels fell but treeline stands became denser, the wood production improved on the forested lakeshore (N-Scan) and weakened in treeline (Torneträsk) conditions, and why the former sites show lower post-MCA values (until c. AD 1450) when the climate became wetter, while the latter sites exhibit a coeval phase of ameliorated wood production shortly after the stand density dropped. In any case, new hydroclimatic proxy records are needed, such as those based on sedimentary Cladocera (Korhola et al., 2005) but to be produced at a higher temporal resolution, to reexamine these indications. Even so, the importance of this interpretation, if true, is not restricted to Fennoscandian sites. Similarly to northern Fennoscandia, millennia-long tree-ring chronologies are usually built from more than one site (e.g. Büntgen et al., 2011; Lara et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021; Hantemirov et al., 2022). Given that site conditions are not fully homogenous, the biogeographical spread of the sites may result in hidden subsets of data which may, if the data are simply averaged over the sites, lead to unexpected perturbations in climatic reconstructions. Previous tree-ring studies have produced summer temperature reconstructions for northern Fennoscandia by either separating, combining, or mixing the data from western and eastern sites. The interpretation shown here suggests that the deviations and offsets between these regions are too large to represent random patters. Averaging over both regions improved correlations with independent temperature data for both density and anatomy but resulted in underestimated anatomy-based low-frequency temperature anomalies, which explained the less warm MCA in the latter record. Generally, the findings contribute to the discussion on low-frequency noise in millennia-long tree-ring chronologies, emphasising the value of paleoclimate evidence fully independent of trees for evaluations of similar proxy evidence. Page 11 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Acknowledgements I would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and Jesper Björklund for granting me access to data and discussing several aspects of the analysis. References Bartholin TS and Karlén W (1983) Dendrokronologi i Lapland. 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Sundqvist HS, Kaufman DS, McKay NP et al. (2014) Arctic Holocene proxy climate database – New approaches to assessing geochronological accuracy and encoding climate variables. Climate of the Past 10: 1605–1631. Page 20 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Telford RJ, Heegaard E and Birks HB (2004) All age–depth models are wrong: but how badly? Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 1–5. Tölg, G (1987) Extreme trace analysis of the elements—the state of the art today and tomorrow. Plenary lecture. Analyst 112: 365–376. Vyukhina AA and Gurskaya MA (2022) Dendroclimatic potential of blue intensity-based chronologies of northern Fennoscandia Scots Pine. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 15: 244–263. Wilson R, Anchukaitis K, Briffa KR et al. (2016) Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: The long term context. Quaternary Science Reviews 134: 1–18. Yang B, Qin C, Bräuning A et al. (2021) Long-term decrease in Asian monsoon rainfall and abrupt climate change events over the past 6,700 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118: e2102007118. Young GHF, McCarroll D, Loader NJ et al. (2010) A 500-year record of summer near-ground solar radiation from tree-ring stable carbon isotopes. The Holocene 20: 315–324. Page 21 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Young GHF, McCarroll D, Loader NJ et al. (2012) Changes in atmospheric circulation and the Arctic Oscillation preserved within a millennial length reconstruction of summer cloud cover from northern Fennoscandia. Climate Dynamics 39: 495–507. Page 22 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Table 1. A list of tree-ring proxy records discussed in this article, characterised by their abbreviated name, proxy type, spatial extent of sampling sites, and reference to literature. See Figure 1a for site locations. Name Proxy Spatial extent Reference X-FEN Maximum latewood density Full region Wilson et al. (2016) X-FEN/TO Maximum latewood density Torneträsk Melvin et al. (2013) X-FEN/NS Maximum latewood density “N-Scan” Esper et al. (2012) A-FEN Delta radial-cell-wall thickness Full region Björklund et al. (2023) LA-FEN Maximum latewood radial-cell-wall thickness Full region This study LA-FEN/TO Maximum latewood radial-cell-wall thickness Torneträsk This study LA-FEN/FI Maximum latewood radial-cell-wall thickness Finnish Lapland This study BI-MXD Latewood blue intensity reflection and maximum latewood radial-cell-wall thickness Finnish Lapland Helama et al. (2022) MTG Multiple tree-ring and height growth data Full region McCarroll et al. (2013) Page 23 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure 1. Tree-ring sites in northern Fennoscandia. (a) Sampling sites of tree-ring records discussed and this study, demonstrating markedly heterogenous distributions in northern Fennoscandia. See Table 1 for different records. (b) A-FEN and recalculated delta radial-cell- wall thickness record show high comparability between the data, quantified using Pearson correlations (r), suggesting no issues with data analyses. (c) The same as (b) but for records that are low-pass filtered using 100-year splines. (d) A comparison of the delta and maximum radial-cell-wall thickness records shows a colder medieval climate anomaly and warmer current period when delta values are used. (e) Variations of the minimum radial-cell- wall thickness. All the records are normalised to zero mean and unit variance and are shown and analysed over the AD 850–2019 period. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (AD 850–1100) and modern period (AD 1850-2019) are highlighted with shading. (f) Pearson correlations and p-values between the mean records of detrended and pre-whitened minimum radial- cell-wall thickness record pre-whitened series and the monthly mean temperatures (AD 1901–2019) (65–70° N, 15–30° E) extracted from the CRU TS4.07 dataset (Harris et al., 2020). Figure 2. Multiproxy evidence from northern Fennoscandia. (a) A-FEN (Björklund et al., 2023) and temperatures based on sedimentary chironomid assemblages from 13 Fennoscandian sites (Sundqvist et al., 2014), each chironomid series normalised to zero mean and unit variance and averaged (Helama et al., 2022) and 100-year spline functions were applied to mean records illustrating the temperature history on centennial and longer scales, (b) X-FEN and chironomid-temperature records, (c) LA-FEN (this study) and chironomid-temperature records, (d) LA-FEN and X-FEN (Wilson et al., 2016) records, (e) LA-FEN and BI-MXD (Helama Page 24 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review et al., 2022) records, (f) A-FEN and X-FEN records, (g) and A-FEN and BI-MXD records. