THE NORDIC ARBORETUM EXPEDITION 
TO SOUTH KOREA  1976  
Max. Hagman Lars  Feilberg  Tomas Lagerström  Jan E. Sanda 
HELSINKI 1978 
"... I am painfully conscious  of the demerits of this work, 
but  believing that, on the whole, it reflects  fairly faith  
fully the regions of which  it treats, I venture to present 
it to the public? and  to  ask for  it the same kindly and  lenient  
critislsm with which  my records  of travel in the East and  else  
where  have hitherto been received, and  that it may be accepted 
as an honest  attempt to make a contribution to the sum  of 
knowledge of Korea and its people and describe  things as I saw 
them. .." 
Isabella  L. Bishop, 
Korea and Her Neighbours, 1897. 
This report has  bean prepared at the  
Department of Forest  genetics, Forest  Research  Institute 
Unioninkatu  40 A, Helsinki,  Finland  
THE NORDIC ARBORETUM EXPEDITION 
TO SOUTH  KOREA 1976 
Max. Hagman  Lars Feilberg  Tomas Lagerström  Jan E.  Sanda 
HELSINKI 1978 

THE NORDIC ARBORETUM EXPEDITION TO SOUTH KOREA 1976 
MAX, HAGMAN LARS FEILBERG TOMAS LAGERSTRÖM JAN E. SANDA  
Contents 
Foreword  and acknowledgements p. 2 
Preparatory work in Finland, Denmark and Korea p. 7 
Itinerary and time table p. 9 
Korean forestry and forestry research p. 15 
Korean arboreta  and vegetation research p. 19 
Climate  and  ecology p. 22 
Collection  localities p. 26 
Material collected p. 70 
Handling and distribution of seeds and plants p. 71 
Suggestions for foorther  activities p. 74 
Bibliography p. 
76 
Adresses  of persons  and institutions p. 80 
Statement of accounts p. 82 
Appendix: Maps and seed list p. 84 
Front-cover:  The temple Ose-am  in Mt.Seorak.Station B. 
The temple is surrounded by  a forest of 
mixed hardwoods, Pinus koraiensls and  
Abies holophylla. 
Photo M.H. 4.9.1976  (Neg.nr 15/76:10). 
2 
FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
In June 1972 the Nordic  Arboretum  Committee was constituted  
as a result  of discussions between delegates from  Arboreta  
and Botanic Gardens in the Nordic countries.  
The  discussions  took  place at the recently established  Nor  
wegian Arboretum near Bergen -  "Arborete pa Milde".The  
committee was assigned to solve the problems common 
to the Nordic  Arboreta  and exeeding the ability of the 
single arboretum.  Since it was found that in the Nordic  
collections  many earlier  plantations had  been  made with 
material  of unknown  origin or from very limited  sources 
the highest priority was given to collection  of plant 
material  for the Nordic  arboreta from not represented 
or  only slightly represented areas. 
The  distribution  of "collecting areas" to the different 
member  countries  was as follows:  
Denmark: The Southern part of  South America.  
Finland:  Northeastern  continental  Asia. 
Norway: New Zaeland, Tasmania  and South East Australia.  
Sweden: Japan. 
The  main purpose  of the collecting expeditions was to 
supply the Nordic  arboreta and  other research  institutes 
with plant material  of well defined  origin, especially seed  
It was also thought, that for particularly interesting 
species series  of collections  should be  attempted in order 
to provide material for provenance  experiment, an activity 
rarely earlier  carried out with dendrological or ornamental  
plants .  
The  expedition to the Republic of Korea v?as arranged by the 
Finnish  Forest  Research  Institute, Max. Hagman,  professor 
3 
of forest genetics in close  cooperation with Lars  Feilberg, 
lecturer  at the Horsholm Arboretum, Denmark, Jan E. Sanda, 
research  assistant  at  the Agricultural University  of Norway  
and  Thomas  Lagerström, lecturer  at the Agricultural College 
of Sweden.  
The expedition was made  possible by grants from the Nordic  
Cultural  Foundation  (Nordisk Kulturfond) and the Danish  
National  Bank (Nationalbankens Jubilaeumsfond  af 1968). We 
wish to thank  these foundations  for  their valuable  support. 
The Norwegian shipping company  The Wilhelmsen Lines, Oslo  
kindly supported the expedition by offering transport of the 
collected  material  in special cold stores . Shipowner Tom 
Wilhelmsen  expressed from  the very beginning a  great interest 
in  the expedition and  supported its members personally in  
many ways. 
At the time the first formal contacts were made with the 
Republic of Korea,  most valuable  help was given by  His  
Excellency Ambassador  K. D. Yoon, Embassy  of the Republic 
of Korea, Helsinki.  
The excellent  technical planning in Korea  was  done  by  the 
Office of Forestry, Seoul  and our most sincere  thanks go 
to Director  General  Sohn, Soo-Ik who  not  only  personally 
took great care of the wellbeing of the members of the 
expedition but  also mobilized  his staff at the Head  Office 
as well as in the different  Forest  Regions for the many 
practical problems that had  to be solved.  
The Office of Forestry also  arranged for the permissions 
to collect  in National  Forests, National  Parks  and other 
protected areas where the most interesting vegetation was  
to be found, and provided the expedition with transport  
facilities  in the form of two field-going big jeeps with  drivers  
and also in the form of numerous porters in all  the many  
4  
places where  the expedition only could  proceed on foot. 
Only those who have walked the Korean mountains  can really 
appreciate what this means for the success of a botanical  
expedition . 
Of the officers of the Head Office we can only mention  here  
Director  Kim, Syung-Yup and  Mr. Lee, Kyong-Sang the latter 
being invaluable  in the arrangements of lodging, tickets, 
mail, local  transport, customs  etc. etc. thus smoothing 
our way in to us unfamiliar  conditions.  
The  expedition was very fortunate 
in being able to set up 
its headquarters at the Forest  Research  Institute in Seoul  
where  Director  Lee,  Sung-Yong kindly provided us with  office 
and  laboratory space  and  did  not mind at  all  our spreading 
of herbarium  papers  to dry all  ower  the front yard lawn  of 
his institute. 
Despite his many duties  Deputy  Director Sim, Hung-Soo took 
time  to follow the expedition on the first and third course 
thus helping us continuosly in many activities and providing 
us en route with information  on Korean forestry and forest 
research  problems and  achievements.  
Seeds, silviculture  and landscape architecture are at  the 
FRI the responsibility  of the Division  of  Reforestation  and  
it was therefore  clear  that our presence  put great strain  
on their activities. Nevertheless, the Division  Chief  Shim 
Sang-Yung and his staff met our various needs in a most 
satisfactory  way. 
Particularly  we have  to mention  Taxonomist  Cho, Moo-Yun,  
Head Curator of the institutes Hong Nung Arboretum who  
followed us day and night on all  our courses thus providing 
us with a "Walking Flora" to be  consulted  on taxonomic  or 
plant geographical matters whenever  needed.  His help in 
checking our collections  with his herbarium  afterwards can 
5 
neither  be  overestimated.  
Mr. Cho was during our work  assisted in  an excellent  way  by  
his  aide-de-camp, Field  assistant  Han, Sang-Bae whose  great 
practical experience in  seed- and plant collection  and 
handling of the material  in the field  as well  as in  the 
laboratory was of very great help, not to mention  his  
delicious  cooking on rainy mountain  sides  as well  as in  
sunny temple yards. 
In matters concerning genetics, provenance  research  
and tree breeding the expedition was fortunate in being 
able  to rely on the Institute of Forest  Genetics  in Suweon 
as well as on its branch  station  in Cheju-do. Director Choi,  
Jung-Suk and his numerous research  officers  helped us in many  
ways and we are very grateful to 
all of  them. Our thanks  
also to Mr. Hwang, Jae-Woo who followed  us on the field  trip 
and Mr. Chung, Min-Sup, who, being a grantee at the Finnish  
Forest  Research  Institute, helped us in the preparatory work  
when the expedition was  planned. 
Splendid scientific  support was  also obtained  from the faculty 
members  of the College of Agriculture, Seoul  National  Univer  
sity, Suweon. Professor Hyun, Sin-Kyu had helped the expedi  
tion already in the preparatory stages by  providing references  
to literature  and commenting on the suggested tour programme  
and  in addition  he was kindly  quiding us when visiting expe  
riments  with introduced  exotic  trees adding to our knowledge 
from his great experience in forest tree breeding during 
many years. 
Professor Yira, Kyong-Bin who followed  us on the third course,  
broadened  our background to the collection  work  by supplying 
basic information  in his special field, Korean  silviculture.  
He also gave us many valuable  data  on Korean  forestry in  
general. 
Without the excellent  help of Dr.  Lee,  Tchang-Bok, Professor  
of Dendrology, many a plant would have remained  unidentified.  
6 
His life long experience of the Korean flora, gathered 
during innumerable  field  collecting tours all  over Korea,  
formed  an unmeasureable source of information  from which  
the expedition gained every  day he followed  us on the second  
course. However, it must be admitted that for some of us it 
caused  great difficulty to follow  him up and  down the gorges  
and tracks of Mt. Jiri-san, where  he proved his reputation 
as a  famous  marathon  runner. His  many publications on Korean 
plants and their  use, so generously given to us, will  even 
in the future form a basic library in our work. 
Among the many 
other persons  who helped us in Korea,  we 
would  here only like  to thank Mr.  Carl Ferris  Miller  for his  
great hospitality and for valuable discussions  on Korean 
dendrology, a field  in  which  he represents  great expertise.  
We would  also like to express  our gratitude to Mr. W.D. Jones, 
General  Manager of the Everett Steamship Corp. S/A,  who  helped 
us with  the shipping business  when  our collections  were sent 
home. 
And finally  we would  like  to thank our ground staff at our 
institutions  at home, who has taken care of  the plant material  
and  obviously  will  be very much  engaged in  it in years  still  
to come .  
7 
PREPARATORY WORK IN  FINLAND, DENMARK AND KOREA 
Korea has, since  long ago, been  of interest to dendrologists .  
It has  a very  rich flora despite the fact that its climate  
is more severe  than in  neighbouring Japan. 
Since  many plants from Japan have  been  grown successfully 
in  Scandinavian  gardens, it could be thought, that plants 
from Korea would be more hardy and thus suitable  for culti  
vation in the more continental  parts  of the Nordic countries  
Already E.H. Wilson (1928) pointed out  that Korean plants  
are best suited  for  gardens where  climatic  extremes  prevail  
because  they enjoy a fixed climate in their homeland. 
In the earlier  parts of this century Korean plants were 
imported into Scandinavia, and were in general growing 
surprisingly well, withstanding e.g. later such severe 
winters as 1939 -  1944. 
The material  obtained  was, however, limited in sources and 
in many cases the records  about origin were missing or in  
complete. For a further development it was therefore  
considered  necessary  to try to carry out a collecting 
expedition having especially in mind the variation  within  
species and trying to obtain as many samples as possible 
from a wide  range  of localities.  
It was also clear that on such an expedition new species 
which  had not been  tested before might be collected.  
Since  Korea reaches from the Manchurian  border  in the North 
to the island  of Cheju-do in the south a mere transect  through 
Korea would have to cover a very long distance. This was  not 
possible with the resources available  and  within  the time 
that could be used  for an expedition. Also other reasons made  
plans for an all-covering collection  difficult. 
8 
Thus  the original intentions  of having collections through 
the whole  of Korea  had to be abandoned  and the experiences 
from Northern  Korea  were limited  to a short visit by  one of 
us (M. H.) in 1974 to Pyongyan, Wonsan and Southern Kumgang  
san. 
In 1975 it was decided to concentrate the efforts to Southern 
Korea where  the possibilities looked  good. This decision  was 
supported by the fact that a Finnish  scientist  had collected  
seeds in the Mur-river region of the USSR in 1974 and that 
there  were promises  for a Finnish  expedition (which  later  
also took  place) to the same area in 1976. 
Thus at least a part of the northernmost distribution  of 
many species occuring also in Korea could be covered  and the 
planned expedition  could concentrate on the south. 
The preparation started in 1975 when the first contacts 
were made with Korean scientists, and plans developed by  
correspondence.The arrival  at Helsinki  in 1976 of a forestry 
stipendiate Mr .  Chung Min-Sup, B. For.  Sci., facilitated  
greatly the detailed  planning and study of Korean  literature  
In the meantime  the Arboretum at Hjzirsholm, Denmark, had  been  
going throuh  the dendrological and horticultural  literature  
and  selected lists of species of particular interest. These  
tentative  collecting-lists were later checked  by prominent 
experts in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.  
The  Horsholm Arboretum staff was also preparing the equipment 
of the expedition, relying on recent experiences from the 
expedition to S. America. When ready, the expedition box  was 
sent to Korea in the summer of 1976 by ship. 
During these preparations, the Korean authorities, both in 
Korea and abroad  were most helpful and it was on their  
suggestion it was  decided  that the expedition should  base  
9 
its work  on transport and  quidance provided by the Office  
of Forestry  of Korea. It may now be noted  that without  this  
generous  help the expedition would  have  been  impossible. 
Since  many of the plants of interest  were growing in 
protected areas,  the necessary  permission had to be 
arranged beforehand  and also at this work the Korean autho  
rities  were most helpful. 
To  speed up the handling of the material  at home, permission 
were obtained  for the rapid import of living plants under  
the supervision of the plant quarantine authorities  in the 
countries concerned. 
Looking back, it would have been useful, if more time could 
have been allowed for the  study of descriptions of Korean 
vegetation and plants. This was, however,  seriously hampered 
by  the fact that most of the pertinent literature  is in  
Korean or Japanese.  
ITINERARY AND TIME TABLE 
(Note  on transliteration: Two systems  of writing Korean  
words in the western alphabet are currently seen in Korea. 
The  McCune-Reischauer  system is used  in most publications. 
However,  books and maps found in Korea may  often employ the 
Ministry of Education  system which  has many  spellings 
differing from the M-R system. We have not been able to 
transliterate  all  the various  names into one of the systems,  
and  it is regretted that  confusion may  result  from this  
inconsistency in  usage.) 
Aug. 27 Departure from Copenhagen by  Japan Airlines.  
Aug. 28 Arrival  at  Tokyo and stay overnight. 
10 
Aug. 29 Arrival  at Kimpo airport, Seoul. 
Preparatory arrangements and  sightseeing in  Seoul. 
Aug. 30 Visit to Office  of  Forestry  and discussion  about 
field tours. 
Aug. 31 Visit to Suweon Agricultural College and the Insti  
tute of Forest Genetics in  Suweon. 
Visit to experimental plantations of the I.F.G. 
and to the Kyunggi Provincial  Forest  Research  
Station in Osen. 
Sept. 1 Visit to Forest  Research  Institute, Seoul.  
Setting up headquarters and study tour through 
the Arboretum and collections  of the F.R.I. 
Sept. 2 Tour to the Arboretum and experimental plots of 
the Kwang-Nung Branch  Station of the F.R.I. 
Sept. 3 Leaving Seoul by car for  collecting course 1. 
Arriving in the afternoon at temple Baek-dam 
in the area of Mt. Seolang. 
Sept. 4 Collecting tour  on foot from Baek-dam to temple 
Pong-Jung-am  (Stations A-F) . 
Sept. 5 Collecting tour  on foot from Pong-Jung-am to 
the top of Mt. Seolang and back (Stations G-K) 
Sept. 6 Collecting tour  on foot across Mt. Seolang from  
Pong-Jung-am to temple Shinheung-sa (Stations L-N)  
Sept. 7 Collecting at top of Gweon-geum-seong which  was 
reached  by cable-car, and  collecting in  valley 
near temple Shinheung-sa (Stations O-P) . 
11 
Shinheung-sa to Kangnung by car  via  Nansan-sa  
(Station Q) along the coast.  
Sept. 8 Collecting tour from Kangnung to Kyebang-san 
-Daegwanryung-temple Woljung (Stations R-T) . 
Sept. 9 Collecting tour on foot across Mt. Odae (Station U-V) 
Sept. lo Collecting tour Woljung-Taegi-san -  Byeongmu-san 
to Changchon-ri (Stations X-Y) . 
Sept. ll Collecting tour Changchon-ri -Mt. Gyebang-san- 
Wonju (Stations Z-W) . 
Sept. l 2 Collecting tour Wonju -  Yong-weol (Station ). 
Sept. l 3 Collecting tour Yong-weol - Taebaek-san -  Wonju 
(Stations fi'X ). 
Sept. l  4. Retour  to Seoul  from Wonju. 
Handling of collected  material  at the F.R.I.  
Sept. ls Handling of material  and preparing for the next 
tour
.
 