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (AD 850–1100) and Little Ice Age (AD 1450–1850) are highlighted with shading. All the records have been filtered using 100-year spline functions and normalised to zero mean and unit variance over their common periods. Pearson correlations (r) were used to quantify the relationships, with p-values estimated taking into account the autocorrelation (Ebisuzaki, 1997) with Monte Carlo simulations (n = 10000) (Macias-Fauria et al., 2012). The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Current Warm Period are highlighted with shading. Records are shown and analysed for AD 850–2001 period which is covered by chironomid data. See Table 1 for the proxy characteristics and Table S1 for all the correlations calculated for this article. Figure 3. Multiproxy evidence from northern Fennoscandia. (a) LA-FEN records from Torneträsk (LA-FEN/Torneträsk) and Finnish subregions (LA-FEN/FI) calculated in this study, (b) LA-FEN/TO (c) and LA-FEN/FI with chironomid-temperature records, (d) X-FEN records from Torneträsk (X-FEN/Torneträsk) (Melvin et al., 2013) and “N-Scan” subregions (X- FEN/NS) (Esper et al. 2012), and (e) X-FEN (Wilson et al., 2016), X-FEN/TO, multiproxy tree- growth (MTG) (McCarroll et al., 2013) and BI-MXD records (Helama et al., 2022). See Figure 2 caption for a complete description, Table 1 for the proxy characteristics and Table S1 for all the correlations calculated for this article. Page 25 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Figure 1. Tree-ring sites in northern Fennoscandia. (a) Sampling sites of tree-ring records discussed and this study, demonstrating markedly heterogenous distributions in northern Fennoscandia. See Table 1 for different records. (b) A-FEN and recalculated delta radial-cell-wall thickness record show high comparability between the data, quantified using Pearson correlations (r), suggesting no issues with data analyses. (c) The same as (b) but for records that are low-pass filtered using 100-year splines. (d) A comparison of the delta and maximum radial-cell-wall thickness records shows a colder medieval climate anomaly and warmer current period when delta values are used. (e) Variations of the minimum radial-cell-wall thickness. All the records are normalised to zero mean and unit variance and are shown and analysed over the AD 850–2019 period. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (AD 850–1100) and modern period (AD 1850-2019) are highlighted with shading. (f) Pearson correlations and p-values between the mean records of detrended and pre- whitened minimum radial-cell-wall thickness record pre-whitened series and the monthly mean temperatures (AD 1901–2019) (65–70° N, 15–30° E) extracted from the CRU TS4.07 dataset (Harris et al., 2020). Page 26 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 94x224mm (600 x 600 DPI) Page 27 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Figure 2. Multiproxy evidence from northern Fennoscandia. (a) A-FEN (Björklund et al., 2023) and temperatures based on sedimentary chironomid assemblages from 13 Fennoscandian sites (Sundqvist et al., 2014), each chironomid series normalised to zero mean and unit variance and averaged (Helama et al., 2022) and 100-year spline functions were applied to mean records illustrating the temperature history on centennial and longer scales, (b) X-FEN and chironomid-temperature records, (c) LA-FEN (this study) and chironomid-temperature records, (d) LA-FEN and X-FEN (Wilson et al., 2016) records, (e) LA-FEN and BI- MXD (Helama et al., 2022) records, (f) A-FEN and X-FEN records, (g) and A-FEN and BI-MXD records. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (AD 850–1100) and Little Ice Age (AD 1450–1850) are highlighted with shading. All the records have been filtered using 100-year spline functions and normalised to zero mean and unit variance over their common periods. Pearson correlations (r) were used to quantify the relationships, with p-values estimated taking into account the autocorrelation (Ebisuzaki, 1997) with Monte Carlo simulations (n = 10000) (Macias-Fauria et al., 2012). The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Current Warm Period are highlighted with shading. Records are shown and analysed for AD 850–2001 period which is covered by chironomid data. See Table 1 for the proxy characteristics and Table S1 for all the correlations calculated for Page 28 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review this article. 94x188mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 29 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Figure 3. Multiproxy evidence from northern Fennoscandia. (a) LA-FEN records from Torneträsk (LA- FEN/Torneträsk) and Finnish subregions (LA-FEN/FI) calculated in this study, (b) LA-FEN/TO (c) and LA- FEN/FI with chironomid-temperature records, (d) X-FEN records from Torneträsk (X-FEN/Torneträsk) (Melvin et al., 2013) and “N-Scan” subregions (X-FEN/NS) (Esper et al. 2012), and (e) X-FEN (Wilson et al., 2016), X-FEN/TO, multiproxy tree-growth (MTG) (McCarroll et al., 2013) and BI-MXD records (Helama et al., 2022). See Figure 2 caption for a complete description, Table 1 for the proxy characteristics and Table S1 for all the correlations calculated for this article. 94x153mm (300 x 300 DPI) Page 30 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Low-frequency patterns in late Holocene tree-ring records from northern Fennoscandia Supplementary Information Content: Table S1. Correlations Table S2. Calibration and verification statistics Table S3. Temperature reconstructions Figure S1. Sample size Page 31 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Table S1. Pearson correlations between the studied tree-ring proxy records. Pearson correlations (a) were used to quantify the relationships, with p-values (b) estimated taking into account the autocorrelation (Ebisuzaki, 1997) using Monte Carlo simulations (n = 10000) (Macias-Fauria et al., 2012). Temperature history on centennial and longer scales were extracted from unfiltered data by applying 100-year spline functions to records. Records are analysed for AD 850–2001 (n = 1152) period which is covered by chironomid data. Records as: independent temperature data based on chironomids (CHI) (Sundqvist et al., 2014; Helama et al., 2022), regionally averaged delta radial-cell-wall thickness (A-FEN) (Björklund et al., 2023), regionally averaged latewood maximum radial-cell- wall thickness (LA-FEN) of this study), latewood maximum radial-cell-wall thickness for Torneträsk (LA-FEN/Torneträsk), latewood maximum radial-cell-wall thickness for the Finnish Lapland (LA- FEN/FI), regionally