Visit to Icheong and plywood factory. 
Sept. l 6  Leaving Seoul  by cars for collecting course 2.  
Arriving in the afternoon at  temple Beob-ju-sa 
near the Mt.Sogri-san National  Park (Station AA) . 
Sept. l 7 Collecting tour  on foot at Mt. Sogri-san (Stations 
AB-AC) .  
By car to Kuchon-Dong. 
Sept. lB Collecting tour on foot at Mt.Doekyu-san (Station 
AD) 
.
 
12 
Sept. l  9 Collecting tour  Kuchon-Dong -  Taegu and sight  
seeing in Taegu (Stations AE-AF) . 
Sept. 2o Collecting tour  Taegu -  Mt.Palgong-san -  Taegu 
(Station AF) . 
Sept. 2l Collecting tour Taegu -  Pulguk-sa -  Chinju (Station 
AF)  . 
Sept. 22 Collecting tour Chinju -  Mt.Jiri-san -  Chinju. 
(Station AG) . 
Sept. 23 Visit to Southern  Branch  Station of the F.R.I,  at 
Chinju. Collecting tour Chinju -  Pyok-So-Ryong -  
temple Hwa-Eom-sa  (Station AH) . 
Sept. 24 Travel  by car from Hwa-Eom-sa to Chonju.Return 
to Seoul. 
Sept. 2s Handling of collected  material  at  headquarters in 
Seoul
.
 
Sept. 26 Handling of  material  and preparing for the next 
trip. 
Sept. 27 From Seoul to Cheju by  plane. 
Collecting tour and sightseeing on the eastern 
coastal  region of  Cheju-do (Station BA) . 
Sept. 2B Collecting tour on foot across Mt. Halla-san  
(Stations 88-BD) . 
By  car to Seogypo. 
Sept. 29 Collecting tour on the east  side of Mt.Halla-san 
and  along the south coast  (Stations BE-BG) . 
13 
Visit  to the Southern  Tree Breeding Station  of  the  
I.F.G.  
By car to Cheju. 
Sept. 3o From Cheju to Seoul  by plane. 
Visit  to the Office of  Forestry.  
Oct. 1 Seed  cleaning and  packing at the headquarters in  
Seoul
.
 
Oct. 2 Hagman, Lagerström and Sanda leaving Seoul  by plane 
for Tokyo and Copenhagen via Anchorage. 
Oct. 3 Arrival  at Copenhagen. 
Oct. 2 -  Feilberg stays at the Forest Research  Institute 
Oct. 30 in  Seoul  for work with the material. 
Some seeds collected from the F.R.I (Station CA) . 
Oct. 4 Visit to Mr. C. Miller's Arboretum  at Chuuli-po 
on the west coast (Station BH) . 
Oct. 17 Excursion to Chuncheon, Kuri-po in company of the 
Korean Dendrological Society (Station DA) . 
Oct. 30 Feilberg leaves  Korea and  returns  via  Japan and  
Thailand  to Denmark. 
14 
Figure 1. The Forest Research  Institute, Seoul, where head  
quarter was kindly  provided for the expedition. 
Photo M.H. (Neg. nr 14/76:11). 
15 
KOREAN FORESTRY AND FORESTRY RESEARCH 
The forest land  of the Republic of Korea  accounts for 67 % 
of the country's total land  area. 
The central  Korean forest service  department is the Office  
of Forestry under  the Minister  of Home Affairs. 
The  main  objects of  the Office of  Forestry are: 
-  to establish  and maintain  forest protection 
-  to enrich forest resources 
-  to develop and improve utilization of forest products 
-  to induce  better  management of forest  lands through educa  
tion, instruction  and  research. 
The  total forest land  area (as per 1975) is 6 635 352 ha,  
of which  27,3% is national  and public forest and 72,6% private 
forest. 
Of the total forest land  89% (5 980 693 ha) are stocked and  
11% (646  876 ha) are unstocked. 
The stocked forest land consists of coniferous  forest  54%, 
deciduous  forest 18%. mixed forest 28% and a small area 
covered with bamboos. 
3 
The total stock  volume is 105 352 000 m which gives an 
average  growing stock  of ca. 15,5 m
3
/ha. This  low value is  
mainly due to the devastating effects of wars and shifting 
cultivation  followed by erosion  and pests and to the diffi  
culties the reforestation  work is facing in this highly 
mountainous  country. 
Reforestation  work is, however, in good progress  and the  
16 
target for reforestation  and  afforestation in the 10 year  
plan is 3 065 000 ha. Of  these 625 000 ha has been  planted 
by  1976. 
The annual  plantation work har in the latest  years been 
c. 100 000 - 130 000  hectares  per  annum. 
The reforestation  concentrates in the beginning on erosion  
control, fast growing species for fuelwood, fruit and nut 
bearing species and in the long run species for timber  pro  
duction  
.
 
Forest  management plans are prepared for all  classes  of 
forest ownership and the plans are approved by  governement 
authority. 
The  Shifting Cultivation  Resettlement  Law has improved 
forest management by creating policy for settlements, 
resettlements and reforestation. 
The Saemaul Undong movement has been successful  also in  
forestry by  inducing the  right attitudes toward  land-water  
and naturemanagement  and  proper  handling of the forests. 
For the conservation  of wildlife  12 national  parks  have 
been set  up covering an area of 2 483 in total. More 
than 10 000 old and giant trees are protected as nature 
monuments
.
 
Research  organisations under  the Office of Forestry are the 
Forest Research Institute (F.R.1.) , the Institute  of Forest  
Genetics (1.F.G.) and the Forest  Resources  Survey  and 
Research Center.  
The  Forest Research Institute was established  in  1922 and 
conducts research  in the  fields  of forest management, 
protection, reforestation, forest  soils, utilization  and  
processing of forest products and  inspection of forest  
17 
products. The institute  also conducts  on-the-job training 
for governement forestry officials.  
The F.R.I, has a sta-ff of 129 officers and  research  assis  
tants of which 72 are research foresters. 
The institute has  3 branch stations and the Kwang-nung 
experimental forest has an area of 2 354 ha.  
In addition  the institute has  an arboretum at its head  
office in Seoul.  
The main objects  of the Institute of Forest  Genetics  in 
Suweon  are to  study the heredity in trees, develop new 
varieties
, improve vegetation and establish  seed orchards. 
I.F.G. has a staff of 57 research foresters  and  12 technical  
officers. The institute has 75 ha of nurseries  and 2 408 ha  
of experimental forest and 3 branch  stations.  
The total area of the seed orchards  is 750 ha. 
Among the present objects of the I.F.G. are development of  
fast  yielding species, species for fuel  and  erosion  control, 
crop trees and the introduction  of exotics and adaptability 
studies. 
Research  is also carried  out in  connection with the higher 
education  in  forestry  e.g. at the Seoul  National  University, 
College of Agriculture at  Suweon.  
18 
Figure 2. Members of the expedition in  front of the Institute  
of Forest  Genetics, Suweon,  together with Korean 
tree breeders  and forest researchers.  
Photo M.H. (Neg.nr 14/76:4). 
19 
KOREAN ARBORETA AND VEGETATION RESEARCH 
As early as in  1912 a forest nursery and  experimental planta 
tions  were established  in the Kwangnung forest. 
Since 1922 intensive forest  reseach  including plantations 
of exotics  have been going on there. Kwangnung is nowadays 
a branch office of the F.R.I. 
The plantations at Kwangnung  include-also  plots of Pinus 
silvestris  and  Picea abies  of  Danish and  Swedish  origin. 
Some of these plots have developed rather  well  but not  so 
well as e.g. the  endemic Abies  holophylla. 
In addition  to the plantations for forestry purposes  there 
are also an arboretum and a section for edible plants, the 
later  forming an important part of the products  of Korean 
forestry. 
In Seoul  the F.R.I, has the Hong-Nung Arboretum in which  
since  1922 has been  planted a great variety of Korean plants 
As per 1971 (Cho, 1972) 
the collection  included  635 genera  
with 1195 species of native  plants and 112 genera  with  157 
species of introduced plants. Many species are in addition 
represented by several  varieties and forms. 
The Hong-Nung Arboretum carries out  collections all  over 
the country and at the F.R.l.there is also a reference 
herbarium of 14 000 units and  a collection  of seed samples. 
The Head Curator of this arboretum is Dr. Cho Moo-Yun. 
20 
At the College of Agriculture in Suweon,  professor T.B.Lee 
is at the present developing the  Kwanak  Arboretum which  
also  operates a seed collecting and  exchange system.  
The Kwanak  Arboretum uses the reference  herbaria of the 
College of Agriculture. 
At all branch atations  of the research  instituties  there 
are smaller  arboreta  and  the regional forest offices usually 
have  demonstration  plots and gardens at their  headquarters. 
Botanical gardens were not visited by the expedition but 
are in possession  of collections of trees and  shrubs as 
well as of other plants. 
Mr. C. Miller / of Seoul, has  a private arboretum in Chuuli-po 
on the western coast and he is particularly interested  in 
Ilex. 
And finally on has to remember that Korean arboriculture 
is gaining much from the rich tradition  of gardening at 
the temples ans imperial mausolei, many of which have 
plantations going back many hudreds  of years. 
The study of the flora Korea,  initiated  by Palibin  (1899, 
1900,1901), rests  well  on the foundation  laid  by  Takenoshin  
Nakai who  worked  with Korean plants from 1909 to 1952.  
The richness  of the flora (3  176 species, 841  varieties  and 
174 formae; to quote Nakai, 1952) leaves, however, still  
room fore more work which is in good progress. 
Studies initiated  by the late Dr.  Chong Tae-Hyon and follo  
wed by his  pupils and collegues have increased  the know  
ledge of  the plant geography of Korea. Especially  the  studies  
of the distribution  of trees and  shrubs on the different 
mountains of Korea are of great value  for the dendrologist. 
21 
It  is natural,that much of the new work is written for the 
Koreans themselves,but one who is interested  in Korean 
plants still  hopes for a recent Korean plant geography in  
a western language. 
22 
CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY  
The climate of Korea is determined by its latitudinal posi  
tion, its terrain and of the currents in the surrounding 
seas .  
The peninsular location  of Korea  on the  edge of the  land  mass 
of continental  Asia causes a decided  variation  between  the 
cold of the  winter and the heat of the summer, and the monsoonal  
center of North Asia located  in Mongolia generates  even more  
seasonality in the climate.  
Thus, winters are colder and  summers are hotter than in other  
regions of similar  latitudes away from the continental  in  
fluence.  
The  average  January temperature in Seoul is as low as -4,9°  C  
and  minimum temperatures of -23,1°  C have  been recorded  in the 
same place. 
The eastern coast, being separated from the  west by mountains 
and  effected by the  warm currents in the Japan Sea, is warmer 
measured  in annual  average,  than the west.  
The Korean winter  is dry  and  cold, begins in December and  
extends into February-March.Spring starts in April and the  
hottest period of the year is beginning in early August and 
lasts for about one month. 
In the  midlands (Taegu) temperatures of +4 O°C  have  been 
reached  in this season. 
The rainfall  during the  season June-August is 50-60% of 
the annual  total of 800-1000  mm. October-March  is the 
dry period. Snow is nevertheless  common in the winter. 
Korea  has been  divided  into eight climatic  zones but there  
23 
is in  addition  great differentiation  geographically and  
in fact, each mountain  valley and  slope has its unique climate  
The zones of climatic  variation  that are dependent upon  
differences in elevation are in some places  very  well marked 
e.g. on Mt. Halla-san in Cheju-do. 
The greater part of Korean soil is made up of granite and 
gneiss. The  soil is generally sandy and contains  only 12- 
37%  of clay. In Kangwon-do limestones  occur with the 
formation of terra  rossa soils.  
The soils  of Korea are greately influenced  by the rain 
falls during the summer months when the weathered  soil  sur  
face is apt to be washed away, 
and  many hills are eroded to 
a high degree. 
The Korean vegetation has been divided  into five  main 
zones which  correspond also to the  forest zones such as they 
are recognized e.g. by  Uyeki (1933) . 
Along the southern coast  and  on the offshore islands 
exstends the warm  temperate zone with broad-leaved  ever  
greens such as Camelia, Cinnamomum and Quercus glauca. 
Bamboos of considerable  dimensions  can be seen growing 
in this region. 
The temperate zone, to which  most  of the southern  Korea 
belongs might be divided  in a southern  part and a northern 
part . 
The southern area is characterized  by Pinus densiflora, 
Quercus aliena, Q. acitissima, Carpinus cordata, Carpinus 
laxiflora and Zelkova. 
In the northern  part, the Quercus -  Abies  belt, typical  
species are e.g. Quercus mongolica , Acer mono, Cornus contro-  
24 
versa , Tilia  amurensis, Fraxinus rhychophylla, F.  
manchurica  and Kalopanx pictus.  Abies holophylla and  A. 
nephrolepis are increasing towards the north and so is 
Pinus koraiensis.  
The cold temperate zone, the Abies  - Betula  belt is mainly 
situated  in northern  Korea but  appears  also 
at higher eleva  
tions along the Taebaek Mountains range  such as at  Mt. Seolag 
san, Mt. Doekyu-san, Mt. Jiri-san  and  even to a certain  
extent on Mt. Halla-san.  
Among the conifers  of this zone are Thuja koraiensis, Abies 
nephrolepis and Pinus pumila in the northern part, Picea 
jezoensis isolated in the central  part and Abies  koreana  in 
the central  southern  part. Taxus  cuspidata is spread all  
over S. Korea.The  hardwoods  consist of several  maples, 
Betula ermanii, Betula platyphylla, Betula  schmidtii, 
Quercus mongolica, Sorbus amurensis,S. commixta. 
Characteristic for all  Korean vegetation zones is the 
great amount of shrubs  and  climbers  that exist in the ground 
layer and that, as soon as the  forest is lightened up, forms 
an almost  unpenetrable jungle. Rhododendrons  are very 
common in this layer and so are climbers  like  Tripterygium 
regelii, Vitis, Actinidia, Clematis  and  many others. 
Fortunately for  the plant collector, the Korean vegeta  
tion zones occur latitudinally as well as altitudinally and  
so a great variation of plant species might be collected  on 
just one mountain. 
Within  the limited  space  of this publication- it is not 
possible to go  into more details  of the  Korean plant 
geography and the  reader  is referred  to  the papers  by  the  
specialists. 
25 
One  character  of the Korean vegetation must,however, not 
be forgotten and  that is,that at the present much of the 
original climax stages of the  vegetation have been lost 
and  replaced by  secondary stages of a more pioneering nature 
This is due to overcutting in the past  times and to the 
praxis of shifting cultivation,very common not  long ago. 
The best picture of original Korean vegetation can be 
obtained in remote mountaineous areas
,
national  parks 
and temple forests.  
To what extent the  reforestation  work now going on will  
restore the complex patterns of the Korean forest vege  
tation remains to be seen.lt will,no doubt,take a long 
time
.
 