averaged maximum latewood density (X-FEN; Wilson et al., 2016), maximum latewood density for N-Scan (X-FEN/NS) (Esper et al., 2012), maximum latewood density for Torneträsk (X-FEN/TO) (Melvin et al., 2013), regionally averaged blue intensity and maximum latewood density record (BI-MXD) (Helama et al., 2022), and regionally averaged multiproxy tree-growth record (MTG) (McCarroll et al., 2013). See Table 1 for a list of proxy characteristics. (a) CHI A-FEN LA-FEN LA-FEN/FI LA-FEN/TO X-FEN X-FEN/NS X-FEN/TO BI-MXD MTG CHI 1.000 A-FEN 0.713 1.000 LA-FEN 0.821 0.951 1.000 LA-FEN/FI 0.494 0.780 0.709 1.000 LA-FEN/TO 0.675 0.584 0.739 0.061 1.000 X-FEN 0.564 0.624 0.707 0.693 0.398 1.000 X-FEN/NS 0.410 0.573 0.577 0.748 0.147 0.898 1.000 X-FEN/TO 0.446 0.725 0.712 0.735 0.326 0.723 0.552 1.000 BI-MXD 0.788 0.604 0.710 0.466 0.566 0.699 0.601 0.399 1.000 MTG 0.367 0.742 0.677 0.592 0.370 0.475 0.382 0.790 0.458 1.000 (b) CHI A-FEN LA-FEN LA-FEN/FI LA-FEN/TO X-FEN X-FEN/NS X-FEN/TO BI-MXD MTG CHI A-FEN 0.0158 LA-FEN 0.0013 <0.0001 LA-FEN/FI 0.4380 0.0020 0.0176 LA-FEN/TO 0.1295 0.0576 0.0082 0.9294 X-FEN 0.2636 0.0316 0.0092 0.0131 0.4093 X-FEN/NS 0.5510 0.0632 0.0948 0.0010 0.8151 <0.0001 X-FEN/TO 0.1863 <0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 0.3292 0.0002 0.0315 BI-MXD 0.0795 0.0618 0.0164 0.4601 0.2751 0.0615 0.1872 0.2647 MTG 0.0883 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0777 0.0135 0.0666 <0.0001 0.018 Page 32 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Figure S1. Sample size (n) of the tree-ring anatomy data since AD 850. Page 33 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Page 34 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Table S2. Calibration and verification statistics for May-August temperature reconstructions based on LA-FEN (a), LA-FEN/Finnish Lapland (b), and LA-FEN/Torneträsk (c) records. All the presented statistics (R2, r2, Reduction or error and coefficient of efficience; detailed in Briffa et al. (1988)) show p < 0.0001 when p-values were estimated taking into account the autocorrelation (Ebisuzaki, 1997) in the timeseries with Monte Carlo simulations (n = 10000) (Macias-Fauria et al., 2012). (a) LA-FEN Calibration period 1850-1932 1933-2014 1850-2014 Verification period 1933-2014 1850-1932 Calibration R2 0.728 0.664 0.741 Verification r2 0.664 0.728 Reduction of error 0.782 0.817 Coefficient of efficiency 0.550 0.639 (b) LA-FEN/Finnish Lapland Calibration period 1850-1932 1933-2014 1850-2014 Verification period 1933-2014 1850-1932 Calibration R2 0.687 0.608 Verification r2 0.608 0.687 Reduction of error 0.770 0.779 Coefficient of efficiency 0.527 0.563 (c) LA-FEN/Torneträsk Calibration period 1850-1932 1933-2014 1850-2014 Verification period 1933-2014 1850-1932 Calibration R2 0.641 0.557 Verification r2 0.557 0.641 Reduction of error 0.663 0.725 Coefficient of efficiency 0.304 0.456 Page 35 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review Table S3. Reconstructions of May-August temperature reconstructions based on LA-FEN (a), LA-FEN/Finnish Lapland (b), and LA-FEN/Torneträsk (c) records, Monte Carlo based with 95% and 99% confidence intervals (CI) given as lower (L) and upper (U) bounds. For the Monte Carlo algoritms, Macias-Fauria et al. (2012). (a) LA-FEN 850 0.013 0.008 0.018 0.007 0.019 851 -1.026 -1.140 -0.909 -1.172 -0.878 852 -0.745 -0.827 -0.662 -0.850 -0.639 853 -1.132 -1.259 -1.004 -1.294 -0.969 854 -0.336 -0.372 -0.301 -0.382 -0.291 855 0.238 0.207 0.269 0.199 0.277 856 -0.193 -0.212 -0.174 -0.217 -0.169 857 -0.861 -0.957 -0.764 -0.983 -0.738 858 -0.820 -0.911 -0.728 -0.936 -0.703 859 -0.658 -0.731 -0.585 -0.751 -0.565 860 -0.161 -0.176 -0.145 -0.180 -0.141 861 -0.613 -0.680 -0.545 -0.698 -0.526 862 -0.692 -0.768 -0.615 -0.789 -0.594 863 -0.586 -0.650 -0.521 -0.667 -0.503 864 -0.352 -0.389 -0.314 -0.399 -0.304 865 -1.478 -1.645 -1.309 -1.690 -1.264 866 -0.402 -0.444 -0.358 -0.456 -0.346 867 -0.281 -0.310 -0.252 -0.318 -0.244 868 0.210 0.183 0.238 0.175 0.245 869 0.376 0.329 0.422 0.316 0.435 870 -0.628 -0.697 -0.558 -0.716 -0.539 871 -0.041 -0.042 -0.039 -0.042 -0.039 872 -0.516 -0.572 -0.459 -0.588 -0.444 873 -0.148 -0.161 -0.134 -0.165 -0.130 874 -0.614 -0.681 -0.545 -0.699 -0.527 875 0.183 0.158 0.207 0.152 0.214 876 0.700 0.616 0.784 0.593 0.807 877 -1.304 -1.451 -1.155 -1.491 -1.115 878 0.377 0.330 0.423 0.317 0.436 879 -0.536 -0.595 -0.477 -0.611 -0.461 880 0.022 0.017 0.028 0.015 0.030 881 -1.779 -1.980 -1.575 -2.035 -1.520 882 -0.183 -0.201 -0.165 -0.205 -0.160 883 0.168 0.145 0.191 0.139 0.197 884 -0.100 -0.108 -0.091 -0.110 -0.089 885 0.221 0.192 0.249 0.184 0.257 886 0.139 0.119 0.158 0.114 0.163 887 0.619 0.544 0.693 0.523 0.714 888 -0.194 -0.213 -0.175 -0.218 -0.169 889 -0.250 -0.275 -0.224 -0.282 -0.217 Page 36 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 890 0.365 0.319 0.410 0.307 0.422 891 1.200 1.057 1.341 1.018 1.380 892 -0.739 -0.821 -0.656 -0.843 -0.634 893 -0.110 -0.120 -0.101 -0.122 -0.098 894 0.334 0.292 0.375 0.280 0.387 895 0.004 0.000 0.008 -0.001 0.009 896 0.068 0.057 0.079 0.054 0.082 897 -0.096 -0.104 -0.088 -0.106 -0.086 898 -0.666 -0.739 -0.592 -0.760 -0.572 899 0.808 0.710 0.904 0.684 0.930 900 -0.925 -1.028 -0.820 -1.056 -0.792 901 -0.248 -0.274 -0.223 -0.281 -0.216 902 -0.848 -0.942 -0.752 -0.967 -0.726 903 -0.661 -0.734 -0.587 -0.754 -0.568 904 0.017 0.012 0.022 0.010 0.023 905 0.086 0.073 0.099 0.069 0.103 906 0.379 0.332 0.426 0.319 0.439 907 -1.174 -1.305 -1.040 -1.342 -1.005 908 -0.040 -0.041 -0.039 -0.042 -0.038 909 -0.089 -0.095 -0.081 -0.097 -0.080 910 -0.461 -0.511 -0.411 -0.525 -0.397 911 -0.887 -0.986 -0.787 -1.013 -0.760 912 1.072 0.944 1.198 0.909 1.233 913 -0.372 -0.411 -0.332 -0.422 -0.321 914 -0.787 -0.874 -0.699 -0.898 -0.675 915 0.489 0.429 0.549 0.413 0.565 916 -0.116 -0.126 -0.106 -0.129 -0.103 917 -1.106 -1.229 -0.980 -1.263 -0.946 918 -0.241 -0.265 -0.216 -0.272 -0.209 919 0.355 0.311 0.399 0.299 0.411 920 -0.135 -0.148 -0.123 -0.151 -0.119 921 -1.371 -1.525 -1.215 -1.568 -1.173 922 0.317 0.277 0.356 0.266 0.367 923 -0.675 -0.749 -0.600 -0.770 -0.579 924 0.453 0.397 0.508 0.382 0.524 925 0.141 0.121 0.161 0.116 0.166 926 0.551 0.484 0.618 0.466 0.636 927 -0.594 -0.659 -0.528 -0.677 -0.510 928 0.474 0.416 0.532 0.400 0.548 929 0.215 0.187 0.243 0.179 0.251 930 0.587 0.515 0.658 0.496 0.677 931 0.168 0.145 0.191 0.139 0.197 932 0.653 0.574 0.731 0.552 0.753 933 0.364 0.318 0.409 0.306 0.421 934 1.146 1.009 1.280 0.972 1.317 935 0.662 0.582 0.742 0.560 0.763 936 -0.495 -0.548 -0.440 -0.563 -0.426 937 -0.591 -0.656 -0.525 -0.673 -0.508 Page 37 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 938 -0.569 -0.631 -0.506 -0.648 -0.489 939 0.193 0.168 0.219 0.161 0.226 940 -2.181 -2.428 -1.930 -2.496 -1.862 941 0.020 0.014 0.025 0.013 0.027 942 -0.089 -0.096 -0.082 -0.098 -0.080 943 0.397 0.348 0.446 0.334 