26 
COLLECTING LOCALITIES 
A. 38°09 1  N 128°24 '  E, 520-900  m.  
Mt. Seolak-san.  A small  river  valley from the temple Baekdam  
at 500 m towards  ESE and the  temple Ose-am at 900 m. 
At the  bottom of  the  valley rich  hardwood  forest with  high 
trees of Quercus mongolica, Carpinus cordata, Acer mono, 
Fraxinus sp. , 
Picrasma and a dense undergrowth of Lindera 
obtusiloba, Styrax  obassia, Staphylea bumalda, Euonymus 
species, Acer  ginnala and others. 
In places  with  more light the shrubs  and  trees  are spun  
together by climbers such as Tripterygium regelii, Vitis 
amurensis, Actinidia spp. and  Aristolochia  mandschuriensis
.
 
Later on in more hilly terrain the hardwood forest is  mixed 
with big trees of Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora and Abies  
holophylla. 
B. 38°09'  N 128°24' E, 800-1000  m.  
Mt. Seolak-san.  A path along small  streams and low  hills.  
The depth of the soil  is variable, grit, sand and granite 
boulders.  The forest is a high forest dominated  by oaks:  
Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Carpinus cordata, Acer  mono, 
A. tegmentosum, Kalopanax pictus, Maackia amurensis, Tilia  sp. ,  
Betula ermanii,  B. schmidtii and mixed conifers: Abies  
holophylla, Pinus koraiensis  and P. densiflora.  
The dense  ground vegetation is dominated by Acer  
pseudosieboldianum, one of the characteristic  plants in  the 
South-Korean  flora together with Quercus mongolica and  
Rhododendron  schlippenbachii. In addition  Euonymus spp. 
Lindera, Styrax and Rhododendrons are common. 
27  
Figure 3. A large, old  Abies holophylla in the foothhills  
of Mt. Seorak between  coll. stations A and B.  
Diameter  at  breast  height 170 cm. In front of 
the tree  Dr.  Cho  Moo  Yun, Head Curator, Hong Nung 
Arboretum, FRI, Seoul. 
Photo  M.H. 4.9. 1976 (Neg.nr 15/76:8) 
28  
C. 38°09 ' N 128°261  E, 850 m. 
Mt. Seolak-san. River bottom at small stream in direction 
E-W. Big boulders  and  stones along the stream and  finer  soils  
higher up  on the  river  banks. On the slopes a mixed  forest of 
Quercus mongolica, Betula ermanii, B. schmidtii, Fraxinus  sp., 
Maackia  amurensis, Kalopanax pictus,  Carpinus cordata. 
A characteristic  tree in the landscape is Cornus  controversa  
with its regular horisontal  branches.  In addition Juglans 
mandschurica, Prunus maackii, Sorbus  commixta and at the  
bottom along the  river  Alnus. The mixture  of conifers  is 
dominated  by Abies holophylla but also  both pines are common. 
In the dense shrub layer on the banks of the stream  are 
growing: Euonymus sachalinensis, Aralia elata, Acer 
pseudosieboldianum, Sorbus amurensis, Syringa wolffii, 
Vaccinium species, Rhododendron faurei v. rufescens,  R. 
mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii and Magnolia sieboldii.  
D. 38°09 '  N 128°271  E, 800-1000  m. 
A rich  northern  slope and up the  creek in good moisture  
conditions.  Very vigorous forest of the type mentioned  above  
at C. The  shrub layer is dominated by Acer pseudosieboldianum. 
Magnolia sieboldii  and Thuja koraiensis.  Higher up around  
1000 m rich growths of  Viburnum sargentii, Syringa velutina 
and Deutzia  koreana.  
E. 38°09'  N 128°27' E, 1170-1200  m.  
Northern slope with a mixture of hardwoods and conifers of 
more open character  than below.  Quercus mongolica, Betula  
ermanii, Acer mono and  other maple species dominate.  Pinus  
koraiensis, P. densiflora  and  Abies nephrolepis. A. holophylla 
is totally missing at this station. In the deeper parts of 
the slope Thuja koraiensis  is reaching good dimensions 
(15 m high trees) . 
Climbers, especially  Tripterygium are spinning together the 
29 
rich shrubvegetation which consists  of the same species 
as at C and D. Aralia  elata, Echinopanax horridus and  
Rhodgersia ap. give the  vegetation a  certain  character.  
Rhododendron  faurei  is frequent. 
In the field  layer herbs and grasses are dominated  by  small  
bamboos  (Sasa sp.) as has  been the case also  at all  earlier  
stations. 
F. 38°09 ' N 128°27 ' E, 1250 m. 
Ridge exposed NW rising to small pass at 1350 m. Granite and 
windaffected  Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Betula  
ermanii  and  dense  shrub  layer of Rhododendron  schlippenbachii, 
R. mucronulatum  and  Vaccinium  sp. 
G. 38°08 ' N 128°28 1 E, 1300  m.  
Small valley exposed west, with a small  temple Pong-jung-am 
surrounded  by high sharp granite rocks.  On  the slopes below 
the temple dense hardwood  forest with  Quercus mongolica, 
Acer mono, Cornus controversa  etc. A rather  high proportion 
of Pinus  koraiensis  is growing as a mixture in the oak forest. 
H. 38°07' N 128°29'  E, 1700 m. 
Tae-cheong-bong ("The huge blue") is the highest point, 
1708 m. of Mt. Seolak-san  which in turn is a southern  
extension of the famous Diamond  mountains  now north of the 
38° line.  
Grasses, low  herbs  and a low dense mat of  vegetation cover 
the stony top. Abies nephrolepis, Pinus pumila, Quercus 
mongolica, Betula  ermanii and shrubs such as Acer 
pseudosieboldianum, A. tschonoskii  v. rubripes, Syringa 
wolffii, Vaccinium sp., Salix hallasanensis and several  
Rhododendrons:  schlippenbachii and mucronulatum. 
Climbers like  Tripterygium, Clematis koreana and C. fusca. 
30 
Figure 4. Mt.  Seorak, exposed ridge leading to the top. 
Collecting station  J.  
Photo M.H. 5.9. 1976 (Neg.nr 16/76:2) 
31 
I. 38 07' N 128 29" E, 1620 m. 
A very exposed  and  windy ridge between  Tae-cheong-bong and  
the neighbour top to the  west Chung-chong (1660 m) .  
The vegetation occurs  in two layers with  the "crown-layer"  
height 0.5 -  1 m  consisting of Betula  ermanii, Quercus  
mongolica and  Pinus pumila and  the lower  layer of creeping 
Taxus cuspidata and Thuja koraiensis.  
Among the  shrubs  Syringa woffii. Rhododendron  mucronulatum, 
Crataegus komarovii  and  Salix spp. Rich  flora  of herbs:  
Angelica sp. Synurus deltoides, etc.. 
K. 38°07 ' N 128°29 ' E, 1600 m. 
Slopes of Chung-chong exposed SSE. Vegetation as tall  as man: 
Quercus mongolica, Betula  ermanii, Alnus  sp., Salix  
hallasanensis, Sorbus amurensis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, 
Euonymus sachalinensis, Syringa wolffii, Weigela sp., 
Berberis  amurensis. Rhododendron  mucronulatum and R. 
schlippenbachii, all  spun  together by  Tripterygium regelii. 
The rich  ground layer, which  very much reminds  of Scandinavian  
mountain  birch  forest  near the timber line, is dominated  by 
Angelica sp., Aconitum, Synurus and  others.  
L. 38°08'  N 128°29 1 E, 1660-1500  m.  
Slopes of Mt. Seolak-san  exposed SW and windy. 
On the slope that  lies  just above  the tree-line  there is a 
shrubby  layer of Abies nephrolepis, Thuja koraiensis, Pinus  
pumila, Taxus cuspidata, Betula  ermanii, Quercus mongolica, 
Syringa spp., Lonicera  sp. ,  Acer pseudosieboldianum. 
Rhododendron  mucronulatum  and  R. schlippenbachii. 
Tripterygium and  Clematis  are common. 
Below  1500 m the  forest  is higher and new species in the 
dominantly deciduous  forest are Magnolia sieboldii, Sorbus  
commixta, Rhododendron  faurei. Pinus pumila and  Taxus  
32 
Figure 5. Mt. Seorak. Ground  vegetation between  stations H  
and  J, altit. 1660 m. Pinus pumila, Taxus cuspidata, 
Acer pseudosieboldianum. Thuja koraiensis, Rhodo  
dendron  mucronulatum.  
Photo M.H. 5.9. 1976 (Neg. nr 16/76:4). 
33  
Figure 6 Mt.Seorak. Abies  nephrolepis forming timber  line  
on the SW-slope between  stations J and H. Alti  
tude 1450 m. 
Photo  M.H. 5.9. 1976 (Neg. nr 16/76:6). 
34 
Figure 7. Mt. Seorak  Typical mixed hardwood forest in a  
small  creek at 850 m on the E-slope near Jan-po. 
Quercus mongolica, Betula schmidtii, Carpinus 
laxiflora, Carpinus cordata and Acer mandschuricum  
Photo M.H. 6.9. 1976 (Neg. nr 16/76:10). 
35  
cuspidata have disappeared and been replaced by Pinus  
koraiensis
.
 
Down towards 1400 m occurs in addition Tilia taquetii, Acer 
ukuruduense, Prunus  padus v. glauca, Actinidia  spp. 
The rich  field  layer is growing among others Rhodgersia, 
Cimicifuga, Echinopanax horridus, Clematis fusca v. koreana  
and on the north sides of the  shaded  pieces  of rock Saxifraga 
fortunei
.
 
Below 1400 m Quercus mongolica is forming almost pure stands. 
All over the slope dense Tripterygium-mats makes the walking 
difficult. 
M. 38°08'  N 128°29' E, 1600-1150  m.  
Down along the NE slopes of Mt. Seolak-san from the top So  
chong. 
Very steep slopes with even vegetation. The  tree line  goes on 
the ridge at around  1500 m. Abies  nephrolepis was carrying 
cones up  to 14  50 m but the quality of the  seed could  not be  
controlled.  
On this slope an area burned  by forest fire about 5 years ago. 
Betula, Acer, Prunus maackii, Sambucus, Chosenia  bracteosa, 
Rubus  and  high exemplares of Angelica gigas have invaded the 
burnt area.  
In the partly open  forest along the slope the climbers  
Actinidia  arguta, A. kolomikta, A. polygama and tripterygium 
form, together with Sasa-bamboos  almost impenetrable mats 
between  the trees. 
Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Prunus  serrulata, 
Maackia  amurensis,  Quercus mongolica, Betula ermanii, Magnolia 
sieboldii. Rhododendron  faurei, R. schlippenbachii, Acer 
pseudosieboldianum, Euonymus sachalinensis  and  Thuja 
koraiensis  form the forest. 
36 
Figure 8. Mt. Seorak  River  valley vegetation between  collection  
stations M and N, north of Jan-po. In the foreground 
a large Betula  schmidtii.  
Photo M.H. 6.9.1976 (Neg. nr 16/76:11). 
37 
On the lower part  of the slope grows a 15-20  m high forest  
dominated  by Quercus  mongolica with mixed Pinus  koraiensis, 
Prunus serrulata, Acer mono and big trees of Kalopanax 
pictus. This species  was just flowering at the elevation of  
1300 m. 
The groundlayer as usually dominated  by shrubs of  
Rhododendron  together with Acer tschonoskii  v. rubripes, A. 
pseudosieboldianum, Magnolia sieboldii, Aralia elata and 
others
.
 
N. 38°09'  N 128°29' E, 1130- 480 ra.  
Further  slopes towards NE. At the  foot of the hill  M a level  
plateau with hardwoods: Salix spp., big trees, Alnus  spp., 
Tilia  amurensis, Acer mono, Fraxinus  sp. In the  shrub-layer 
occur Philadelphus schrenckii, Spiraeas, Acer pseudosieboldia  
num, Euonymus raacropterus, Clematis heracleifolia, Actinidias  
and  Tripterygium. 
In the upper part of the main gorge  which  leads  towards  the 
coast, a new vegetation type appears  with Betula schmidtii, 
Carpinus cordata, C. laxiflora and Styrax obassia  as 
characteristic  plants. 
This vegetation type follows  the deep ravines  with  the  
characteristic  steep rocky  sides as seen in pictures from the 
Diamond mountains.  
In the ravine-forest  high trees of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus 
manchurlcum, F. rynchophylla , Acer manchuricum, A. mono, 
Tilia amurensis are appearing and pine trees are creeping up 
on the almost unaccessible places. 
Euonymus, Philadelphus, Deutzia, Lindera  obtusiloba  and  
Magnolia sieboldii  are common. 
On the  steep rockwalls  grows Forsythia ovata (880 m) and  
Parthenocissus  tricuspidata (600 ra) . Gentiana scabra var.  
buergerii f. stenophylla decorates the sides of the narrow 
38 
path along the clear green water forming deep pools. 
Lower down the valley the path broadens  to a tourist road  
and the vegetation shows a marked influence  of the tourist 
traffic
.
 
O. 38°09 1 N 128°30 1 E, 800 m. 
Gweong-geum-seong. A rocky  slope exposed towards  east above  
the end station of the cable-car.  
The vegetation consists  of 1-3 meter high Quercus mongolica 
and Pinus densiflora that grow in crevices  of the rocks.  
P. 38°10 ' N 128°30 1 E, 200  m.  
Temple Shinheug-sa. Flat river  bottom valley with stones, 
gravel and  sand. High forest of Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata  
and Pinus densiflora.  In the crown layer is also mixed Acer 
triflorum, Prunus sp. and Fraxinus manschuricum.  
On the more exposed areas along the  river thick  shrubby 
vegetation with Syringa reticulata, Rhus trichocarpa, R. 
japonica, Xanthoxylum sp. Styrax obassia  and  Lespedeza. 
The ground is covered with Sasa. Again the climbers, 
Aristolochia, Manchuriensis, Celastrus  orbiculatus, Tripte  
rygium regelii and Pueraria thunberghii form a very 
dense 
thicket. 
Higher up on the sides of the valley the soil is richer in 
finer material  and there grows a good high hardwood forest  
with mixture  of some old big fine trees of Abies  holophylla. 
In the crown layer dominate  Quercus, Hovenia dulcis, Populus 
maximowiczii
, Acer triflorum and in the shrub  layer Symplocos 
chinensis, Styrax obassia, Syringa reticulata  and Staphylea 
bumalda.  The always common Sasa is also growing here. 
39 
Figure 9. Garden of the temple Nagsan-sa. In the background 
Cornus controversa.  
Photo M.H. 7.9. 1976 (Neg. nr 17/76:2). 
40 
Q. 38°08 1 N 128°38 ' E, 100 m. 
Temple Nag-san-sa, near the coast of the Japan Sea. 
In the  temple grounds several  planted tree species such 
Diospyrus, Paulownia, Prunus  and  many cultivars.  
The surrounding forest is  dominated  by Pinus densiflora.  
R. 37°44 1 N 128°44 ' E, 1030 m. 
Daegwangryung. On the N-S  water divide not very far from the 
coast.  A high plateau country with severe winters and  much  
snow. Temperature might drop to -  30° -  -33°  C and the  
earliest  frosts occur in  September. Late frosts as late as 
June 2. Rainfall about 1200-1300  mm. 
The topography is  hilly with valleys, creeks  and typical 
frost pockets with dense soil conditions and obviously a 
very rough microclimate.  
Large areas now cleared  for cattle grazing which is causing 
the beginning of erosion.  
Ridge exposed towards  the east with  no further  high hills  
between  this place and  the sea coast.  
Low shrubby vegetation with Taxus cuspidata, Tilia  amuransis,  
Sorbus alnifolia, Quercus mongolica, Sorbus commixta, Cornus  
controversa, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Corylus sp., Rubus  sp. ( 
Rhododendron  schlippenbachii and  dense  climbers  of Vitis 
amurensis and Tripterygium. 
S. 37°45 1 N 128°42'  E, 1000 m. 
Daegwangryung. A typical frost pocket in a round valley bottom 
The surrounding hills  partly covered  with vegetation of shrubs  
The soil is swampy  and the waterlogged banks of a 
small stream  
carry Salix, Alnus, Syringa reticulata  
and smaller shrubs.  
41 
Figure 10. Kyebang-san, Daegwanryung . Highland Wof the water  
divided  near collecting station R. Altitude 1030 m, 
land  partly cleared  for pastures. 
Photo M.H. 8.9. 1976 (Neg. nr 17/76:3). 
42 
On the sogged meadow high herbs  such  as Aconitum spp. ,  
Cimicifuga sp. and grasses grow. They are accompanied by 
small  shrubs e.g. Spiraea miyabei. 
T. 37°43 1 N 128°41' E, 900 m. 
Daegwangryung. A small  rivervalley in  the same area of the  
big cattle farm. High forest of Quercus  mongolica with  
mixed Tilia  amurensis,  Fraxinus  rynchophylla, Carpinus 
cordata, Malus baccata  v. manschurica, Maackia  amurensis, 
Pinus densiflora and Salix koreana. 
Acer mono undergrown by A. pseudosieboldianum, Syringa 
reticulata, Corylus sieboldii,  Lonicera sp. , Viburnum 
sargentii, Weigela subsessilis, Aralia  elata, Rhododendron 
mucronulatum  and R. schlippenbachii. 
U. 37°47'  N 128°34'  E, 850-1550  m. 
Mt. Odae-san. Southern slopes of the  mountain above  the 
temple Sangweon. Old forests around  the temple which is 
managing about 5000  ha forest. 
800-1000  m. Old forest with Betula schmidtii and Abies  
holophylla and a younger  generation of Quercus  mongolica, 
Tilia  sp., Acer mono, Carpinus cordata  and Pinus  koraiensis.  
The  groundvegetation is very dense and uniform and  is 
composed of Acer pseudosieboldianum, Rhododendron mucronulatum 
and R. schlippenbachii. 
1000-1200 ra. Mainly oakforest of Q. mongolica with strong 
mixture of Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis  and a few 
single Kalopanax pictus. In the lower  canopy  mainly Carpinus 
cordata, Acer mono, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tegmentosum, 
A. barbinerve, A. tschonoskii  v, rubripes, Prunus serrulata, 
Pyrus  ussuriensis, Rhhododendron  schlippenbachii and Sasa. 
Single individuals  of the endemic Hanabusaya appear  along the 
path . 
43  
Figure 11. Weol-jong, near temple Wolchong-san. Preparing 
for the day's work  after a good night at the local  
inn
.
 
Photo  M.H. 9.9.1976 (Neg. nr 17/76:4). 
44  
1200 m. Old high forest of Quercus  mongolica with  single 
magnificent trees of Kalopanax pictus and Tilia  amurensis.  
Lower canopy of Acer mono, A. pseudosieboldianum and in the 
shrub layer mainly Rhododendron  schlippenbachii, R. 
mucronulatum and  in some places  Viburnum wrightii. 
1350 m. Low forest of the  species mentioned  above and in 
addition  Malus  baccata  v. manschurica, Prunus  padus v. glauca, 
Corylus sieboldiana, Euonymus sachalinensis  and Viburnum 
sargentii. Rich  flora of climbers  such  as Tripterygium and 
Clematis
.
 
As the forest becomes  lower  the ground vegetation increases  
in richness  and the general view reminds very much  of the 
herbvegetation in the Scandinavian birch  forest at high 
altitudes
.
 
White and  blue Aconitum, Synurus,  Circium  coreana, Lychnis  
dahurica, Cimicifugas and  other herbs are common. 
V. 37°48' N 128°34 '  E, 1563-1200  m. 
Top of Mt. Odae-san. A dense shrubby forest of Quercus mongo  
lica, Betula  ermanii, Abies nephrolepis, Pinus  koraiensis, 
Acer pseudosieboldianum, A. tschonoskii, Malus  baccata  v. 
mandschurica, Sorbus  commixta, Syringa wolfii, Weigela 
subsessilis, Viburnum  sargentii, Berberis amurensis, Spiraea 
miyabei, Prunus  padus  v. glauca, Symplocos chinensis, Rhamnus  
davurica, Vaccineum koreanum, Rhododendron  schlippenbachii,  
R. mucronulatum, Tripterygium regelii and  Clematis ochotensis.  
The ridge from the  top of Mt. Odae-san  towards the next top 
(1483 m) 2 km NE, consists  of rich fine soil material with 
few  rocks  and  stones. The relatively moist  site is covered  
with hardwood  f&rest, heights up  to 15 m, with single 
individuals  of old  trees of Betula  ermanii, Malus baccata,  
Tilia  amurensis  and  Quercus mongolica. A very large Pyrus  
ussuriensis, certainly more than 100 years  old, with  rich  
fruit setting and the trunk covered with the  fern  Lepiosurus 
45 
Figure 12.  Mt. Odae. Having lunch  at the top, alt. 1565 m. 
Photo M.H. 9.9.1976  (Neg.nr 17/76:6). 
46 
Figure 13. Mt. Odae. A very old Taxus  cuspidata growing on 
the top ridge of Mt. Odae, altitude 1500 m. 
Photo M.H. 9.9.1976 (Neg. nr 17/76:11). 
47 
thunbergianus. Scattered in  this forest  grow very  old  trees  
of Taxus  cuspidata, one of them measuring nearly 1 m in 
diameter  at  breast  height. A few Abies nephrolepis. In the 
ground layer, in addition to those species  mentioned above,  
occurs Magnolia sieboldii.  
The soil  is covered  with  a very dense vegetation of high 
herbs  such  as Cimicifuga spp., Aconitum  spp., Ligularla sp. 
Lychnis sp. and  Angelica. 
The road down from the top goes  along a stony southern  slope 
with a high forest  of Quercus mongolica, Mixed in the oak 
forest grow Fraxinus  sp. , 
Betula  ermanii, Acer mono, A. 
triflorum, A. pseudosieboldianum, Sorbus  commixta and  
Corylus sieboldiana.  
Along the forest  road  below 1200 m grows a rich forest  with 
Abies holophylla, Cornus controversa  and  Kalopanax pictus.  
X. 37°35* N 128°18'  E, 850  m. 
Southern slope of Mt. Taegi-san, on sandstone.  A valley ex  
posed S where  the  old forest has  been cut. Some single 
trees  of old  Quercus  mongolica, Acer  mono  and  Tilia  sp. are 
still  standing. 
In the  coppice of the same species occurs  also  Quercus  denta  
ta. The dominating small trees and shrubs  are Acer 
pseudosieboldianum, Magnolia sieboldii, Aralia  elata, 
Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Lespedeza spp., Deutzia glabrata, 
D. parvifolia and Rhododendron  schlippenbachii. 
The rich growth of climbers  forming an unpenetrable net  
among the shrubs  consists of Tripterygium, Actinidia  arguta, 
A. polygama, A.kolomikta, Schizandra chinensis and Vitis 
amurensis. 
48 
Figure  14.  Mt. Odae. Ground  vegetation on top of Mt. Odae, 
station V, altitude 1480 m. Synurus deltoides, 
Circium  coreanum. Aeoniturn  ushiyamay, A.pseudo  
laeve, Lychnis dahurica etc.  
Photo  M.H. 9.9. 1976 (Neg.nr 17/76:12) 
49 
Y. 37°39 '  N 128°10 ' E, 500 m. 
Near the  road  east of Byeongmu-san. A narrow valley with  a 
small  river  at the bottom, granite, stones and  gravel along 
the river.  
Open forest  with shrubs: Quercus mongolica, Betula  ermanii, 
B. schmidtii, Ulmus spp. , Carpinus cordata, C. laxiflora, 
Acer mono, A. ginnala, Fraxinus  sp. , Cornus controversa,  
Styrax obassia  and Pinus  densiflora.  
The shrub  vegetation along the river  is dominated  by Euonymus 
sachalinensis, Deutzia parvifolia. Magnolia sieboldii, Philadel 
phus scaber  and Acer pseudosieboldianum. 
The shrubs are decorated  with climbing plants: Vitis amurensis,  
Actinidia  spp., Clematis  trichotoma, C. mandschurica, Smilax  
sieboldii  and Dioscorea  quinqueloba. 
Z. 37°42' N 128°27 1 E, 1000 m. 
Along the pass road from Chang-chon-ri across Mt. Gyebang  
san, 3,5 km from the top towards  SW.  Northern  slopes of the  
mountain  with high forest on steep slopes exposed NNW. 
Very few  shrubs  in  the  ground layer. Quercus mongolica is 
dominating and other important species are Fraxinus ryncho  
phylla, Ulmus sp. , 
Acer mono and Cornus  controversa.  
Single trees of Abies holophylla, Kalopanax pictus and 
Juglans mandschurica . 
At the top of the pass  (1100-1150  m) a belt of land formerly 
subject to shifting cultivation, surrounded  by forest of 
Quercus mongolica together with  Acer mono, A. pseudosie  
boldianum  and Sorbus alnifolia.  Under  the trees  grows 
Rhododendron schlippenbachii. 
On the former fields  grow a few  shrubs: Weigela sp., Philadel  
phas and  Tripterygium in a rich herb -  and grassvegetation. 
50 
Figure 15. Kyebang-san, pass  3 1/2 km SW of  Mt. Gyebang. 
Station  Z-W, altitude  1150 m. Different  stages of 
vegetation after the fields of shifting cultiva  
tion have been abandoned.  
Photo M.H. 11.9.1976 (Neg. nr 18/76:5). 
51 
Mischantus  sp., Angelica gigas, Lilium  tslngtauense. 
Astllbe  spp., Filipendula palmata, Lysimachia sp., Iris 
nertschinskiana  and Arisaema amurense are the most frequent 
elements of this flora. 
W. 37°41 ' N 128°28 ' E, 800  m. 
Along the road south  of the pass  across Mt. Gyebang-san. 
A sandy  ravine  broadening towards  south. Open hardwood  forest 
with  islands  of Pinus densiflora, especially  along the  small  
river, and  single trees of Abies  holophylla. In addition  
Fraxinus  rynchophylla, Acer mono, A. pseudosiebodianum, 
Euonymus sachalinensis, Salix spp. , Alnus sp. , Sasa and many  
climbers
.
 
OC.  37°12 ' N 128°27 1 E, 210 m. 
Kalgul, along the river, 8 km from Yeong-wol. Limestone  hills 
of 30-50 m relative  height. Dry soil  with coppice of Quercus  
dentata, Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, Euonymus alata, Eleangnus 
umbellata.  Viburnum  burjaeticum, Abelia  koreana, Spiraea 
trichocarpa and Clematis brachyura.  
(3 37°09 1 N 128°51' E, 850  m.  
Mt. Taebaek-san,  Se-song. North slope c. BkmKW of the  
top  of Mt. Taebaek (1546  m). Heavy rain  and high wind caused 
by a taifun from the Japan Sea prevented us from going 
higher up the slopes of Mt. Taebaek-san.  
Limestone rocks  and granite around a small creek with much 
gravel. The slope is very steep and the vegation shrubby  
as a result of  coppicing for fuelwood.  A few trees higher 
than sm.  Pinus densiflora  and P. koraiensis  and single trees 
of old Abies  holophylla and Pyrus ussuriensis.  
In the  scrublayer young plants of Zelkowa serrata, Betula  
schmidtii, Carpinus spp. , Fraxinus rynchophylla and  F.  sie  
boldiana.  
52 
Figure 16.  Near Mt. Sogri. The  Jeong-i-pum Pine.  According  to 
the legend of Yeonsong this old pine tree (Pinus  
densiflora) "lifted  its boughs to make  way  for 
King Sejo (A.D. 1455-1468). Pleased by  this 
tribute, the King awarded the tree the senior  
grade of the 2nd Court  rank, "Jeong-i-pum" ".  
This rank is still respected to-day and the tree 
a National  Monument. 
Photo  M.H. 16.9.1976 (Neg.nr 19/76:1). 
53  
The  shrub vegetation is rich and consists  of Euonymus spp. ,  
Spiraea spp., Lespedeza spp,, Deutzia spp., Viburnum  carlesii, 
Abelia koreana, Philadelphus spp. , Weigela spp. , Acer pseudo  
sieboldianum, Corylus sieboldiana, Magnolia sieboldii, Rhus  
japonica, R. trichocarpa and  Rhamnus  schneiderii.  
The  clibers are well developed, and among 
others Actinidia  
spp., Aristolochia mandschuriensis, Clematis  serratifolia ,  
Tripterygium and Dioscorea are common. 
if. 38°08 ' N 128°44 'E, 450 m. 
Nokcheon-ni, c. 34 km from Yeong-wol. Narrow pass at  the 
road  where  the river  and the  road  break  through a steep 
rocky  hill.  Among  the pure rocks  of the  slopes Pinus densi  
flora grows  up to the top of the hill.  Coppice of Quercus  
aliena,  Q. dentata and Ulmus sp. . Rhododendron  micrantum is 
growing on the slopes and the moist rock-faces  are partly 
covered  with Parthenocissus tricuspidata. 
Second  collecting tour to central, southeastern  and southern  
parts of  the Korean mainland.  
AA. 36°33 1 N 127°51' E, 500-850  ra. 
Mt. Sogri-san, western slope on granite above the temple 
Pop-ju .  
Rich  deciduous forest with single conifers, old large Pinus  
densiflora.  Quercus-Carpinus forest  with Q. aliena, Q. 
serrata, Carpinus cordata and C. laxiflora.  Fraxinus  
runchophylla, Zelkowa serrata, Stewartia koreana,  Acer  mono, 
Ilex macropoda, and Acer pseudosieboldianum. 
Very rich  shrub  layer with Wuonymus oxyphylius, Styrax obas  
sia, Magnolia sieboldii, Desmodium  oldhamii  and  climbers  
such as Actinidia spp. , Smilax china, Akebia quinata, Vitis 
amurensis and  Tripterygium regelii. The ground is totally 
covered with Sasa purpurascens .  
54 
AB. 36°33 ' N 127°51 1  E, 550-850  m. 
Mt. Sogri-san. Steep slope (45°  -  50°)  with  stones and very  
little  topsoil in a deep gorge with a small stream at the 
bottom. Rich deciduous forest of  a moist fresh type dominated  
by  Carpinus laxiflora mixed with  C. cordata, Zelkowa, Quercus  
aliena, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. mongolica, Prunus  
serrulata and  Fraxinus  rynchophylla.  
In the scarce understorey growth of Ilex macropoda, Styrax 
obassia, Rhus trichocarpa, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lindera  
obtusiloba  and L. erythrocarpa . 
At 600 m the vegetation changes to a Quercus mongolica 
forest  with a lower  layer poor in species. Single trees of 
Cornus controversa,  Styrax  obassia, Ilex macropoda, Pinus  
densiflora  and small  Magnolia sieboldii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, 
Symplocos sp. , Acer pseudosieboldianum 
and Maackia  amurensis.  
Shrubs  of Rhododendron  mucronulatum, R.  schlippenbachii,  
Stephanandra incisa  and  Corylus  sieboldiana.  The ground is  
covered by Sasa.  
At 700 m a rich mixture of Betula schmidtii  in the oak 
forest. Some Magnolia sieboldii  where  the oaks are not too 
dense
.
 