0.459 944 0.754 0.662 0.843 0.638 0.868 945 0.781 0.687 0.874 0.661 0.899 946 0.868 0.763 0.971 0.735 0.999 947 0.467 0.409 0.524 0.394 0.540 948 -0.684 -0.759 -0.608 -0.780 -0.587 949 -0.314 -0.347 -0.281 -0.356 -0.272 950 -0.477 -0.529 -0.425 -0.543 -0.411 951 0.743 0.653 0.831 0.629 0.855 952 -0.623 -0.692 -0.554 -0.711 -0.535 953 -0.349 -0.385 -0.311 -0.396 -0.301 954 -0.802 -0.891 -0.712 -0.916 -0.688 955 -0.313 -0.346 -0.280 -0.355 -0.271 956 -0.640 -0.710 -0.569 -0.729 -0.549 957 -0.157 -0.172 -0.142 -0.176 -0.138 958 -0.963 -1.070 -0.854 -1.100 -0.825 959 0.025 0.018 0.031 0.017 0.032 960 0.108 0.092 0.124 0.088 0.128 961 -2.075 -2.310 -1.837 -2.375 -1.773 962 -0.098 -0.106 -0.090 -0.108 -0.088 963 -0.081 -0.087 -0.075 -0.089 -0.073 964 0.466 0.409 0.523 0.393 0.539 965 -0.707 -0.785 -0.628 -0.807 -0.607 966 -0.694 -0.771 -0.616 -0.792 -0.596 967 -0.142 -0.155 -0.128 -0.158 -0.125 968 -0.317 -0.350 -0.283 -0.359 -0.274 969 0.337 0.294 0.378 0.283 0.390 970 -0.595 -0.660 -0.529 -0.678 -0.511 971 0.326 0.285 0.367 0.274 0.378 972 1.276 1.124 1.426 1.083 1.467 973 0.190 0.164 0.215 0.157 0.222 974 -0.766 -0.851 -0.680 -0.874 -0.657 975 -0.099 -0.108 -0.091 -0.110 -0.089 976 -0.870 -0.967 -0.772 -0.993 -0.745 977 0.227 0.197 0.256 0.189 0.264 978 0.402 0.351 0.451 0.338 0.464 979 -1.374 -1.529 -1.217 -1.571 -1.175 980 -0.251 -0.277 -0.225 -0.284 -0.218 981 -0.650 -0.722 -0.578 -0.741 -0.558 982 1.188 1.046 1.327 1.008 1.366 983 0.483 0.423 0.541 0.407 0.557 984 -0.377 -0.417 -0.337 -0.428 -0.326 985 -0.565 -0.626 -0.502 -0.643 -0.485 Page 38 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 986 0.661 0.581 0.740 0.559 0.762 987 0.290 0.253 0.327 0.243 0.337 988 0.092 0.078 0.105 0.074 0.109 989 -0.798 -0.886 -0.708 -0.910 -0.684 990 1.175 1.035 1.313 0.997 1.351 991 -0.090 -0.097 -0.083 -0.099 -0.081 992 0.508 0.446 0.570 0.429 0.587 993 0.048 0.040 0.057 0.037 0.060 994 -0.016 -0.018 -0.015 -0.018 -0.015 995 0.482 0.423 0.541 0.407 0.557 996 -0.227 -0.249 -0.203 -0.256 -0.197 997 0.284 0.247 0.320 0.238 0.329 998 -0.390 -0.431 -0.348 -0.443 -0.336 999 -0.266 -0.293 -0.238 -0.300 -0.230 1000 0.748 0.658 0.837 0.633 0.861 1001 0.153 0.132 0.174 0.126 0.179 1002 0.650 0.571 0.728 0.550 0.749 1003 -0.129 -0.141 -0.117 -0.144 -0.114 1004 0.013 0.009 0.018 0.007 0.019 1005 -0.199 -0.219 -0.179 -0.224 -0.174 1006 0.534 0.469 0.599 0.451 0.616 1007 0.187 0.162 0.212 0.155 0.219 1008 -1.635 -1.819 -1.448 -1.870 -1.397 1009 0.061 0.051 0.072 0.048 0.074 1010 -0.257 -0.283 -0.230 -0.290 -0.223 1011 0.363 0.317 0.408 0.305 0.420 1012 -0.079 -0.085 -0.073 -0.086 -0.071 1013 -0.463 -0.513 -0.412 -0.527 -0.399 1014 0.094 0.080 0.108 0.076 0.112 1015 -0.734 -0.815 -0.651 -0.837 -0.629 1016 0.028 0.022 0.035 0.020 0.036 1017 -0.995 -1.106 -0.882 -1.136 -0.852 1018 0.536 0.470 0.600 0.452 0.618 1019 0.874 0.768 0.977 0.740 1.005 1020 0.452 0.396 0.507 0.381 0.523 1021 0.452 0.396 0.507 0.381 0.522 1022 -0.181 -0.199 -0.163 -0.203 -0.158 1023 -0.586 -0.650 -0.521 -0.667 -0.503 1024 -0.258 -0.284 -0.231 -0.292 -0.224 1025 1.350 1.189 1.508 1.146 1.551 1026 -0.333 -0.368 -0.297 -0.378 -0.288 1027 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 1028 0.028 0.021 0.034 0.020 0.036 1029 -0.078 -0.084 -0.072 -0.085 -0.071 1030 0.125 0.107 0.142 0.102 0.147 1031 -0.998 -1.109 -0.885 -1.140 -0.854 1032 -0.763 -0.847 -0.677 -0.870 -0.654 1033 -0.019 -0.020 -0.018 -0.021 -0.018 Page 39 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1034 0.377 0.330 0.423 0.317 0.436 1035 -0.337 -0.373 -0.301 -0.382 -0.291 1036 0.093 0.079 0.106 0.075 0.110 1037 0.994 0.875 1.111 0.843 1.143 1038 -0.114 -0.124 -0.104 -0.127 -0.102 1039 0.143 0.123 0.162 0.118 0.168 1040 0.725 0.637 0.811 0.614 0.835 1041 -0.877 -0.975 -0.778 -1.002 -0.752 1042 -1.005 -1.117 -0.891 -1.148 -0.860 1043 -0.380 -0.420 -0.339 -0.431 -0.328 1044 -0.675 -0.749 -0.600 -0.770 -0.579 1045 -0.552 -0.613 -0.491 -0.629 -0.475 1046 -0.349 -0.386 -0.312 -0.396 -0.302 1047 -1.261 -1.403 -1.118 -1.442 -1.079 1048 0.657 0.577 0.735 0.555 0.757 1049 -0.275 -0.304 -0.247 -0.312 -0.239 1050 -1.275 -1.418 -1.129 -1.457 -1.090 1051 0.871 0.766 0.974 0.738 1.002 1052 0.501 0.439 0.561 0.422 0.578 1053 -0.967 -1.075 -0.858 -1.105 -0.828 1054 -0.152 -0.166 -0.137 -0.170 -0.134 1055 -0.107 -0.116 -0.097 -0.118 -0.095 1056 -0.115 -0.125 -0.105 -0.128 -0.102 1057 0.812 0.714 0.908 0.687 0.934 1058 0.938 0.825 1.049 0.795 1.079 1059 -0.340 -0.375 -0.303 -0.385 -0.293 1060 0.250 0.217 0.282 0.209 0.290 1061 0.802 0.705 0.897 0.679 0.924 1062 0.649 0.570 0.727 0.549 0.748 1063 -0.352 -0.389 -0.314 -0.399 -0.304 1064 0.378 0.331 0.424 0.318 0.437 1065 0.319 0.279 0.359 0.268 0.370 1066 -0.245 -0.270 -0.220 -0.277 -0.213 1067 -0.480 -0.532 -0.427 -0.546 -0.413 1068 -1.499 -1.667 -1.327 -1.714 -1.281 1069 -0.928 -1.032 -0.824 -1.060 -0.795 1070 -0.779 -0.866 -0.692 -0.889 -0.668 1071 -0.212 -0.233 -0.190 -0.239 -0.185 1072 -0.404 -0.448 -0.361 -0.459 -0.349 1073 -0.217 -0.238 -0.195 -0.244 -0.189 1074 -0.243 -0.267 -0.218 -0.274 -0.211 1075 -0.556 -0.617 -0.495 -0.634 -0.478 1076 -0.309 -0.341 -0.276 -0.350 -0.267 1077 -0.644 -0.714 -0.572 -0.734 -0.553 1078 -0.681 -0.755 -0.605 -0.776 -0.584 1079 0.374 0.327 0.420 0.314 0.433 1080 0.319 0.278 0.359 0.267 0.369 1081 -0.205 -0.225 -0.184 -0.231 -0.179 Page 40 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1082 -0.297 -0.328 -0.266 -0.336 -0.257 1083 -0.729 -0.810 -0.648 -0.832 -0.626 1084 0.382 0.334 0.429 0.321 0.442 1085 -0.250 -0.276 -0.224 -0.283 -0.217 1086 0.987 0.869 1.103 0.837 1.135 1087 0.040 0.032 0.047 0.030 0.050 1088 0.571 0.501 0.640 0.482 0.659 1089 0.375 0.328 0.422 0.316 0.434 1090 0.487 0.427 0.546 0.410 0.562 1091 0.670 0.589 0.751 0.567 0.773 1092 1.153 1.015 1.288 0.978 1.325 1093 0.080 0.067 0.092 0.064 0.096 1094 0.069 0.058 0.081 0.055 0.084 1095 -0.806 -0.895 -0.715 -0.920 -0.691 1096 -0.950 -1.056 -0.843 -1.085 -0.814 1097 0.085 0.072 0.098 0.068 0.101 1098 0.027 0.020 0.033 0.019 0.035 1099 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 1100 -0.147 -0.160 -0.133 -0.164 -0.129 1101 0.356 0.311 0.400 0.299 0.412 1102 0.400 0.351 0.450 0.337 0.463 1103 0.550 0.482 0.616 0.464 0.634 1104 0.660 0.579 0.739 0.558 0.760 1105 0.271 0.237 0.306 0.227 0.315 1106 1.145 1.008 1.279 0.971 1.316 1107 -0.584 -0.648 -0.519 -0.665 -0.502 1108 -0.053 -0.056 -0.050 -0.057 -0.049 1109 -1.805 -2.009 -1.598 -2.065 -1.542 1110 -0.721 -0.800 -0.640 -0.822 -0.618 1111 -1.332 -1.482 -1.180 -1.523 -1.139 1112 -0.545 -0.604 -0.485 -0.620 -0.468 1113 0.743 0.653 0.831 0.629 0.856 1114 0.228 0.198 0.257 0.190 0.265 1115 -0.630 -0.699 -0.560 -0.718 -0.541 1116 -0.248 -0.273 -0.222 -0.280 -0.215 1117 -0.682 -0.757 -0.606 -0.778 -0.585 1118 0.282 0.246 0.318 0.236 0.328 1119 -0.492 -0.545 -0.438 -0.560 -0.423 1120 0.098 0.083 0.112 0.079 0.116 1121 -0.546 -0.606 -0.486 -0.622 -0.470 1122 