At the small temple Kwanum-am (850 m) in  rocky  terrain, 
Pinus  densiflora, Sorbus  alnifolia, Cornus  controversa,  
Euonymus oxyphyllus and Betula  chinensis.  
AC. 36°32 ' N 1 27°50 1  E, 500  m. 
Mt. Sogri-san, near temple Pop-ju. Dry  granite ridge with 
sand and pine forest. (At the lower slopes of this ridge 
grows the rich  deciduous 
forest described  at AA.) High forest  
55 
Figure 17. Mt.  Doekyu. Abies  koreana  growing on the eastern  
slopes of the mountain  at an altitude of 1450 m. 
Photo M.H. 18.9. 1976 (Neg. nr  19/76:6) 
.
 
56  
of  Pinus  densiflora  under  which a shrubby layer of  Juniperus 
rigida, Vaccinum oldhamii, Fraxinus  sieboldiana, 
Rhododendron mucronulatum  and R. schlippenbachii
.
 
AD. 35°5 1' N 1 27°45 ' E, 850-1550  m.  
Mt. Daekyu-san, starting from  the  temple Paekyeon-sa (890  m) . 
Along a small stream the dominating vegetation is a Quercus-  
Carpinus forest with Quercus mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. 
serrata, Carpinus cordata  and C. laxiflora.  Other trees are 
Betula  davurica  and  Kalopanax pictus.  In the shrub  layer, 
which  is fairly  dense, grows  Lindera  obrusiloba, L.  
erythrocarpa, Rhododendron  schlippenbachii and  in thick 
shrubbery along the stream R. yedoense v. poukhanense. 
At 1000 m. oak forest: Quercus mongolica with Betula ermanii, 
B. schmidtii, B. platyphylla, B. costata, Kalopanax pictus, 
Maackia  amurensis and Prunus serrulata. 
The shrub layer is dominated  by Acer pseudosieboldianum, 
Rhododendron  mucronulatum  and  R. schlippenbachii. Lindera  
obtusiloba, Rhus trichocarpa, Vaccinium  oldhamii, 
Stephanandra incisa  and  Symplocos chinensis  are common. 
This oak forest grows on an exposed ridge 
and is poorer  in 
the species composition than the more vigorous type of 
forest that grows higher up at 1350 m where the ridge levels  
out and continues  in an even slope. Low bamboos  (Sasa  sp.) 
and climbers  form a dense  mat together with the understorey 
of shrubs  such  as Magnolia sieboldii  and Acer pseudosiebol  
dianum.  The stand is not  very dense  and  broad  crowned  trees  
of Quercus  mongolica, Fraxinus  mandschurica , F. rynchophylla ,  
Acer mono, Betula ermanii, Sorbus commixta grow together 
with good specimens of Taxus  cuspidata and Abies koreana. 
Here and there are small  groups  of Picea jezoensis. 
At 1450 m the tree line is reached and the vegetation is not 
higher than about 3  m with the exception of a few conifers, 
mainly old and  partly dried  Taxus and  Abies  koreana.  In the 
shrub layer Abies  koreana shows good regeneration. The  
57 
Figure 18. Mt. Doekyu. Different  forms of cones of  Abies  
koreana,  one blue  and one green, found by professor  
T.B.Lee. 
Photo M.H. 18.9. 1976 (Neg.nr  19/76:8). 
58 
dominating species are Betula  ermanii, Quercus mongolica, 
Salix  hallasanensis  v. longifolia, Magnolia sieboldii, Acer 
pseudosieboldianum, A. tschonoskii  v. rubripes, Sorbus  
commixta, Lonicera  spp. , Weigela subsessilis, Viburnum  
sargentii, Syringa velutina, Rhododendron  mucronulatum and  
R. schlippenbachii. 
Rich growth of Tripterygium regelii and Sasa sp. makes the 
penetration of the vegetation very difficult. Here  and  
there among  the shrubs  grow stunted  trees of Pinus  
koraiensis.  
This vegetation type continues  all  the way up 
to the at 
1594  m. The  tree line is lower on the southern side of the 
mountain  than  on the other sides. There is more Pinus 
koraiensis  on the southern  slopes but on the northern  
side Quercus mongolica is more common. 
Down at the foot of the mountain  near the Paekyeon-sa 
temple grows a very old  and  big pear  tree from which  
fruits were collected (Nr. AD 375). 
AE. 35°55 1 N 127°46' E, 500 m. 
North  slope of Mt. Daekyu-san along a river.  Dense 
hardwood forest with several species of oak, Cornus  kousa, 
Styrax japonica, Zelkowa sp.. Ligustrum obtusifolium and  
Rhododendron  yedoense v. poukhanense grow along the 
riverbanks.  
AF. 35°00 1 N 127°46'  E, 100 m. 
A solitary  mountain  near the city  of  Taegu. Site of  a 
natural  stand  of Thuya orientalis  protected as a Natural 
Monument (Nr.  1). Collection  numbers 399 b, c and d. 
Under the same station AF collections  where also made at 
two other localities: 
59 
AF. 35°47 1 N 129°21' E, 200-500 m.  
The area around  Pulguk-sa, and  
AF. 35°59 ' N 1 28°46 ' E, 500-1050 m. 
Mt. Palgong-san where  the collections  mainly were made around  
the temple Pudo-am at 800 m. Near the temple stands of 
Cephalotaxus koreana.  On the ridges the forest  consists of 
Pinus  densiflora  and  Quercus  mongolica mixed  with  Betula 
schmidtii  and Sorbus commixta. 
In the lower layer Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. 
schlippenbachii
,
 Vaccinium  koreanum and  Fraxinus sieboldiana  
are common. 
On the less exposed slopes where  the ground is moister the 
dominating forest is composed of Carpinus and oak (Carpinus 
laxiflora, C. cordata  and  Quercus mongolica). Single trees 
of Prunus serrulata, Alnus hirsuta, Ilex macropoda and 
Magnolia sieboldii  are mixed  with the Carpinus-forest. 
Aralia  elata and Rhododendron schlippenbachii form the dense 
shrub layer. 
At the top (1050 m) ,  a windexposed granite rock,  a small  
growth of Betula  chinensis, about 2 meter high, was  holding 
stand above a ground layer of Vaccinium  koreanum. 
In the crevices many herbs  were growing, among them Astilbe  
koreana, Hosta minor  and Chrysanthemum zawadskii.  
AG. 35°19' N 1 28°4 4 1  E, 850-1900  m. 
Mt. Jiri-san, approached from the southeastern  part of the 
massif. 
The vegetation around the highest part of the mountain  
(1915 m) consists of low shrubby forest  of Abies koreana, 
Picea jezoensis, Pinus  koraiensis  and  Betula ermanii.  
60 
In mixture  with  these species grow Acer pseudosieboldianum, 
Weigela subsessilis, Syringa velutina  v. palibiniana, 
Vaccinium  koreanum, Rhododendron  mucronulatum, R. 
schlippenbachii, R.  tschonoskii, Clematis  chiisanensis  
and Tripterygium regelii. 
The vegetation changes little  along the narrow ridge from 
the top and down to 1600 m. Scattered trees  of Abies  
koreana  -  which does not grow  below c. 1600 m -  under 
c. 10 meter high Quercus mongolica forest, or in shrubby  
growths together wigh Betula  ermanii, Acer mono, A. 
pseudosieboldianum. Rhododendron  mucronulatum and R. 
schlippenbachii. In the oak forest there are also Stuartia  
koreana and many species of Clematis.  
From a small  temple (1400 m) along a sheltered  creek down 
to c. 1250  m grows  high forest  of  Quercus  mongolica and 
Acer mono with Stuartia koreana  and Phellodendron  amurense. 
The shrubs  of Acer pseudosieboldianum and  Rhododendron  
schlippenbachii are densely covered with climbers  such  
as Tripteryqium, Actinidia  spp. ,  Clematis  heracleifolia  and 
others. 
From 1200 m to 900 m there  is a steep ridge exposed south, 
where  the forest  has  been cut  and the coppice in some 
places has been  replanted with Japanese larch. Among the 
rocks  Quercus  mongolica. Rhododendron  schlippenbachii and  
Lespedeza spp. are growing. 
Below 900 m the forest changes to a more warmth-demanding 
vegetation with Styrax  japonica, Stuartia koreana, Lindera  
obtusiloba, L. erythrocarpa and  several species of Quercus. 
Luxuriant  climbers, Smilax spp., Clematis  apiifolia, Vitis 
flexuosa  and Actinidia  spp.,  cover the lower vegetation. 
The ground is very  stony and  along the small streams at the 
foot of the mountain  Rhododendron  yedoense v. poukhanense 
forms large stands.  It seems  that this species is very de  
pendent on moist grounds in order  to grow well.  
61 
AH. 35°17 1  N 1 27°38 ' E, 600-850  m. 
Mt. Jiri-san, southwestern  slopes and  a valley at Pyok-so  
ryong.  
In the lower parts, fields  have  been  roded  and rice  grows  
along the road, whereas  beans, Polygonum and  other crops  
climb the steeper fields  on the slopes. 
The forest is a mixture of trees and shrubs: Pinus densi  
flora, Quercus serrata, Pyrus  ussuriensis, Castanea crenata,  
Phellodendron amurense, Stuartia  koreana, Syringa reticula  
ta, Euonymus sieboldiana, Aralia  elata, Rosa multiflora  and 
Rhododendron yedoense v. poukhanense. 
Around 850 m  along a new road  going up  across mountain, 
there  is a dense shrub-  and climbervegetation under  an 
open forest of Zelkowa serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus  
mongolica, Q. serrata, Cornus controversa, Stuartia koreana 
and a few Meliosma  myriantha. 
The shrub layer is dominated  by  Euonymus oxyphyllus,  Lindera  
obtusiloba, L. erythrocarpa , Styrax japonica, Clerodendron  
thrichotomanes  and  everything is woven together by Ampe  
lopsis  brevipendunculata v. citrulloides , Vitis flexuosa, 
V. amurensis, Tripterygium
,
 Celastrus  stephanitifolius 
and others. Third collecting tour to the island  of Cheju-do 
(Quelpart) . 
BA. 33°28 1 N 126°52 1 E, 50 m.  
Cheju-do island.  Forest  of Torreya nucifera, about 500 
years old.  Among the Torreyas grow Acer palmatum, Viburnum  
awabuki, Cornus  controversa, Ligustrum japonicum and  
Clerodendron  trichotomanes . The  climbers are  represented by 
Hedera rhombea, Parthenocissus  tricuspidata, Hydrangea 
petiolaris and  Akebia quinata. Here,  as over whole  island, 
the soil is  volcanic. 
62 
Figure 19.  Cheju-do, Mt. Halla.  Abies  koreana  and  Taxus  
cuspidata growing at 1700  m on the  W-side  of the  
mountain, station BC.Dense  low shrubs of  Rhodo  -  
dendron mucronulatum,R.yedoense v.poukhanense ,  
and  mat-forming groups  of  Juniperus chinensis  v. 
sargentii. 
Photo M.H. 28.9.1976 (Neg.nr .2l/76:5). 
63 
88. 33°22 1 N 1 26°28 ' E, 1000 m.  
Mt. Halla-san, at the highest point of the western cross  
road.  Low hardwood  forest and  pastures with  dense thorny 
shrubs. The soil  is dense, moist and  rich in fine material.  
On drier parts along the road  grows Pinus  thunbergii which  
might be planted. The shrubby forest  consists of Quercus  
mongolica, Carpinus spp. and  Sorbus  alnifolia.  The shrubbery 
it self  is formed  of  Acer pseudosieboldianum, Styrax  japonica, 
Cornus  kousa, Malus  asiatica  v.  wrightii, Photinia  glabra, 
Symplocos sp. ,  Vaccinium  oldhamii  
-  height to 2 m 
Viburnum  furcatum, V.  erosum, V. erosum v. taquetii, 
Eleagnus umbellata, Euonymus alata, Ligustrum ovalifolium, 
Rosa maximowiczii , lies crenata, Maackia  faurei, Rhododendron 
yedoense v. poukhanensen and  Taxus  cuspidata. 
Smilax china, Tripterygium, Euonymus fortunei  v. radicans, 
Akebia  quinata and Hydrangea petiolaris grow among the 
shrubs.  In the ground flora there are many thistles, Senecio  
and  Ligularia japonica and  even familiar  northern  plants such  
as Parnassia  can be seen where  the ground is moist. 
Where the forest  is dense, Carpinus tschonoskii, C. laxiflora  
and Quercus mongolica form the high forest  with  Cornus kousa. 
Viburnum  furcatum, Prunus  serrulata, Hydrangea serrata and 
a few Daphniphyllum and  Rhododendron weyrichii in the 
understorey . 
BC. 33°22'  N 126°30-32'  E, 1300-1900  m.  
Mt. Halla-san.  On the south and southwestside  of the mountain  
the Carpinus-Quercus forest continues  to about 1250 m. Abies  
koreana  is seen as a mixture from 1200 m. Cornus  kousa  is 
very common up to the tree line  on the exposed southern side.  
From the tree line  the vegetation changes into pasture-like 
meadows  with a low flora of shrubs  and herbs:  Stephanandra 
Ilex crenata, Taxus  cuspidata,  Cimicifuga taquetii. Aster sp. ,  
Astilbe  chinensis  v.  davidii, Pedicularis  sp. and  others. 
64 
Figure 20. Cheju-do, Mt. Halla.  Alpine forest consisting of  
Abies koreana  and  Betula ermanii  at an altitude  
of 1750 m and exposed N. Station BC. 
Photo  M.H. 28.9.1976  (Neg.  nr 21/76:6). 
65 
On the northern  slopes the mixed coniferous-hardwood  forest 
with Abies koreana, Taxus  cuspidata, Sorbus  commixta and  
Betula ermanii  reaches  very near the top of the old volcano.  
Onwards from 1400 m there is a broad  ridge towards the 
very steep wall which  surrounds the old crater (1700-1900  m) 
This ridge is partly covered  with a low shrub vegetation 
consisting of  Rhododendron  mucronulatum, R. yedoense v. 
poukhanense and mixing with Taxus  cuspidata, Abies koreana  
and Juniperus chinensis v. sargentii. Alternating with the 
lower shrubs  are somewhat higher groups of Abies, Sorbus, 
Betula, Taxus, Malus asiatica, Magnolia sieboldii  together 
with Vaccinium japonicum, Lonicera  chrysanta, Hydrangea 
serrata, Weigela subssessilis , Rosa  multiflora  and  
climbers  such as Hydrangea petiolaris, Euonymus fortunei  
v. radicans, Clematis  koreana and  Tripterygium regelii. 
On the inside  of the old crater there is a meadow around 
the small lake at the bottom and the walls are covered 
with a mixture of Abies koreana, Taxus cuspidata, Betula  
ermanii  and  Juniperus chinensis  v. sargentii. There  are 
also the same species of Rhododendron  as on the outside.  
BD. 33°23'  N 126°32-35 1 E, 1950-1000 ra. 
Mt. Halla-san, eastern side. From the rim of the crater  to  
1800 m the boulder  field is covered with mats of Juniperus, 
Taxus, Empetrum and Rhododendron.  
Below 1800 m the forest begins again, and is at first 
dominated  by Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata. This  forest  
changes down the slope into hardwood forest with the same 
species as mentioned  under  BC.  
From about 1200, m the forest changes into a pure hardwood  
forest with Betula, Quercus and Sorbus and in addition  
Prunus  serrulata  v. spontanea, Cornus kousa,  Carpinus spp. ,  
many Euonymus alata, Photinia, Malus  asiatica and  Vaccinium.  
The  ground is covered with Sasa.  
66 
Figure 21.  Cheju-do, Mt. Halla.  Mixed forest on the east slope,  
station BD, altitude 1650 m. Abies koreana, Sorbus  
commixta, Taxus cuspidata, Euonymus alatus, Weigela,  
Rhododendron mucronulatum, and  Vaccineum.  
Photo  M.H. 28.9. 1976 (Neg. nr 21/76:10). 
67 
Figure 22. Cheju-do, Mt. Halla.  Hardwood  forest on the eastern 
slope of  Mt. Halla  at an altitude  of  1300 m, 
station  BD. This  mixed  forest is dominated  by  
Quercus monqolica, Cornus  kousa,Carpinus tchonoskii, 
Acer pseudosieboldianum. Hydrangea serrata, H. 
petiolaris.The shrub layer includes Euonymus  
alatus, Weigela and  bamboos.  
Photo  M.H. 28.9 1976 (Neg.nr  21/76:11). 
68 
Still  further down  the slope the forest changes into  
pure Carpinus forest with very little or no shrubs.  
BE. 33°21 1  N 1 26°28 1 E, 1000-900  m.  
This is the same station as 88. somewhat  extended down the 
road to about 900 m. 
In the forest  grows  increasing numbers of Rhododendron  wey  
richii  and a very  peculiar variety  of Hydrangea petiolaris 
with  very toothed  leaves. A description of  this variety  has  
not yet been found in the literature. 
BF. 33°23 1  N 1 26°37 ' E, 800 m. 
Mt. Halla-san, eastern side.  
Forest  with a mixture of Carpinus and  Quercus. The 
dominating species  is C. tschonoskii.  In the shrub  layer 
the main species are Dapniphyllum and  Cornus  kousa.  
Rhododendron  weyrichii, Meliosma  myriantha, Sapium 
japonicum, Prunus  serrulata  and Ilex crenata  are common.  
On ground which  is a little  drier Maackia  faurei  grows  
together wiht  Cornus  kousa surrounded by  a shrub layer in  
which  Ilex crenata is dominating. 
BG. 33°1 5'  N 1 26°22 ' E, 50 m. 
Southern  coast  of Cheju-do. Subtropical vegetation with  
many evergreens  in  a sheltered  valley near Jungmun. 
Other collecting localities.  
BH. 36°49 1 N 126°09'  E, 0-50 m.  
Chuuli-po on the  west coast of Korea around  the Arboretum 
of Mr. Carl Ferris Miller.  
The area consists of low mountains  (100-150 m) with pine 
and oak forests. In the valleys rice is grown. The hills  
69 
form steep slopes along the coast with sandy beaches and  
dunes in between. The  many islands  are covered  with pine 
forest and the understorey is Carpinus coreana.  Vitex 
rotundifolia  and Rosa rugosa  grow on sands along the shore.  
On uncultivated  land in the valleys there are Tilia  coreana, 
Paulownia  koreana, Kolreuteria  paniculata, Platycaria 
strobilaceae
, Campylotropis macrocarpa,  Grewia  sp., Rubus  
triphyllis, Coceolus  trilobus, Berberis  koreana, Meliosma  
oldhamii and others. 
CA. 37°35 1 N 1 27°03 1 E, 50 m. 
Seoul city. Seed  samples  obtained  from the  Arboretum  of the  
Forest Research  Institute. Some samples bought as fruits 
in the city  market are also listed  under  this station. 
DA. 37°47 ' N 127°37' E, 200-300 m. 
Chun-cheon, Kuri-po. A small valley south of Chun-cheon 
along the Han river.  
Northern  slopes covered  with hardwood  forest, mainly Quer  
elas mongolica and  Q. aliena.  Plantations of Larix  leptolepis 
and Pinus  koraiensis.  Shrubs such as Deutzia  spp. , Phila  
delphus spp. ,  Calicarpa sp. ,  Rosa spp. and  Clematis  are 
common. Along a small stream in the bottom of the valley 
many Crataegus, Malus and Salix.  
70 
MATERIAL COLLECTED 
The total number  of samples collected  by the expedition is 
765. 
Of these 141 are from coniferous  trees, 223 from hardwoods, 
343 from shrubs  and climbers  and 58 from  other plants. 
The  material consists  mainly of seed samples because  due  to 
the field  work conditions  there were little  possibilities 
for collection  and storage of living plants and cuttings 
and  it was not  possible to reach air freight or other shipping 
facilities in short times. 
A few samples of cuttings survived, however,  the strain 
of prolonged car transport and inadequate storage and were  
taken home when the members of the expedition returned.  
The  efforts of the expedition were concentrated  on trees and 
shrubs but  seeds of herbaceous  plants were collected  only 
occasionally. When forest trees of possible value  for 
tree breeding were collected  samples were usually taken from 
single trees and kept  separate. These  individual  collections  
were noted in the seed list with sublettering a, b, c... 
Herbarium  specimens were taken from most of the collected  
numbers.  This material  was  compared at Seoul with  reference  
material  of the F.R.I, and  we  tried as far  as possible to 
verify the indentification  notes made in the field.  
The detailed list of  the material  collected is seen in  
Appendix 1.  
The same data  have  also been published separately in the 
"Seed List 1976, Seed from S.Korea" by the Forest  Research  
Institute, Forest  tree breeding station, 01590  MAISALA, 
Finland.  
71 
HANDLING AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS AND PLANTS 
Seeds  were collected  in paperbags or nylon-net bags  in the 
field  since  plastic bags proved to dense  and  samples in  them 
were frequently taking molds  and rot. 
Samples were not usually opened en route due to the tight 
scheme of travelling but  when returning from the field  
trip the lots were ventilated  and dried  at the headquarters 
in Seoul.  
Berries  and  fruits were cleaned  from their fleshy organs, 
washed  and  dried.  During the warm and  sometimes  humid  
conditions  of transport it could not, however, sometimes 
be  avoided that mold or rot destroyed samples. 
It seems, that in the conditions  of early autumn in Korea 
a rapid handling of the seed lots, using permanent headquarter 
staff provided with  cleaning and storage facilities  would  
improve the work of a collecting expedition. 
Sometimes it was necessary  to collect  seeds that were not 
quite ripe, because a return to the locality was  not 
possible. In such cases some of the germination power  
might have been lost and further  collectors should study  
the ripening conditions  an possibilities for after-ripening 
of the seeds of important species such as Magnolia sieboldii.  
Dry  seeds  were packed in  dried  paper  bags and  cones in 
nylon net  and packed tight in wooden boxes  which, when full, 
were sent home by ships provided with cold stores for the 
passage through tropical waters.  
All boxes arrived at  Copenhagen in the beginning of December  
72 
1976 and between the 11. - 14. of this month the seeds were 
unpacked, checked  and  distributed  to the four participating 
countries
.
 