0.508 0.446 0.570 0.429 0.587 1123 0.287 0.250 0.323 0.240 0.333 1124 -0.373 -0.412 -0.333 -0.423 -0.322 1125 -0.615 -0.682 -0.547 -0.701 -0.528 1126 0.405 0.355 0.455 0.341 0.469 1127 -2.096 -2.333 -1.855 -2.398 -1.790 1128 -0.868 -0.965 -0.770 -0.991 -0.744 1129 -1.337 -1.487 -1.184 -1.528 -1.143 Page 41 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1130 -2.158 -2.403 -1.910 -2.470 -1.843 1131 -0.500 -0.554 -0.445 -0.569 -0.430 1132 -0.328 -0.363 -0.293 -0.372 -0.284 1133 -1.208 -1.343 -1.070 -1.381 -1.034 1134 -0.760 -0.844 -0.675 -0.867 -0.652 1135 0.385 0.337 0.433 0.324 0.446 1136 -1.377 -1.532 -1.220 -1.574 -1.178 1137 -0.628 -0.697 -0.558 -0.716 -0.539 1138 -0.849 -0.944 -0.754 -0.970 -0.728 1139 -1.053 -1.171 -0.934 -1.203 -0.902 1140 -0.372 -0.411 -0.331 -0.422 -0.321 1141 -0.917 -1.019 -0.813 -1.047 -0.785 1142 -1.527 -1.699 -1.352 -1.746 -1.305 1143 -0.397 -0.440 -0.354 -0.451 -0.343 1144 -0.781 -0.867 -0.693 -0.891 -0.670 1145 -0.448 -0.496 -0.399 -0.509 -0.386 1146 -0.975 -1.083 -0.864 -1.113 -0.835 1147 -0.326 -0.361 -0.292 -0.370 -0.282 1148 -0.297 -0.327 -0.265 -0.336 -0.257 1149 0.017 0.011 0.022 0.010 0.023 1150 -0.795 -0.883 -0.706 -0.907 -0.682 1151 -0.371 -0.410 -0.331 -0.421 -0.320 1152 0.237 0.206 0.267 0.198 0.276 1153 0.012 0.007 0.016 0.006 0.017 1154 0.093 0.079 0.107 0.075 0.111 1155 0.473 0.414 0.530 0.399 0.546 1156 -0.092 -0.100 -0.085 -0.102 -0.083 1157 -0.607 -0.674 -0.540 -0.692 -0.522 1158 -0.111 -0.121 -0.102 -0.124 -0.099 1159 0.009 0.005 0.014 0.004 0.015 1160 0.139 0.119 0.158 0.114 0.163 1161 0.854 0.751 0.955 0.723 0.983 1162 0.376 0.329 0.422 0.316 0.435 1163 0.064 0.053 0.074 0.050 0.077 1164 0.510 0.447 0.572 0.430 0.589 1165 0.476 0.417 0.534 0.401 0.549 1166 0.427 0.374 0.480 0.360 0.494 1167 0.523 0.459 0.586 0.442 0.604 1168 0.777 0.683 0.869 0.658 0.895 1169 -0.481 -0.533 -0.428 -0.547 -0.414 1170 0.516 0.453 0.579 0.436 0.596 1171 -0.479 -0.531 -0.427 -0.545 -0.413 1172 0.879 0.774 0.984 0.745 1.012 1173 -0.280 -0.309 -0.251 -0.317 -0.243 1174 0.340 0.297 0.383 0.286 0.394 1175 0.621 0.546 0.696 0.525 0.716 1176 -0.568 -0.630 -0.505 -0.647 -0.488 1177 -0.361 -0.400 -0.323 -0.410 -0.312 Page 42 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1178 0.384 0.336 0.431 0.323 0.444 1179 -0.499 -0.553 -0.444 -0.568 -0.429 1180 0.265 0.230 0.298 0.221 0.307 1181 -0.282 -0.311 -0.252 -0.319 -0.244 1182 -0.753 -0.837 -0.669 -0.859 -0.646 1183 0.218 0.190 0.247 0.182 0.255 1184 0.740 0.651 0.828 0.626 0.852 1185 0.806 0.709 0.901 0.682 0.928 1186 0.038 0.030 0.046 0.028 0.048 1187 -0.133 -0.145 -0.121 -0.148 -0.117 1188 0.399 0.349 0.448 0.336 0.462 1189 -0.744 -0.826 -0.661 -0.849 -0.638 1190 0.174 0.150 0.197 0.144 0.203 1191 -0.121 -0.132 -0.110 -0.135 -0.107 1192 -1.413 -1.572 -1.252 -1.616 -1.208 1193 0.696 0.612 0.779 0.589 0.802 1194 -2.331 -2.595 -2.063 -2.668 -1.990 1195 0.110 0.094 0.126 0.090 0.131 1196 -0.291 -0.321 -0.260 -0.329 -0.252 1197 -1.703 -1.896 -1.508 -1.948 -1.456 1198 -0.412 -0.456 -0.367 -0.468 -0.355 1199 0.412 0.361 0.462 0.347 0.476 1200 -0.067 -0.072 -0.063 -0.073 -0.062 1201 -0.386 -0.428 -0.345 -0.439 -0.333 1202 -1.167 -1.297 -1.034 -1.333 -0.998 1203 0.525 0.461 0.589 0.443 0.606 1204 0.826 0.727 0.924 0.700 0.951 1205 0.322 0.282 0.363 0.271 0.374 1206 -0.746 -0.828 -0.662 -0.851 -0.640 1207 -0.466 -0.516 -0.415 -0.530 -0.401 1208 -1.002 -1.114 -0.889 -1.145 -0.858 1209 0.494 0.433 0.554 0.417 0.571 1210 -0.729 -0.809 -0.647 -0.831 -0.625 1211 -0.248 -0.273 -0.222 -0.280 -0.215 1212 -0.449 -0.498 -0.400 -0.511 -0.387 1213 -0.365 -0.404 -0.326 -0.414 -0.315 1214 -0.431 -0.478 -0.384 -0.491 -0.372 1215 -1.041 -1.157 -0.923 -1.189 -0.891 1216 -0.128 -0.140 -0.117 -0.143 -0.114 1217 0.802 0.705 0.897 0.679 0.923 1218 0.227 0.198 0.257 0.190 0.265 1219 0.048 0.039 0.056 0.036 0.059 1220 -0.779 -0.865 -0.691 -0.888 -0.668 1221 0.683 0.600 0.765 0.578 0.787 1222 -0.387 -0.428 -0.345 -0.440 -0.334 1223 -0.370 -0.409 -0.330 -0.420 -0.319 1224 -0.207 -0.228 -0.187 -0.234 -0.181 1225 -0.838 -0.931 -0.743 -0.956 -0.718 Page 43 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1226 -1.469 -1.634 -1.301 -1.679 -1.256 1227 0.767 0.674 0.858 0.649 0.883 1228 -2.142 -2.384 -1.895 -2.451 -1.829 1229 -0.733 -0.814 -0.651 -0.836 -0.629 1230 -2.297 -2.557 -2.032 -2.628 -1.961 1231 -0.622 -0.690 -0.553 -0.709 -0.534 1232 -1.761 -1.960 -1.559 -2.015 -1.505 1233 -0.078 -0.083 -0.072 -0.085 -0.070 1234 -0.035 -0.035 -0.034 -0.036 -0.034 1235 -0.200 -0.220 -0.180 -0.225 -0.175 1236 -0.206 -0.227 -0.186 -0.232 -0.180 1237 0.379 0.332 0.426 0.319 0.439 1238 -1.584 -1.762 -1.402 -1.811 -1.354 1239 -0.281 -0.310 -0.251 -0.318 -0.243 1240 -0.149 -0.163 -0.135 -0.167 -0.131 1241 0.075 0.063 0.087 0.060 0.091 1242 -0.655 -0.727 -0.582 -0.747 -0.563 1243 -0.355 -0.393 -0.317 -0.403 -0.307 1244 -0.925 -1.028 -0.821 -1.057 -0.793 1245 -0.120 -0.131 -0.110 -0.134 -0.107 1246 -0.971 -1.080 -0.861 -1.109 -0.832 1247 -0.598 -0.664 -0.532 -0.682 -0.514 1248 -0.496 -0.550 -0.441 -0.564 -0.427 1249 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 1250 0.029 0.023 0.036 0.021 0.038 1251 -0.759 -0.843 -0.674 -0.866 -0.651 1252 -0.456 -0.505 -0.406 -0.519 -0.393 1253 -0.031 -0.032 -0.031 -0.032 -0.031 1254 -0.233 -0.257 -0.209 -0.263 -0.203 1255 -0.089 -0.096 -0.082 -0.097 -0.080 1256 -0.650 -0.721 -0.577 -0.741 -0.558 1257 0.702 0.617 0.785 0.594 0.808 1258 -0.540 -0.598 -0.480 -0.614 -0.464 1259 -1.057 -1.175 -0.937 -1.208 -0.905 1260 -0.665 -0.738 -0.591 -0.758 -0.571 1261 -0.238 -0.262 -0.214 -0.269 -0.207 1262 -0.647 -0.718 -0.575 -0.737 -0.555 1263 -0.722 -0.802 -0.641 -0.823 -0.619 1264 -1.107 -1.231 -0.981 -1.265 -0.947 1265 -0.328 -0.363 -0.293 -0.372 -0.284 1266 0.119 0.101 0.135 0.097 0.140 1267 -0.108 -0.117 -0.099 -0.120 -0.096 1268 0.518 0.455 0.581 0.438 0.598 1269 1.158 1.020 1.294 0.983 1.332 1270 0.498 0.436 0.558 0.420 0.575 1271 0.080 0.068 0.093 0.064 0.096 1272 0.552 0.485 0.619 0.466 0.637 1273 0.382 0.334 0.429 0.322 0.442 Page 44 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1274 -0.832 -0.925 -0.739 -0.950 -0.713 1275 0.382 0.334 0.429 0.321 0.442 1276 -0.700 -0.777 -0.622 -0.798 -0.601 1277 -0.856 -0.951 -0.759 -0.977 -0.733 1278 -0.970 -1.078 -0.860 -1.108 -0.831 1279 -0.423 -0.468 -0.377 -0.481 -0.365 1280 -0.105 -0.114 -0.096 -0.116 -0.094 1281 -0.511 -0.567 -0.455 -0.582 -0.440 1282 -0.634 -0.703 -0.563 -0.723 -0.544 1283 0.106 0.091 0.122 0.086 0.126 1284 -0.121 -0.131 -0.110 -0.134 -0.107 1285 0.267 0.232 0.301 0.223 0.310 1286 -0.096 -0.104 -0.088 -0.106 -0.086 1287 0.111 0.095 0.127 0.091 0.132 1288 -0.383 -0.424 -0.342 -0.435 -0.331 1289 -0.048 -0.050 -0.045 -0.051 -0.045 1290 -0.440 -0.487 -0.392 -0.500 -0.379 1291 -0.234 -0.258 -0.210 -0.264 -0.204 1292 -0.872 -0.969 -0.773 -0.995 -0.747 1293 -0.435 -0.482 -0.388 -0.495 -0.375 1294 -0.994 -1.105 -0.881 -1.135 -0.851 