Seed lots were given permanent seed numbers  (the G-numbers 
of the seed  list) and  seed  register cards were set up  for 
each lot. 
A seed list was made in the winter of 1976-77 and sent out  
to 78 institutions in 12 different countries.  
Of these institutions 39 from 14 countries  returned orders  
for seed and a total of 3 310 lots of material  has been 
distributed by  1978. 
Due  to lack  of space  and  working capacity  all  samples  could  
not be sown in the same place  and  the Scandinavian  material  
was therefore  divided  according to climatological conditions  
and to particular interests. Some of the material  is still  
in the stage of  strajtification since  the germination rate  
for some species  was very low at 
the beginning. 
When plants have  been obtained, the plant material is  
registered on plant cards for each lot  and these cards 
contain  also information  about the further distribution  of 
the plants. 
Inventories  and records  of germination have  been kept  in all  
stations growing the material  in the Nordic  countries.  
As mentioned  above, herbarium  material  was also collected.  
The herbarium  plants were as well as possible dried  en 
route and stored  at the headquarters until  they could  be 
sent home with the seed boxes.  
The  mainherbarium  collection  has been given to the Botanical  
Museum, University of  Helsinki  and the Botanical  Museum 
73 
University of Uppsala where it will be included  in the 
museum's collections  and be disposable for  scientists  
interested  in the Korean flora. Smaller  herbaria  are given 
to the Arboretum  HjzSrsholm and  the Agricultural High School, 
As. 
It is intended  that further herbarium  specimens will  be 
collected  from the material  grown, in order  to provide for 
studies  about variation  within the species. 
74 
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER  ACTIVITIES 
The conditions  in  Korea are to a high degree suitable  for the  
evolution  of geographical varieties.  
In our material  there is already at the nursery  stage indi  
cations that for instance in the Rhododendron  species there 
are provenances  with  distinct  habits  on the different  
mountains where  these species were collected. 
The same might be  the case for many 
of the other widely 
distributed trees and shrubs.  
The material  now growing in the nurseries  should  therefore, 
whenever  possible, be the object of provenance  experiments 
for  which the different localizations  of the Nordic arboreta  
provide a great  opportunity. 
Since  provenance  experiments with  ornamental  trees and  
shrubs have  hardly been  heard  of before, schemes  for obser  
vations  must be  worked out and  distributed.  
On the basis  of these observations and results  from the 
experiments a more consistent view of collection areas and  
plant variation in Korea might be  obtained. 
The observations  on which  provenances  are good for which 
localities  should  also be compared with the views of the 
Korean botanists. 
This work  provides, in  the long run,  for more detailed  
instructions for Korean plant collectors, and  it might in 
the future be possible to develop an organization for 
collection  and  distribution  of seed of known origin. 
75 
a material  for which there, no doubt, is a  great need.  
Minor products form a good part of the trade of Korean 
forest  products and, once a reliable  system  is established, 
there seems to be a market also for seeds. 
One might consider that a permanent committee could be  
set up for the cooperation between the Nordic countries  and 
the Republic of Korea in these and  related  fields.  
76 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Below are listed  some books and papers  
that may be  of 
interest  for further reading. Some of these have biblio  
graphical references.  
It is regretted, that some of the Korean and  Japanese titles  
might not have been translated  correctly. 
Anon. 1973. Illustrated woody plants of Korea,  2nd ed. 
Seoul, Forest  Experiment Station,pp. 1-237 + 15 + 10. 
(The former edition  of this book, 1966, contains  the 
same text but  also a bibliography on pages  232-348  which  
is missing in the second  edition.) 
Bishop, I.L. 1897. Korea and  her  neighbours. New York 1898  
reprint Seoul, Yonsei  University Press  1970 .pp. 1-488.  
Cho, M. Y.  1972. List  of  plants planted in the  Hong-Nung 
Arboretum.Hongnung Arboretum Bulletin  1972:1-138.  
Chung, T.H.1965. Distribution  of  woody plants in  Korea,  
forest plant zones. 
Im, N. Z .1964 Flora of Korean economy plants.(ln Korean 
with latin  names and index). Pyongyang, Acad . Publ . House 
pp. l-466.  
Lautensach, H.  1941 Über den  Brandrodungsfeldbau in  Korea 
mit Bemerkungen zur Urlandschaftsforschung . Petermanns  
Georg. Mitt. 87: 42-54.  
Lautensach, H. 1945. K0rea Eine Landeskunde auf  Grund eigener 
Reisen  und der Literatur. Leipzig.pp. l-542.  
77 
Lautensach,H.l9so.Korea Land, Volk, Schicksal.  Stuttgart,K.F 
Koehler  Verlag. 
Lee, T.8.1969. Wild edible  plants. (In Korean with Latin  
names and index) . Seoul,  Forest  Research  Institute,  
pp . 1-141.  
Lee,Y.N. .Flowering plants in Korea. In Wildlife and  
Flowering Plants, Korean  Background Series:  61-126  
Seoul, Korean Overseas  Information  Service. 
Mc. Cune,S. 1941. Climate  regions of Korea  and their  
economy. Geograph. Rev. 31:95-99.  
Mc Cune,S.l966. Korea land  of broken  calm. Princeton , N.J. ,  
van Nostrand  Company Inc., pp. l-221.  
Nakai,T. l9o9. Flora Koreana 1. J.C011. Sci . lmp.Univ. Tokyo 
26: 1-304 
Nakai,T. l9ll  Flora Koreana 2. J.Coll . Sci . lmp.Univ.Tokyo 
31: 1-573. 
Nakai, T.  1915-1939 Flora Sylvatica Koreana vol. 1-22, 5e0u1, 
Gov. of Chosen.  
Nakai,T.A synoptical sketch  of  Korean flora.' Bull. Nat. 
Sci.Museum Tokyo 31:1-152. 
Palibin
,
J. lB99. Conspectus florae Koreae 1. Acta Horti  
Petropolitani 17: 1-127.  
Palibin, J. 1900. Conspectus  florae  Koreae 2. Acta Horti  
Petropolitani 18: 149-198. 
Palibin, J. 1901.  Conspectus florae  Koreae 3. Acta Horti  
Petropolitani 19: 101-152. 
78 
Schmidt, F. 1868.Reisen im Amur-lande  und  auf der Insel 
Sachalin.  Bot.Theil. Mem.Acad.lmp.Sei.St.Petersb. 
Ser. 7,12,2: 1-227.  
Schumacher, G.1939. Das Kiima  Sudkoreas auf Grund der  
japanischen Wetterbeobachtungen der Jahre 1914-  
1933. Arch. Deutsch. Seewarte 59 (2): 1-86. 
Tozawa,  M.&  Nakai, T.1929. Atlas illustrating geographical 
distribution  of Korean woody plants and  bamboos.  
Bulletin  of  Forest  Experiment Station 10. Keijyo,Gov. 
Gen. Chosen.  22+3 maps and explanations. 
Uyeki, H. 1933. On the forest  zones of Korea. Acta Phyto  
taxonomica  et Geobotanica  2: 73-85.  
Vorobjev, D.P. 1968 Dikorastutshij e derevja i kustarniki  
Dalnego Vostoka. Leningrad, Isdatelstvo Nauka.pp. 1-277 
Vorobjev, D.P.,Voroshilov, V.N.,Gorovoi, P.G. &  Schreter, 
A.J. 1966. Opredelitel rastenii  primorja i priamurja. 
Moskva, Isdatelstvo Nauka.pp 1-491. 
Voroshilov, V.N. 1966. Flora sovjetskogo Dalnego Vostoka. 
Moskva, Akad. Nauk . 
Wilson,E.H. l92o. Four new conifers  from Korea. J.Arnold  
Arbor. 1: 186-190.  
Wilson, E.H.1927. Korea land  of the morning calm. In Plant  
Hunting vol. II: 183-211. Boston,  Mass. The Stratford 
Company . 
Wilson,E.H. l9  28. Korean  plants in gardens. The  New Flora  
and Silva 1: 94. 
Woeikof f, A.D .l94l. What can the Manchurian  flora as well  as 
79  
the flora of neighbouring countries  give to the 
gardens of Manchuria  and  other countries  with cold  
climates.  Harbin, Typografia Fraenkel.  pp. 1-140.  
Zong, 1.H. 1966. Examination  of higher plants of the northern  
parts mainly. (In Korean with  Latin  names and  index) . 
Pyongyang, Kim  II Sung University Publ.House.pp. l-538  
80 
ADRESSES OF  PERSONS AND INSTITUTIONS 
Office of Forestry  
355 Choong Lim-Dang 
Choong-Ku 
Seoul 
Republic of Korea 
Sohn,Soo-Ik Director  General  
Kim, Syung-Yup Director ,  Bureau of Forest  Administration  
Lee, Kyong Sang Officer ,
" "
 
Section of Statistics and Public  Relations  
Choi,Dong Kyun Chief  Officer ,  Section for Forest  Products  
Forest Research Institute 
Chung-Ryang-Ri 
Tong dae mun-Ku 
Seoul  
Republic of Korea 
Lee,  Sung-Yong Director  
Sim, Hung-Soo Deputy Director  
Shim, Sang-Yung Chief»Reforestation Division  
Cho, Moo Yun Taxonomist 
Bang, Hi-Ju Chief»Central Branch Station  
Kwang Neung Research Forest  
Kim, Sa-Il Chief ,  Southern  Branch  Station  
Chinj u 
Institute of Forest Genetics  
Suweon  
Kyunggi-Do 
Republic of Korea 
Choi,Jung Suk Director  
81 
College of Agriculture 
Seoul National  University 
Suweon
, Republic of Korea 
Hyun, S.K. Professor , Ph.D. , Department of Forest  
Genetics  
Lee, Tchang Bok Professor , Ph.D.»Department of Botany 
Yim, Kyong-Bin Professor,Ph . D. , Department of Forestry  
La, Yong-Joon Assoc.Professor , Ph.D. , Department of 
Agricultural  Biology 
Eastern National  Forest Station 
Office of Forestry 
Kangneung(Republic of Korea 
Kang, Ki Bong Chief  of Station  
Cheong Buk  Provincial  Forest Research  Institute 
Daegu,Republic of Korea  
Kim, Jung Ha Director  
Kyung bug National  University 
16  2-18  Dae Bong  Dong 
Daegu,Republic of Korea  
Yang, In Suck Professor emeritus, Dr.Sci. 
Ewha Womans University  
Seoul, Republic of Korea  
Lee, Yong No Professor , Ph.D. 
Seoul  Womans College 
Seoul, Republic of Korea  
Lee, Ji-Yul Assoc.Professor(Department of Food  
Bank of Korea 
Seoul, Republic of Korea  
Miller, Carl  Ferris Mr. 
82 
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS 
Expences 
Travel  in Korea  
Norw.Kr 
Hagman 7690.57  
Feilberg 9978.13  
Sanda  6358.00  
Lagerström 6450.07  30 746.77  
Flight tickets to Korea i (Hagman&Lagerström) 12 309.17  
Freight and  distribution  of material  2 046.40 
Equipment and packing material  etc. 727.56  
Bank costs and other overhead 1 192.20  
Travel  to final expedition meeting 
for checking and distribution  of the 
material  collected  
Hagman 1072.85 
Sanda 850.00 
Lagerström 800.14 2 722.85  
Printing costs  2 943.00 
Total  5|_|S2i25 
Income 
Nordisk Kulturfond  50 499.27  
Rents 2 188.68 
Total 
Feilberg's and Sanda's  flight tickets to Korea were paid by 
Danmarks Nationalbanks  Jubilaeumsfond and Mr.Tom Wilhelmsen  
respectively . 
83 
Figure 23.  Back at home, the sorting and  distribution  work  
has begun. 
Photo M.H.  Dec. 1976 (Neg. nr 22/76:12). 
84  
APPENDIX I 
Maps and list of material collected.  
85 
86 
87 
Seed  Store Species Collect.  
list 
n. 
reg.  n.  locality  n. 
1. G1-76- 996  Abelia  coreana 
, Nakai  cX  245 
2. G1-76-1018 Abelia  coreana , Nakai  /3 274 
3. G1-76- 853  Abies holophylla,Max. U 154 a 
4. G1-76- 981 Abies  holophylla,Max. w 239 
5. G1-76-1093 Abies  koreana,  Wilson  AD  334 a 
6. G1t76-1094 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  334 b 
7. G1-76-1095 Abies  koreana, Wilson AD  334 c 
8.  G1 -76-1096 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  334 d 
9. G1-76-1121 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 e 
10. G1 -76-1122 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 f 
11. G1 -76-1123 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 g  
12.  G1-76-1 124 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 h 
13.  G1-76-1 125 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 i  
14.  G1-76-1 126 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD 355 i 
15. G1-76-1127 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  555 k 
16. G1 -76-1128 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 1  
17. G1 -76-1129 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  355 m 
18. G1-76-1208 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  411 a 
19. G1-76-1209 Abies  koreana, Wilson  AD  411 b 
20. G1-76-1283 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC 473 
21, G1 -76-1284 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 474 
22. G1 -76-1288 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC 478 a 
23. G1 -76-1289 Abies  koreana, V/ilson  BC 478 b 
24. G1 -76-1290 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 478 c 
25. G1-76-1291 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC 478 d 
26. G1 -76-1292 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 478 e 
27. G1-76-1296 Abies  koreana,  Wilson BC 482 
28. G1 -76-1305 Abies  koreana, V/ilson  BC 491 a 
29. G1-76-1306 Abies  koreana,  Wilson  BC 491 b 
30. G1 -76-1307 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC 491 c 
31, G1 -76-1308 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 491 d 
32. G1 -76-1309 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 491 e 
33. G1-76-1310 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 491 f 
34. G1-76-1317 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 498 a  
35. G1-76-1318 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC  498 b 
36. G1-76-1319 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 498 c 
37. G1 -76-1320 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC 498 d 
38. G1 -76-1321 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 498 e 
39. G1-76-1322 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 498 f 
40. G1 -76-1323 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 498 g 
41, G1 -76-1324 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 498 h 
42. G1-76-1334 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 508 a 
43. G1-76-1335 Abies  koreana,  Wilson  BC 508 b 
44. G1 -76-1336 Abies  koreana,  Wilson  BC 508 c 
45. G1 -76-1337 Abies  koreana, Wilson BC 508 d 
46. G1-76-1338 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BC 508 e 
47. G1 -76-1342 Abies  koreana,  Wilson  BD  523 a 
48. G1 -76-1343 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BD  523 b 
49. G1 -76-1366 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BD  546 a 
50. G1 -76-1367 Abies  koreana, Wilson BD  546 b 
51. G1 -76-1368 Abies  koreana, Wilson  BD  546 c  
52. G1 -76-1452 Abies  koreana, Wilson  
53. G1-76- 718 Abies  nephrolepis, Maximowicz  H 40  
54. G1-76- 738 Abies  nephrolepis, Maximowicz  L 58 
55. G1-76- 892 Abies  nephrolepis, Maximowicz  V 181 
88 
56.  G1-76- 950  Acantopanax sessiliflorus,  Rupr. 
& Max.  
Z  221 a 
57.  G1-76- 695  Acer barbinerve
,
Maximowicz  C 19 a 
58. G1-76-  719 Acer barbinerve, Maximowicz  H 41 
59.  G1-76-  798 Acer mandshuricum, Maximowicz  N 105 
60.  G1-76- 899  Acer mandshuricum, Maximiwicz  V 187 a 
61.  G1-76- 900  Acer mandshuricum, Maximowicz  V 187 b 
62.  G1-76-  772 Acer mono,  Maximowicz  M 89 
63.  G1-76- 870  Acer mono,  Maximowicz  U 
164 
64.  G1-76- 968 Acer mono,  Maxomowicz  z  234 
65.  G1-76-  982  Acer mono,  Maximowicz  w 240 
66.  G1 -76-1260 Acer palmatum, Thunberg BA 454 
67.  G1-76- 694 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  C 19 
68.  G1-76- 727 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  K 48 
69.  G1-76-  739 Acsr pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  L 59 
70.  G1-76- 756 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  L 77 
71.  G1-76-  759 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  L 79 
72.  G1-76- 831 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  R 134 
73.  G1-76- 839 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  T 142 
74.  G1-76- 848 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  T 150 
75.  G1-76- 866 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  U 162 
76.  G1-76- 893 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  V 182 
77.  G1-76- 894 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  V 183 
78.  G1-76- 951 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  Y 222 
79.  G1-76- 965 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  Z 231 
80. G1-76-1115 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  AD 353 
81. G1-76-1 142 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  AD 365 
82. G1 -76-1213 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Komarov  AG 415 
83. G1-76- 680 Acer ginnala, Maximowicz  A 6 
84. G1-76- 931 Acer ginnala
,
 Maximowicz  Y 213 
85. G1 -76-1443 Acer ginnala, Maximowicz  DA 653 
86. G1-76- 807 Acer triflorum, Komarov  P 109 
87. G1-76- 699 Acer tschonoski, Max. var.  
rubripes Komarov  E 22  a 
00 CO G1-76- 701 Acer tschonoski, Max. var.  
rubripes Komarov  E 24 
89 G1-76- 883 Acer tschonoski, Max. var.  
rubripes Komarov  V 176 
90 G1-76-1 116 Acer tschonoski, Max. var.  
rubripes Komarov  AD 354  
91. G1 -76-1439 Acer tegmentosum, Maximowicz  CA 642 
92. G1-76- 743  Acer ukuruduense, Trautvetter & 
Meyer  L 63 
93. G1-76- 745  Acer ukuruduense, Trautvetter & 
G1-76- 767 
Meyer L 65 
94. Acer ukuruduense, Trautvetter & 
Meyer  M 84 
95. G1-76- 794 Acer ukuruduense, Trautvetter & 
96. 
Meyer  
G1-76- 910 Actinidia  arguta, Planchon  X 194 
97. G1-76- 929 Actinidia  arguta, Planchon  Y 212  
98. G1 -76-1054 Actinidia  arguta, Planchon  AB 299  
99. G1-76- 750 Actinidia  kolomikta, (Max.  & RuprJ 
Max.  L 70 
100.  G1-76- 895 Actinidia  kolomikta,(Max.  & Rupr.)  
Max.  V 184 
101.  G1-76- 909 Actinidia kolomikta,(Max.  & Rupr.)  
Max.  X 193 
89 
102. G1-76-  989 Actinidia  kolomikta,(Max.  & Rupr. ) 
Max. Z 247 
103. G1-76-1009 Actinidia  polygama, (S & Z)Max. a 266 
104. G1-76-1240 Actinidia  polygama, (S & Z)Max. AH 436 
105. G1-76-1315 Adenophora taquetii, Leveille  BC 496 
106. G1-76- 821  Adenophora P 124 
107. G1 -76-1075 Akebia  quinata,Decaisne AC 319 
108. G1-76-1015 Alangiuma plantanifolium, (S & Z) 
Harms 271 
109. G1 -76-1391 Albizzia  julibrissin, Durazzini  BG 583 
110. G1-76-1 177 Alnus  hirsuta, (Spach)Ruprech  AF 387 
111. G1-76- 720 Alnus  maximowiczii,Call. H 42 
112. G1-76- 692 Alnus  ft  17 
113. G1-76-1152 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, 
(Max.) Trautvetter AD 374 a 
114. G1-76-1 194 Ampelopsis  brevipedunculata, 
(Max.) Trautvetter AF 399 d 
115. G1-76-1233 Ampelopsis  brevipedunculata, 
(Max. ) Trautvetter AH 429 
116. G1-76- 777 Angelica gigas, Nakai  M 92 
117. G1-76- 954 Angelica gigas, Nakai  Z 223 
118. G1-76- 723 Angelica sp. H 45 
119. G1-76- 731 Angelica sp. K 52 
120. G1-76-1344 Angelica sp. BD 524 
121. G1-76-1392 Aphananthe aspera,  Planchon  BG 584 
122. G1-76- 911 Aralia  continentalis,Kitagawa X 195 
123. G1-76- 702 Aralia  elata, Seemann  E 25 
124. G1-76- 855 Aralia  elata,  Seemann  U 155 a 
125. G1-76- 955 Aralia  elata, Seemann  Y 224 
126. G1-76- 987 Aralia  elata, Seemann  W 245 
127. G1-76-1151 Aralia elata, Seemann  AD 374 
128. G1-76-1257 Aralia  elata, Seemann  AH 452 
129. G1-76- 914 Arisaema  amurense,Max. X 198 
130. G1-76- 956 Arisaema  amurense,Max. Z 224 a 
131. G1-76-1256 Arisaema  amurense, Max. AH 452 
132. G1-76-1412 Aristolochia  contorta, Bunge BH 606 
133. G1-76- 800  Aristolochia  mandshuriensis, 
Komarov P 105 b 
134. G1-76-1007 Aristolochia  mandshuriensis, n> 
Komarov  264 
135. G1-76-1417 Artemissia  BH 611 
136. G1-76- 786 Aruncus  sp.  N 100 
137. G1-76-1312 Astilbe  chinensis, Max.  v. davidii  
Franchet  BC 493 
138. G1 -76-1186 Astilbe  koreana, Nakai  AF 395 
139. G1 -76-1374 Astilbe  koreana, Nakai  BE 565  
140. G1-76- 970 Astilbe sp. Z 235 
141. G1-76- 730 Berberis amurensis, Ruprecht K 51 
142. G1 -76-1421 Berberis  koreana  Palibin  BH 615 
143. G1-76-1059 Betula  chinensis, Max. AB 304 
144. G1 -76-1190 Betula  chinensis, Max. AF 399  
145. G1-76-1091 Betula  costata, Trautvetter AD 333 
146. G1-76-1103 Betula  davurica, Pallas  AD 341 
147. G1-76- 705 Betula  ermanii, Chamisso  F 28 a 
148. G1-76- 711 Betula  ermanii, Chamisso  H 33 
149. G1-76-1 113 Betula  ermanii,  Chamisso  AD 351 
150. G1 -76-1197 Betula  ermanii, Chamisso  AG 401 
151. G1 -76-1286 Betula  ermanii, Chamisso  BC 476  
90  
152. G1 -76-1316 Betula  ermanii,  Chamisso  BC  497 
153. G1-76-1325 Betula  ermanii, Chamisso  BC  499 
154. G1-76- 926  Betula  schmidtii
,
Regel Y 210 
155. G1-76-1064 Betula  schmidtii, Regel AB 309 
156. G1 -76-1389 Buxus  microphylla v. koreana  BE 581 a 
157. G1 -76-1440 Callicarpa japonica,Thunberg DA 650 
158. G1-76-1415 Campylotropis macrocarpa,Rehder BH  609 
159. G1-76-.787 Carpinus cordata, Blume  N 101  
160. G1-76- 788 Carpinus cordata, Blume  N 101  a 
161. G1-76- 840 Carpinus cordata, Blume  T 143 
162. G1-76-1 161 Carpinus cordata, Blume  AF 383 
163. G1 -76-1409 Carpinus coreana,  Nakai  BH  603 
164. G1-76-1418 Carpinus coreana, Nakai  BH  612 
165. G1-76- 790 Carpinus laxiflora, Blume  N 102 a 
166. G1-76-1053 Carpinus laxiflora, Blume  AA 298 
167. G1-76-1385 Carpinus tschonoskii,Maximowicz  BF 578 
168. G1-76-1224 Castanea  bungeana, Blume  AH 425 
169. G1 -76-1448 Castanea  crenata, Sieb. & Zucc. 
CA 658 
170. G1-76- 677  Celastrus  (orbiculata,D.Don.?)  A 3 
171. G1-76- 814  Celastrus  orbiculatus, Thunberg P 116 
172. G1-76- 908 Celastrus  orbiculatus, Thunberg X 192 
173. G1-76- 967  Celastrus  orbiculatus, Thunberg Z 233 
174. G1-76-1236 Celastrus  orbiculatus, Thunberg AH 432 
175. G1-76-1248 Celastrus  stephanifolius,(Max.)  
444 Makino  AH 
176. G1-76- 960  Celastrus  Z 226 a 
177. G1 -76-1393 Celtis jessoensis, Koidz.  BG 585 
178. G1-76-1397 Celtis sinensis, Persoon  
(v.  japonica Nakai) BG 589 
179. G1-76-1176 Cephalotaxus koreana, Nakai  AF 386 
180. G1-76- 779 Chosenia  bracteosa, Nakai  M 93 b  
181. G1-76- 837 Cimicifuga simplex,(Wornesh)  
v. typica (Nakai) S 140 
162.x)  
183. 
; 
G1-76-1311 Cimicifuga taquetii, Leveille  BC 492 
G1-75-1348 Cimicifuga sp.  M 91 
184. G1-76- 995 Clematis  apiifolia, A.P. DC  
cx 253 
185. G1-76-1218 Clematis apiifolia, A.P. DC AG 420 
186. G1 -76-1245 Clematis  apiifolia. A.P. DC  AH 441 
187. G1-76- 993  Clematis  brachyura, Max.  cx 251 
188. G1 -76-1199 Clematis  chiisanensis, Nakai  AG 403 
189. G1-76-1446 Clematis  florida, Thunberg DA 656 
190. G1-76- 715 Clematis  fusca, Turcz. v. koreana  
Nakai  H 37 
191. G1-76- 778 Clematis  fusca, Turczaninow  M 93 a 
192. G1-76- 877  Clematis  fusca, Turczaninow  U 170 
193. G1-76- 781 Clematis  heraclaefolia, DC N 95 
194. G1-76- 919 Clematis  heraclaefolia, DC Y 203 
195. G1-76-1216 Clematis  heraclaefolia, DC AG 418 
196. G1-76- 716 Clematis  koreana, Komarov  H 38  
197. G1-76- 887  Clematis  koreana, Komarov  U 177 a 
198. G1-76-1298 Clematis  koreana, Komarov  BC 484 
199. G1-76- 923  Clematis  mandshurica, Rupr. Y 207 
200. G1-76-1263 Clematis  paniculata,Thunberg BB 462 
201. G1-76-1016 Clematis  serratifolia,Rehder ft  272 
202. G1-76- 903  Clematis  trichotoma, Nakai  X 189 
203. G1-76- 922 Clematis  trichotoma, Nakai  Y 206 
204. G1-76- 990 Clematis  sp. Z 248 
91 
205. G1-76-1301 Clematis  BC 487 
206. G1 -76-1326 Clematis  BC 499 a 
207. G1-76-1055 Clerodendron  trichotomum, 
208*) 
Thunberg AB 300 
G1-76-1238 Clerodendron  trichotomum, 
Thunberg AH 434 
209. G1-76- 762 Clintonia  udensis,Trautvetter & 
Meyer L 82 
210. G1 -76-1001 Cocculus  racemosa,(trilobus  DC) e< 259 
211. G1-76-1426 Cocculus  trilobus
,
 DC BH 620 
212. G1-76- 700 Cornus  controversa, Helmsley E 23 
213. G1-76- 751 Cornus  controversa, Helmsley L 71 
214. G1-76- 824 Cornus  controversa, Helmsley R 127 
215. G1-76- 958 Cornus  controversa, Helmsley Z 225 a 
216. G1-76- 969 Cornus  controversa, Helmsley Z 235 
217. G1 -76-1060 Cornus  controversa, Helmsley AB 305 
216. G1 -76-1159 Cornus  kousa,  Buerg. AE 381 
217. G1 -76-1303 Cornus  kousa,  Buerg. BC 489  
218. G1-76-1329 Cornus  kousa,  Buerg. BC 502 
219. G1-76-1347 Cornus  kousa, Buepg. BD 527 
220. G1 -76-1354 Cornus  kousa, Buerg. BD 534 
221. G1-76-1361 Cornus  kousa, Buerg. BD 541  
222. G1 -76-1371 Cornus  kousa, Buerg. BE 562 
223. G1-76-1246 Cornus  walteri, Wangerin AH 442 
224. G1-76-1072 Corylus  heterophylla, ?  AC 317 
225. G1-76- 801  Corylus  sieboldiana, Blume  N 106 
226. G1-76- 835 Corylus  sieboldiana, Blume  
Corylus  sieboldiana, Blume  
R 138 
227. G1-76- 841 T 144 
228. G1-76- 860 Corylus  sieboldiana, Blume  U 158 a 
229. G1-76- 871  Corylus sieboldiana, Blume  U 165 
230. G1-76- 878 Corylus  sieboldiana, Blume  
Corylus sieboldiana, Blume  
U 171 
231. G1 -76-1146 AD 369 
232. G1-76- 728 Crataegus komarovii, Sargent K 49  
233. G1-76- 679 Crataegus pinnatifida, Bunge A 5  
234. G1-76- 934 Crataegus pinnatifida, Bunge Z 215 a 
235. G1-76-1004 Crataegus pinnatifida, Bunge ft  261 a 
236. G1 -76-1445 Crataegus pinnatifida, Bunge DA 655  
237. G1-76-1188 Crysanthemum zawadskii,Herbich 
var. latilobum, Kitam  AF 397 
238. G1 -76-1384 Daphniphyllum macrppodum, Miq. BF 577 
239. G1 -76-1046 Desmodium  oxyphyllum, DC ?  AA 291 
240. G1-76- 985 Deutzia  coreana,  Leveille  W 243 
241 G1-76- 906 Deutzia  glabrata, Komarov  X 191 
242. G1 -76-1442 Deutzia  glabrata, Komarov  DA 652  
243. G1-76- 913 Deutzia  parviflora ,Bunge X 197 
244. G1-76- 920 Deutzia  parviflora , Bunge Y 
204 
245. G1-76- 930 Dioscorea  quinqueloba, Thunberg Y 212  a 
246. G1-76- 963 Dioscorea,quinqueloba, Thunberg Z 229  
247. G1 -76-1019 Dioscorea  quinqueloba, Thunberg 0 275 
248. G1-76-1026 Dioscorea  quinqueloba, Thunberg X 282 
249. G1-76- 756 Echinopanax horridum,(non.Decne)  
76 Komarov  L 
250. G1-76- 992 Eleagnus umbellata , Thunberg o< 250  
251. G1 -76-1079 Eleagrus umbellata, Thunberg AC 323 
252. G1-76-1424 Elysium BH 618 
253. G1-76- 933 Euonymus elatus, Siebold  Y 215  
254 G1-76- 991 Euonymus elatus, Sieboldi  <x 249 
255. G1-76-1345 Euonymus elatus, Siebold  BD 525 
256. G1 -76-1282 Euonymus bungeanus, Max .  BC 472 
92 
257. G1 -76-1280 Euonymus fortunei, (Turcz)  Handel -BB  469 
Mazetti  v. radicans  (Seib. & Miq.)  
Rehder  
258. G1 -76-1299 Euonymus fortunei, (Turcz)  Handel  -BC  
Mazetti  v. radicans  (Sieb. & Miq. )  
Rehder  
259. G1-76- 874 Euonymus macropterus. Ruprecht U 167 a 
260. G1-76- 685  Euonymus  sachalinensis, (Fr.  
Sch.) Max.  A 11 
261. G1-76- 785 Euonymus sachalinensis, (Fr.  Sch.)N 99 
262. G1-76- 953 
Msx
.
 