1295 0.133 0.115 0.152 0.110 0.157 1296 -1.585 -1.764 -1.404 -1.813 -1.355 1297 -0.435 -0.482 -0.388 -0.495 -0.375 1298 -0.588 -0.652 -0.523 -0.670 -0.505 1299 -0.023 -0.023 -0.022 -0.024 -0.022 1300 0.168 0.145 0.191 0.139 0.197 1301 -0.747 -0.829 -0.663 -0.852 -0.640 1302 -0.003 -0.006 0.000 -0.007 0.001 1303 -0.078 -0.084 -0.072 -0.085 -0.070 1304 -0.502 -0.556 -0.446 -0.571 -0.432 1305 0.021 0.015 0.027 0.014 0.028 1306 0.664 0.584 0.744 0.562 0.766 1307 -0.301 -0.333 -0.270 -0.341 -0.261 1308 -0.306 -0.337 -0.273 -0.346 -0.265 1309 -1.465 -1.630 -1.298 -1.675 -1.253 1310 0.332 0.290 0.373 0.278 0.384 1311 -0.148 -0.161 -0.134 -0.165 -0.130 1312 -0.287 -0.317 -0.257 -0.325 -0.249 1313 -0.816 -0.907 -0.724 -0.931 -0.700 1314 -0.948 -1.053 -0.841 -1.082 -0.812 1315 0.667 0.586 0.747 0.565 0.769 1316 0.812 0.714 0.908 0.688 0.935 1317 -0.660 -0.733 -0.586 -0.752 -0.567 1318 0.464 0.407 0.520 0.391 0.536 1319 -0.239 -0.263 -0.215 -0.270 -0.208 1320 0.136 0.117 0.155 0.112 0.160 1321 -0.882 -0.980 -0.782 -1.007 -0.755 Page 45 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1322 -0.395 -0.437 -0.352 -0.448 -0.340 1323 -0.804 -0.894 -0.714 -0.918 -0.690 1324 -0.744 -0.826 -0.661 -0.849 -0.638 1325 0.067 0.056 0.078 0.053 0.081 1326 -0.373 -0.412 -0.332 -0.423 -0.322 1327 0.544 0.477 0.609 0.459 0.627 1328 -1.613 -1.795 -1.429 -1.845 -1.379 1329 -0.722 -0.802 -0.641 -0.824 -0.620 1330 -1.246 -1.386 -1.104 -1.424 -1.066 1331 0.153 0.132 0.174 0.126 0.180 1332 -0.818 -0.909 -0.726 -0.934 -0.702 1333 -1.118 -1.243 -0.991 -1.277 -0.957 1334 0.392 0.343 0.440 0.330 0.453 1335 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 1336 -0.457 -0.506 -0.407 -0.520 -0.394 1337 -0.948 -1.053 -0.841 -1.082 -0.812 1338 -0.576 -0.639 -0.512 -0.657 -0.495 1339 0.007 0.003 0.011 0.002 0.013 1340 0.235 0.204 0.265 0.196 0.273 1341 -1.058 -1.176 -0.938 -1.208 -0.905 1342 0.149 0.128 0.169 0.123 0.175 1343 0.522 0.458 0.585 0.441 0.603 1344 -0.357 -0.395 -0.319 -0.405 -0.308 1345 -0.392 -0.434 -0.349 -0.445 -0.338 1346 -1.553 -1.729 -1.376 -1.777 -1.328 1347 0.012 0.008 0.017 0.006 0.018 1348 -1.093 -1.216 -0.969 -1.249 -0.936 1349 -1.516 -1.687 -1.342 -1.733 -1.296 1350 -0.495 -0.549 -0.441 -0.564 -0.426 1351 0.517 0.454 0.580 0.437 0.597 1352 -0.540 -0.598 -0.480 -0.614 -0.464 1353 -0.819 -0.910 -0.727 -0.935 -0.702 1354 0.446 0.391 0.501 0.376 0.516 1355 -0.044 -0.046 -0.042 -0.047 -0.042 1356 0.368 0.322 0.414 0.310 0.426 1357 -0.124 -0.135 -0.113 -0.138 -0.110 1358 -0.884 -0.983 -0.785 -1.010 -0.758 1359 -0.009 -0.011 -0.007 -0.012 -0.006 1360 -0.575 -0.638 -0.511 -0.655 -0.494 1361 0.125 0.107 0.143 0.102 0.147 1362 -0.114 -0.124 -0.104 -0.127 -0.101 1363 -1.967 -2.190 -1.741 -2.251 -1.680 1364 0.152 0.131 0.173 0.126 0.179 1365 0.432 0.378 0.484 0.364 0.499 1366 0.693 0.609 0.776 0.586 0.798 1367 -1.048 -1.165 -0.929 -1.197 -0.897 1368 0.783 0.689 0.876 0.663 0.902 1369 -0.486 -0.539 -0.433 -0.553 -0.418 Page 46 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1370 -0.830 -0.922 -0.737 -0.947 -0.712 1371 0.586 0.514 0.656 0.495 0.675 1372 0.804 0.707 0.900 0.681 0.926 1373 -0.514 -0.569 -0.457 -0.585 -0.442 1374 0.856 0.753 0.957 0.725 0.985 1375 -1.165 -1.296 -1.033 -1.332 -0.997 1376 -0.194 -0.213 -0.175 -0.218 -0.169 1377 -0.994 -1.104 -0.881 -1.135 -0.851 1378 -0.835 -0.928 -0.741 -0.953 -0.716 1379 0.366 0.320 0.411 0.308 0.424 1380 -0.164 -0.180 -0.148 -0.184 -0.144 1381 0.138 0.118 0.157 0.113 0.162 1382 -0.064 -0.068 -0.060 -0.069 -0.059 1383 0.467 0.409 0.524 0.394 0.539 1384 0.286 0.249 0.322 0.239 0.332 1385 -0.953 -1.060 -0.845 -1.089 -0.816 1386 0.127 0.109 0.145 0.104 0.150 1387 -0.237 -0.260 -0.212 -0.267 -0.206 1388 -0.251 -0.276 -0.225 -0.283 -0.218 1389 -0.931 -1.035 -0.826 -1.063 -0.797 1390 -0.370 -0.409 -0.330 -0.420 -0.319 1391 0.397 0.348 0.446 0.334 0.459 1392 -0.139 -0.152 -0.126 -0.156 -0.123 1393 -0.611 -0.678 -0.543 -0.696 -0.525 1394 -1.230 -1.368 -1.090 -1.406 -1.053 1395 -0.703 -0.781 -0.625 -0.802 -0.604 1396 -0.135 -0.147 -0.122 -0.150 -0.119 1397 -0.781 -0.867 -0.693 -0.891 -0.669 1398 -0.329 -0.364 -0.294 -0.373 -0.285 1399 -0.241 -0.265 -0.216 -0.272 -0.209 1400 -0.267 -0.294 -0.239 -0.302 -0.231 1401 0.370 0.323 0.415 0.311 0.428 1402 0.513 0.450 0.575 0.433 0.592 1403 0.143 0.123 0.163 0.118 0.168 1404 0.801 0.704 0.896 0.678 0.922 1405 0.046 0.038 0.055 0.035 0.057 1406 0.490 0.430 0.550 0.414 0.566 1407 0.382 0.334 0.429 0.321 0.442 1408 0.136 0.117 0.154 0.111 0.160 1409 0.178 0.154 0.201 0.147 0.208 1410 0.103 0.088 0.118 0.084 0.122 1411 1.419 1.250 1.585 1.205 1.631 1412 -0.309 -0.341 -0.276 -0.350 -0.267 1413 0.688 0.605 0.770 0.582 0.793 1414 -0.127 -0.138 -0.115 -0.141 -0.112 1415 0.777 0.683 0.869 0.658 0.895 1416 0.491 0.430 0.550 0.414 0.566 1417 -0.171 -0.187 -0.154 -0.192 -0.150 Page 47 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1418 0.453 0.397 0.508 0.382 0.523 1419 -0.231 -0.254 -0.207 -0.261 -0.201 1420 -0.342 -0.378 -0.305 -0.388 -0.295 1421 0.466 0.409 0.523 0.393 0.538 1422 -0.554 -0.614 -0.493 -0.631 -0.476 1423 -0.231 -0.254 -0.207 -0.260 -0.201 1424 0.743 0.653 0.831 0.629 0.855 1425 0.809 0.712 0.905 0.686 0.932 1426 0.322 0.281 0.362 0.270 0.373 1427 0.661 0.581 0.740 0.559 0.762 1428 -0.225 -0.247 -0.202 -0.253 -0.195 1429 0.592 0.520 0.664 0.501 0.683 1430 -0.344 -0.380 -0.307 -0.390 -0.297 1431 0.200 0.174 0.226 0.166 0.234 1432 0.483 0.423 0.541 0.407 0.557 1433 0.207 0.179 0.234 0.172 0.241 1434 0.872 0.767 0.975 0.739 1.004 1435 0.938 0.826 1.049 0.795 1.080 1436 0.008 0.004 0.012 0.003 0.013 1437 0.056 0.046 0.066 0.044 0.069 1438 -0.995 -1.106 -0.882 -1.136 -0.852 1439 -0.318 -0.351 -0.284 -0.360 -0.275 1440 -0.716 -0.795 -0.636 -0.817 -0.614 1441 0.295 0.257 0.332 0.247 0.342 1442 -0.513 -0.569 -0.456 -0.584 -0.441 1443 -0.557 -0.617 -0.495 -0.634 -0.478 1444 -0.547 -0.607 -0.487 -0.623 -0.470 1445 -0.109 -0.118 -0.099 -0.120 -0.097 1446 -0.418 -0.463 -0.373 -0.475 -0.361 1447 -0.676 -0.751 -0.601 -0.771 -0.580 1448 0.053 0.044 0.062 0.041 0.065 1449 -0.381 -0.422 -0.340 -0.433 -0.329 1450 0.894 0.786 0.999 0.757 1.028 1451 -0.046 -0.048 -0.044 -0.048 -0.043 1452 -0.258 -0.285 -0.232 -0.292 -0.224 1453 -3.068 -3.417 -2.714 -3.513 -2.619 1454 -1.240 -1.379 -1.098 -1.417 -1.060 1455 -1.339 -1.489 -1.186 -1.530 -1.145 1456 -1.200 -1.335 -1.064 -1.372 -1.027 1457 -1.307 -1.454 -1.158 -1.494 -1.118 1458 -1.573 -1.751 -1.393 -1.799 -1.345 1459 -1.271 -1.414 -1.126 -1.453 -1.087 1460 -1.014 -1.128 -0.899 -1.159 -0.868 1461 -1.155 -1.284 -1.023 -1.320 -0.988 1462 -1.558 -1.733 -1.380 -1.782 -1.332 1463 -1.563 -1.739 -1.384 -1.788 -1.336 1464 -1.109 -1.233 -0.983 -1.267 -0.949 1465 -0.463 -0.513 -0.412 -0.526 -0.399 Page 48 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1466 -1.153 -1.283 -1.022 -1.318 -0.987 1467 -0.791 -0.878 -0.702 -0.902 -0.678 1468 0.243 0.211 0.274 0.203 0.282 1469 -0.330 -0.364 -0.294 -0.374 -0.285 1470 0.130 0.111 0.148 0.107 0.153 1471 -0.879 -0.976 -0.780 -1.003 -0.753 1472 -0.760 -0.844 -0.675 -0.867 -0.652 1473 -1.367 -1.520 -1.211 -1.563 -1.169 1474 -0.591 -0.656 -0.526 -0.674 -0.508 1475 -0.610 -0.677 -0.542 -0.695 -0.524 1476 -1.421 -1.581 -1.259 -1.625 -1.215 1477 -0.938 -1.042 -0.832 -1.071 -0.803 1478 -1.406 -1.564 -1.245 -1.608 -1.202 1479 -0.417 -0.461 -0.371 -0.473 -0.359 1480 -0.823 -0.914 -0.730 -0.939 -0.705 1481 -0.489 -0.542 -0.436 -0.557 -0.421 1482 -0.633 -0.702 -0.563 -0.722 -0.544 1483 -1.578 -1.756 -1.397 -1.805 -1.349 1484 -0.159 -0.174 -0.143 -0.178 -0.139 1485 0.422 0.369 0.474 0.355 0.488 1486 -0.576 -0.639 -0.512 -0.656 -0.495 1487 -0.459 -0.509 -0.409 -0.522 -0.395 1488 -0.616 -0.684 -0.548 -0.702 -0.529 1489 -0.245 -0.270 -0.220 -0.277 -0.213 1490 0.713 0.627 0.798 0.604 0.822 1491 0.278 0.243 0.313 0.233 0.323 1492 0.353 0.308 0.396 0.296 0.408 1493 -0.370 -0.409 -0.330 -0.420 -0.319 1494 0.675 0.593 0.756 0.571 0.778 1495 -0.183 -0.201 -0.165 -0.206 -0.160 1496 0.576 0.505 0.645 0.487 0.664 1497 -1.694 -1.885 -1.500 -1.937 -1.447 1498 -0.724 -0.803 -0.643 -0.825 -0.621 1499 -0.437 -0.484 -0.389 -0.496 -0.376 1500 0.004 0.000 0.008 -0.001 0.009 1501 -0.360 -0.398 -0.321 -0.408 -0.311 1502 -0.195 -0.214 -0.176 -0.220 -0.170 1503 -0.293 -0.324 -0.263 -0.332 -0.254 1504 -0.432 -0.478 -0.385 -0.491 -0.372 1505 0.159 0.138 0.181 0.132 0.187 1506 0.155 0.134 0.176 0.128 0.182 1507 -2.086 -2.322 -1.846 -2.387 -1.782 1508 0.209 0.181 0.236 0.174 0.243 1509 -0.774 -0.860 -0.687 -0.883 -0.664 1510 -0.632 -0.702 -0.562 -0.721 -0.543 1511 -0.125 -0.136 -0.114 -0.140 -0.111 1512 -0.803 -0.892 -0.713 -0.917 -0.689 1513 0.093 0.079 0.107 0.075 0.111 Page 49 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1514 -0.840 -0.933 -0.745 -0.958 -0.720 1515 0.436 0.382 0.489 0.367 0.504 1516 -1.203 -1.337 -1.066 -1.374 -1.029 1517 -0.836 -0.929 -0.742 -0.954 -0.717 1518 -0.052 -0.054 -0.049 -0.055 -0.048 1519 -0.480 -0.532 -0.428 -0.547 -0.414 1520 -1.193 -1.327 -1.057 -1.363 -1.021 1521 -0.534 -0.592 -0.475 -0.608 -0.459 1522 -0.919 -1.022 -0.816 -1.050 -0.788 1523 -0.945 -1.051 -0.838 -1.079 -0.810 1524 -1.613 -1.795 -1.428 -1.844 -1.378 1525 -0.357 -0.394 -0.318 -0.405 -0.308 1526 -1.370 -1.524 -1.214 -1.567 -1.172 1527 -0.647 -0.718 -0.575 -0.737 -0.555 1528 -1.067 -1.186 -0.946 -1.218 -0.913 1529 -0.351 -0.388 -0.314 -0.399 -0.303 1530 -1.134 -1.261 -1.006 -1.296 -0.971 1531 -0.406 -0.450 -0.362 -0.462 -0.350 1532 0.435 0.381 0.488 0.366 0.502 1533 0.488 0.428 0.547 0.412 0.563 1534 0.192 0.167 0.218 0.160 0.225 1535 -0.755 -0.838 -0.670 -0.861 -0.647 1536 -0.905 -1.006 -0.803 -1.033 -0.775 1537 0.026 0.019 0.032 0.018 0.033 1538 0.001 -0.002 0.004 -0.003 0.005 1539 0.136 0.117 0.155 0.112 0.160 1540 -0.571 -0.633 -0.507 -0.650 -0.490 1541 -0.108 -0.117 -0.099 -0.120 -0.096 1542 -1.000 -1.111 -0.887 -1.142 -0.856 1543 -0.764 -0.848 -0.678 -0.871 -0.655 1544 -1.288 -1.432 -1.141 -1.472 -1.102 1545 0.730 0.642 0.817 0.618 0.841 1546 -0.630 -0.699 -0.560 -0.718 -0.541 1547 -0.291 -0.321 -0.261 -0.330 -0.252 1548 -0.496 -0.550 -0.442 -0.565 -0.427 1549 -0.629 -0.698 -0.559 -0.717 -0.540 1550 -1.096 -1.219 -0.972 -1.253 -0.938 1551 -0.198 -0.217 -0.178 -0.223 -0.173 1552 -0.169 -0.185 -0.153 -0.190 -0.148 1553 -0.036 -0.037 -0.035 -0.037 -0.035 1554 -0.436 -0.482 -0.388 -0.495 -0.375 1555 -0.398 -0.441 -0.355 -0.452 -0.343 1556 -0.428 -0.473 -0.381 -0.486 -0.369 1557 -1.042 -1.159 -0.924 -1.191 -0.892 1558 0.684 0.601 0.765 0.579 0.788 1559 -0.771 -0.856 -0.684 -0.880 -0.661 1560 -0.660 -0.732 -0.586 -0.752 -0.566 1561 0.101 0.086 0.116 0.082 0.120 Page 50 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1562 -0.955 -1.061 -0.847 -1.091 -0.818 1563 0.703 0.618 0.787 0.595 0.810 1564 0.942 0.829 1.053 0.798 1.084 1565 0.286 0.249 0.322 0.239 0.332 1566 -0.272 -0.300 -0.243 -0.307 -0.236 1567 -1.710 -1.903 -1.514 -1.956 -1.461 1568 -0.633 -0.703 -0.563 -0.722 -0.544 1569 0.751 0.660 0.841 0.636 0.865 1570 -0.489 -0.542 -0.435 -0.557 -0.421 1571 -0.456 -0.505 -0.406 -0.518 -0.392 1572 -0.008 -0.010 -0.006 -0.011 -0.005 1573 -1.153 -1.282 -1.022 -1.318 -0.987 1574 -0.812 -0.902 -0.721 -0.927 -0.696 1575 -0.428 -0.474 -0.382 -0.487 -0.369 1576 -0.481 -0.533 -0.428 -0.547 -0.414 1577 -0.385 -0.426 -0.344 -0.437 -0.332 1578 -0.620 -0.688 -0.551 -0.707 -0.533 1579 -0.689 -0.765 -0.612 -0.786 -0.591 1580 -1.433 -1.595 -1.270 -1.639 -1.226 1581 -0.889 -0.988 -0.789 -1.015 -0.762 1582 -0.374 -0.414 -0.334 -0.425 -0.323 1583 -0.307 -0.339 -0.275 -0.348 -0.266 1584 -0.627 -0.696 -0.557 -0.715 -0.538 1585 -0.501 -0.555 -0.446 -0.570 -0.431 1586 -0.200 -0.219 -0.180 -0.225 -0.174 1587 -1.577 -1.755 -1.397 -1.804 -1.348 1588 -0.216 -0.238 -0.194 -0.244 -0.188 1589 -1.109 -1.233 -0.983 -1.267 -0.949 1590 -0.897 -0.996 -0.795 -1.024 -0.768 1591 -0.466 -0.516 -0.415 -0.530 -0.401 1592 -0.419 -0.464 -0.373 -0.476 -0.361 1593 -0.509 -0.565 -0.453 -0.580 -0.438 1594 -0.722 -0.802 -0.641 -0.824 -0.619 1595 -0.686 -0.762 -0.609 -0.782 -0.589 1596 -0.780 -0.867 -0.693 -0.891 -0.669 1597 -0.677 -0.751 -0.601 -0.772 -0.581 1598 0.325 0.284 0.366 0.273 0.377 1599 -0.106 -0.115 -0.097 -0.117 -0.094 1600 -0.396 -0.438 -0.353 -0.450 -0.342 1601 -2.078 -2.313 -1.839 -2.377 -1.775 1602 -0.765 -0.849 -0.679 -0.873 -0.656 1603 -0.793 -0.881 -0.704 -0.905 -0.680 1604 -1.209 -1.345 -1.071 -1.382 -1.034 1605 -1.432 -1.593 -1.268 -1.637 -1.224 1606 -1.453 -1.617 -1.287 -1.661 -1.242 1607 -1.520 -1.691 -1.346 -1.738 -1.299 1608 -1.691 -1.882 -1.497 -1.934 -1.445 1609 -1.297 -1.443 -1.149 -1.483 -1.110 Page 51 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1610 -0.963 -1.071 -0.854 -1.100 -0.825 1611 -0.715 -0.793 -0.635 -0.815 -0.613 1612 -0.883 -0.981 -0.783 -1.008 -0.756 1613 -0.154 -0.168 -0.139 -0.172 -0.135 1614 -2.290 -2.549 -2.026 -2.621 -1.955 1615 -1.528 -1.700 -1.353 -1.747 -1.306 1616 -1.365 -1.518 -1.209 -1.560 -1.167 1617 -0.442 -0.490 -0.394 -0.503 -0.381 1618 -1.400 -1.557 -1.240 -1.601 -1.197 1619 0.111 0.095 0.127 0.090 0.131 1620 -0.966 -1.073 -0.856 -1.103 -0.827 1621 -0.516 -0.572 -0.459 -0.587 -0.444 1622 0.031 0.024 0.038 0.022 0.040 1623 -0.283 -0.313 -0.254 -0.321 -0.246 1624 -0.168 -0.184 -0.152 -0.189 -0.148 1625 -0.841 -0.935 -0.747 -0.960 -0.721 1626 0.368 0.322 0.414 0.310 0.426 1627 0.030 0.023 0.036 0.021 0.038 1628 0.353 0.308 0.396 0.296 0.408 1629 0.444 0.389 0.498 0.374 0.513 1630 -0.902 -1.002 -0.800 -1.030 -0.773 1631 0.131 0.113 0.150 0.108 0.155 1632 -1.925 -2.143 -1.704 -2.203 -1.645 1633 -2.075 -2.310 -1.836 -2.374 -1.772 1634 -0.211 -0.232 -0.190 -0.238 -0.184 1635 -0.981 -1.091 -0.870 -1.121 -0.840 1636 0.353 0.309 0.397 0.297 0.409 1637 -0.739 -0.820 -0.656 -0.843 -0.634 1638 -1.956 -2.178 -1.732 -2.239 -1.671 1639 -0.505 -0.560 -0.450 -0.575 -0.435 1640 0.590 0.518 0.661 0.498 0.680 1641 -2.327 -2.591 -2.059 -2.664 -1.987 1642 -0.824 -0.916 -0.732 -0.941 -0.707 1643 -1.962 -2.184 -1.736 -2.245 -1.676 1644 -1.160 -1.289 -1.028 -1.325 -0.992 1645 -1.377 -1.532 -1.220 -1.574 -1.178 1646 -0.927 -1.030 -0.822 -1.059 -0.794 1647 -2.056 -2.289 -1.820 -2.353 -1.756 1648 0.000 -0.003 0.003 -0.004 0.004 1649 0.302 0.264 0.340 0.253 0.350 1650 -0.018 -0.019 -0.017 -0.019 -0.016 1651 0.029 0.022 0.035 0.020 0.037 1652 -0.081 -0.088 -0.075 -0.089 -0.074 1653 -1.060 -1.178 -0.939 -1.211 -0.907 1654 -0.473 -0.524 -0.421 -0.538 -0.407 1655 0.521 0.457 0.584 0.440 0.601 1656 -0.025 -0.025 -0.024 -0.025 -0.024 1657 0.061 0.051 0.072 0.048 0.074 Page 52 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1658 0.513 0.450 0.575 0.433 0.592 1659 0.123 0.106 0.141 0.101 0.146 1660 0.061 0.051 0.072 0.048 0.075 1661 -0.128 -0.139 -0.116 -0.142 -0.113 1662 -0.601 -0.667 -0.534 -0.685 -0.516 1663 -1.110 -1.234 -0.984 -1.268 -0.950 1664 0.398 0.348 0.447 0.335 0.460 1665 0.321 0.280 0.361 0.269 0.372 1666 -0.461 -0.511 -0.411 -0.525 -0.397 1667 -0.829 -0.921 -0.735 -0.946 -0.710 1668 -1.064 -1.183 -0.944 -1.216 -0.911 1669 -1.408 -1.567 -1.247 -1.610 -1.204 1670 -1.081 -1.202 -0.959 -1.235 -0.926 1671 -0.463 -0.513 -0.412 -0.526 -0.398 1672 -1.287 -1.432 -1.140 -1.471 -1.101 1673 -1.629 -1.812 -1.442 -1.863 -1.392 1674 -1.095 -1.218 -0.971 -1.251 -0.937 1675 -1.642 -1.827 -1.454 -1.878 -1.403 1676 -0.708 -0.786 -0.629 -0.808 -0.608 1677 -0.130 -0.142 -0.118 -0.145 -0.115 1678 -0.697 -0.774 -0.619 -0.795 -0.598 1679 -1.166 -1.296 -1.033 -1.332 -0.998 1680 -1.163 -1.293 -1.030 -1.328 -0.995 1681 -0.655 -0.727 -0.582 -0.747 -0.563 1682 -1.187 -1.320 -1.052 -1.357 -1.016 1683 -0.284 -0.314 -0.255 -0.322 -0.246 1684 -0.344 -0.381 -0.308 -0.391 -0.298 1685 -0.434 -0.481 -0.387 -0.494 -0.374 1686 -1.171 -1.302 -1.038 -1.338 -1.002 1687 -1.242 -1.381 -1.100 -1.419 -1.062 1688 -1.134 -1.260 -1.005 -1.295 -0.970 1689 0.611 0.537 0.685 0.517 0.705 1690 -0.522 -0.578 -0.464 -0.594 -0.449 1691 -0.463 -0.513 -0.412 -0.527 -0.399 1692 0.278 0.242 0.313 0.233 0.323 1693 -0.158 -0.173 -0.143 -0.177 -0.139 1694 -0.593 -0.658 -0.527 -0.676 -0.510 1695 -1.599 -1.780 -1.416 -1.829 -1.367 1696 -1.153 -1.282 -1.022 -1.318 -0.987 1697 -1.016 -1.130 -0.901 -1.161 -0.870 1698 0.189 0.164 0.214 0.157 0.221 1699 -0.680 -0.755 -0.604 -0.776 -0.584 1700 0.196 0.170 0.222 0.163 0.229 1701 -1.064 -1.183 -0.943 -1.215 -0.911 1702 0.146 0.126 0.166 0.120 0.171 1703 1.142 1.006 1.276 0.969 1.313 1704 -1.033 -1.148 -0.916 -1.180 -0.884 1705 -1.630 -1.814 -1.444 -1.865 -1.394 Page 53 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1706 -1.773 -1.974 -1.570 -2.029 -1.515 1707 0.455 0.398 0.510 0.383 0.525 1708 -1.653 -1.840 -1.464 -1.891 -1.413 1709 -0.984 -1.094 -0.873 -1.124 -0.843 1710 -0.680 -0.754 -0.604 -0.775 -0.583 1711 0.837 0.736 0.937 0.709 0.964 1712 -0.075 -0.080 -0.069 -0.082 -0.068 1713 0.028 0.022 0.035 0.020 0.037 1714 0.153 0.132 0.174 0.126 0.180 1715 0.334 0.292 0.376 0.280 0.387 1716 -0.644 -0.714 -0.572 -0.734 -0.553 1717 -0.529 -0.586 -0.471 -0.602 -0.455 1718 -1.230 -1.368 -1.090 -1.406 -1.052 1719 -1.379 -1.534 -1.222 -1.577 -1.179 1720 -1.078 -1.199 -0.956 -1.232 -0.923 1721 -0.514 -0.570 -0.458 -0.586 -0.442 1722 -0.603 -0.669 -0.536 -0.687 -0.518 1723 -0.603 -0.669 -0.536 -0.687 -0.518 1724 -0.556 -0.616 -0.494 -0.633 -0.478 1725 0.016 0.011 0.021 0.010 0.023 1726 -0.013 -0.014 -0.011 -0.015 -0.010 1727 -0.116 -0.126 -0.105 -0.128 -0.103 1728 -1.499 -1.667 -1.327 -1.714 -1.281 1729 -0.567 -0.629 -0.504 -0.646 -0.487 1730 0.253 0.221 0.286 0.212 0.295 1731 -0.956 -1.063 -0.848 -1.092 -0.819 1732 0.082 0.069 0.094 0.065 0.098 1733 -0.878 -0.976 -0.779 -1.002 -0.752 1734 -0.538 -0.597 -0.479 -0.613 -0.463 1735 -0.071 -0.076 -0.066 -0.078 -0.065 1736 0.631 0.554 0.706 0.533 0.727 1737 -0.755 -0.838 -0.670 -0.861 -0.647 1738 -0.037 -0.038 -0.036 -0.039 -0.036 1739 -1.027 -1.142 -0.911 -1.174 -0.880 1740 -0.539 -0.598 -0.480 -0.614 -0.463 1741 -1.087 -1.209 -0.964 -1.242 -0.930 1742 -1.168 -1.299 -1.035 -1.335 -0.999 1743 -0.595 -0.660 -0.529 -0.677 -0.511 1744 -0.005 -0.008 -0.003 -0.009 -0.002 1745 -0.294 -0.324 -0.263 -0.332 -0.254 1746 -0.330 -0.365 -0.295 -0.374 -0.285 1747 -0.542 -0.601 -0.482 -0.617 -0.466 1748 -0.904 -1.005 -0.802 -1.032 -0.775 1749 -0.027 -0.027 -0.027 -0.027 -0.027 1750 -0.324 -0.358 -0.290 -0.368 -0.281 1751 -0.163 -0.179 -0.147 -0.183 -0.143 1752 0.490 0.430 0.550 0.413 0.566 1753 -0.230 -0.254 -0.207 -0.260 -0.200 Page 54 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1754 0.217 0.189 0.246 0.181 0.253 1755 0.344 0.301 0.387 0.289 0.398 1756 -0.649 -0.720 -0.576 -0.739 -0.557 1757 0.536 0.470 0.600 0.452 0.618 1758 0.088 0.075 0.102 0.071 0.105 1759 -0.037 -0.038 -0.036 -0.038 -0.036 1760 0.569 0.499 0.637 0.481 0.656 1761 1.230 1.084 1.375 1.044 1.414 1762 0.199 0.173 0.225 0.166 0.232 1763 0.058 0.048 0.068 0.045 0.071 1764 -0.318 -0.352 -0.285 -0.361 -0.276 1765 -0.637 -0.707 -0.566 -0.726 -0.547 1766 0.561 0.493 0.629 0.474 0.647 1767 -0.098 -0.106 -0.090 -0.108 -0.087 1768 -1.400 -1.557 -1.240 -1.600 -1.197 1769 -0.916 -1.018 -0.812 -1.046 -0.784 1770 -0.418 -0.463 -0.373 -0.475 -0.360 1771 -0.563 -0.624 -0.500 -0.641 -0.483 1772 -2.029 -2.259 -1.796 -2.322 -1.733 1773 0.276 0.240 0.311 0.231 0.320 1774 -0.190 -0.208 -0.171 -0.213 -0.166 1775 0.344 0.300 0.386 0.289 0.398 1776 0.759 0.667 0.849 0.643 0.874 1777 -0.720 -0.799 -0.639 -0.821 -0.618 1778 -0.835 -0.927 -0.741 -0.953 -0.715 1779 -0.162 -0.177 -0.146 -0.181 -0.142 1780 -0.354 -0.392 -0.316 -0.402 -0.306 1781 -1.104 -1.227 -0.978 -1.261 -0.945 1782 -0.768 -0.852 -0.681 -0.876 -0.658 1783 -1.729 -1.924 -1.531 -1.978 -1.477 1784 -1.183 -1.315 -1.048 -1.351 -1.012 1785 -0.971 -1.079 -0.861 -1.109 -0.832 1786 -0.180 -0.197 -0.162 -0.202 -0.158 1787 -1.338 -1.488 -1.185 -1.530 -1.144 1788 -0.327 -0.361 -0.292 -0.370 -0.282 1789 0.546 0.479 0.612 0.461 0.630 1790 -2.055 -2.288 -1.819 -2.352 -1.755 1791 -0.571 -0.633 -0.508 -0.650 -0.491 1792 -0.742 -0.823 -0.658 -0.846 -0.636 1793 -0.587 -0.651 -0.522 -0.668 -0.504 1794 -0.295 -0.325 -0.264 -0.334 -0.255 1795 -0.430 -0.476 -0.383 -0.489 -0.371 1796 -0.146 -0.159 -0.132 -0.163 -0.128 1797 -0.772 -0.857 -0.685 -0.880 -0.662 1798 0.118 0.101 0.135 0.096 0.139 1799 -0.075 -0.081 -0.070 -0.082 -0.068 1800 -1.270 -1.413 -1.125 -1.452 -1.086 1801 -0.325 -0.359 -0.290 -0.368 -0.281 Page 55 of 107 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 1802 -1.352 -1.504 -1.197 -1.545 -1.156 1803 -0.602 -0.668 -0.536 -0.687 -0.518 1804 0.364 0.318 0.409 0.306 0.421 1805 -0.985 -1.095 -0.874 -1.125 -0.844 1806 -0.572 -0.634 -0.508 -0.651 -0.491 1807 -0.894 -0.994 -0.793 -1.021 -0.766 1808 -0.131 -0.143 -0.119 -0.146 -0.116 1809 -0.699 -0.776 -0.621 -0.797 -0.600 1810 -1.140 -1.268 -1.010 -1.303 -0.975 1811 -0.570 -0.633 -0.507 -0.650 -0.490 1812 -2.148 -2.392