Euonymus sachlainensis, (Fr.  Sch.)Y  223 
263. G1-76- 980 
Max 
•
 
Euonymus sachalinensis, (Fr.  Sch.)  
Max. W 238 
264. G1-76- 984 Euonymus sachalinensis, (Fr. Sch. ) 
Max. ¥ 242 
265. G1 -76-1252 Euonymus sieboldiana, Blume  AH 448 
266. G1-76- 799 Euonymus oxyphyllus,Miquel N 105 a 
267. G1-76-1014 Euonymus oxyphyllus.Miquel ft  270 
268. G1-76-1057 Euonymus oxyphyllus,Miquel AB 302 
269. G1 -76-1234 Euonymus oxyphyllus,Miquel AH 430 
270. G1-76- 687 Euonymus sp. B 13 
271. G1-76-1396 Euscarpis japonica, (Thunberg)  
Kanitz  BG 588 
272. G1-76-1 193 Evodia  daniellii, Helmsley AF 399 c 
273.  G1 -76-1002 Exochorda  serratifolia, S. More o< 260 
274. G1-76-1416 Grewia  biloba, G. Don  v. parvi-  
flora (Bunge)Handel-Mazetti  BH 610 
275.  G1-76- 784 Filipendula palmata, (Pallas)Max.  N 98 
276. G1-76- 971 Filipendula Z 235 
277. G1-76- 792 Forsythia  ovata, Nakai  N 103 a 
278. G1-76- 791 Fraxinus mandshuricum, Ruprecht N 103 
279.  G1-76- 804 Fraxinus rynchophylla, Hance  P 107 b 
280.  G1-76- 846 Fraxinus  rynchophylla, Hance  T 148 a 
281.  G1-76- 927 Fraxinus  rynchophylla, Hance  Y 211 a 
282.  G1-76- 928 Fraxinus  rynchophylla, Hance  Y 211 b 
283.  G1-76- 961 Fraxinus  rynchophylla, Hance  Z 227 
284.  G1-76-1013 Fraxinus  sieboldiana, Blume v. (1 
longicuspis 269 
285. G1 -76-1044 Fraxinus  sieboldiana, Blume v. 
longicuspis AA 289 
286.  G1-76-1063 Fraxinus  sieboldiana, Blume  v. 
longicuspis AB 308 
287.  G1-76-1454 Hanabusaia  U 163 b 
288.  G1-76-1 100 Hemerocallis  lilioasphodelus,L. AD 338 
289.  G1 -76-1189 Hosta  minor, (Baker), Nakai  AF 398 
290. G1-76- 812  Hovenia  dulcis, Thunberg P 114 
291.  G1-76-1295 Hugeria japonica,  Nakai  BC 481 
292.  G1 -76-1355 Hugeria japonica, Nakai  BD 535 
293.  G1-76-1313 Hydrangea petiolaris,(Sieb.&Zuc. )  . 
v.  cordifolia, Franchet  &  
Savatier  BC 494 
294.  G1-76-1351 Hydrangea petiolaris,(Sieb.&Zuc .)  
v. cordifolia, Franchet  & 
Savatier  BD 531 
295. G1 -76-1364 Hydrangea petiolaris, (Sieb.&Zuc.  ) 
v. cordifolia, Franchet & 
Savatier  BD 544 
93 
296. G1 -76-1377 Hydrangea petiolaris, (Sieb.&Zuc. 
v. cordifolia, Franchet  &  
)BE 568 
297.*^  
Savatier  
G1-76-1333 Hydrangea serrata, Seringe f. 
fertilis BC 507 
298. G1 -76-1382 Hydrangea serrata, Seringe BF 575  
299. G1-76-1211 Hypericum japonicum,Thunberg AG 413  
300. G1-76- 834 Hypericum sp. R 137 
301. G1 -76-1279 Ilex crenata, Thunberg BB 468  
302. G1 -76-1358 Ilex crenata, Thunberg BD 538 
303. G1 -76-1041 Ilex macropoda,Miq. f. pseudo- 
macropoda (Loesen) Hara  AA 286  
304. G1 -76-1052 Ilex macropoda, Miq. f. pseudo- 
macropoda (Loesen) Hara AB  297  
305. G1-76-1066 Ilex macropoda, Mjq. f. pseudo- 
macropoda (Loesen) Hara  AB 311 
306. G1 -76-1078 Ilex macropoda, Miq. f. pseudo- 
macropoda (Loesen) Hara  AC  322 
307 G1-76-1 181 Ilex macropoda, Miq. f. pseudo- 
macropoda (Loesen) Hara  AF 391 a 
308 G1-76-1182 Ilex macropoda, Miq. f. pseudo- 
mac  ropo  da  (Loesen) Hara  AF 391 b 
309. G1-76- 946 Iris nertschinskia, Loddiges 
Juglans sinensis, (DC) Dode, 
Z 219 a 
310. G1 -76-1450 
CA 660 
311. G1 -76-1287 Juniperus chinensis, L.v. 
G1-76-1293 
sargentii, Henry BC 477 
312. Juniperus chinensis, L. v.  
G1 -76-1362 
sargentii, Henry BC  479 
313. Juniperus chinensis, L. v. 
sargentii, Hara  BD 542 
314. G1 -76-1043 Juniperus rigida, Sieb.&Zucc.  AA 288 
315. G1 -76-1047 Juniperus rigida, Sieb.&Zucc.)  CA 630 
316. G1 -76-1436 Kalopanax pictus(Thunberg) Nakai  CA 639 
317. G1 -76-1438 Kalopanax pictus, (Thunberg) Nakai  CA  641 
318. G1 -76-1411 Koelreuteria  paniculata, Laxman  BH 605 
319. G1-76- 896 Lepisorus thunbergianus, (Kaulf )  
Ching V 185 
320. G1-76- 945 Lespedeza bicolor, Turecz  Y 219 
321. G1-76- 943 Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Miq. Y 218 
322. G1-76- 941 Lespedeza friebeana, Schindler  Y 217 
323. G1-76- 947 Lespedeza japonica, Bailey Y 220 
324. G1 -76-1138 Lespedeza maximowiczii,Schneider AD 361 
325. G1 -76-1346 Ligularia japonica, Less. BD 526 
326. G1 -76-1261 Ligustrum japonicum, Thunberg BA 455 
327. G1 -76-1157 Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sieb.&Zuc  .AE 379 
328. G1 -76-1294 Ligustrum obtusifolium,Sieb.&Zuc. BC 480 
329. G1 -76-1331 Ligustrum obtusifolium,Sieb.&Zuc. BC 504 
330. G1-76- 942 Lilium  tsingtauense, Gilg. Z  217 a 
331. G1-76- 789 Liliaceae  fam. N 102 
332. G1-76- 688 Lindera obtusiloba, Blume B 14 
333. G1 -76-1006 Lindera obtusiloba, Blume  P  263  
334. G1 -76-1147 Lindera obtusiloba, Blume 
Lonicera  crysantha,Turcz  v.  
AD 370 
335. G1-76- 888 V 178 a 
crassipes Nakai,  bicolor  Turcz 
Lonicera  crysantha, Turcz v.  
crassipes  Nakai,  bicolor Turcz 
336. G1-76-1139 
AD 362 
94 
337. G1-76-1302 Lonicera  crysantha,  
(v.  wrightii) 
Turcz 
BC 488 
338. G1-76- 852 Lonicera  subsessilis, Rehder  T 154 
339, G1-76- 717  Lonicera  sp. H 39 
340. G1-76- 843 Lonicera  sp. T 146 
341. G1-76- 873 Lychnis  cognata, Max. U 167 
342. G1-76- 898 Lychnis  dahuricum, ?  V 187 
343. G1-76-1241 Lysimachia  clethroides, Duby AH 437 
344. G1-76- 972 Lysimachia  sp. Z 235 c 
345. G1-76-1356 Maackia  fauriei,(Lev.) Takeda  BD 536 
346. G1-76- 681 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  A 7 
347. G1-76- 696  Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  D 20 
348. G1-76- 703 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  E 26 
349. G1-76- 753 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  L 73 
350. G1-76- 754  Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  L 74 
351. G1-76- 760 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  L 80 
352. G1-76- 765 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  M 83 
353. G1-76- 884  Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  V 176 a 
354. G1-76- 907 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  X 191  a 
355. G1-76-  949 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  Y 221 
356.  G1.76.1020 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  ft 276 
357. G1-76-1061 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AB 306 
358. G1-76-1086 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AD 328 
359. G1-76-1102 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AD 340 
360.  G1-76-1150 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AD 373 
361. G1-76-1179 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AF 389 
362. G1-76-1214 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AG 416 
363.  G1-76-1221 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  AG 422 a 
364.  G1-76-1349 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  BD 529 
365. G1-76-1363 Magnolia sieboldii, K. Koch  BD 543 
366. G1-76-1332 Malus  asiatica, Nakai  
367.  
(v.  quelpartense ?)  BC 506 
G1-76-1359 Malus  asiatica,Nakai v. wrightii  BD 539 
368. G1-76-1369 Malus  asiatica,Nakai BE 560 
369. G1-76- 844  Malus  baccata, Borkhausen  
Malus  baccata, Borkhausen  
T 147 
370.x)  
371. 
G1-76- 872 V 178 
G1-76-1071 Malus  baccata, Borkhausen AD 332 
372
-x)  
373. 
G1-76-1341 Malus  micromalus,Makino BD 522 
G1-76-1237 Meliosma  myriantha, Sieb.&Zucc.  AH 433 
374. G1-76-1386 Meliosma  myriantha, Sieb.&Zucc. BF 579 
375. G1-76-1420 Meliosma  oldhamii, Maxim. BH 614 
376.  G1-76- 979 Miscanthus  sinensis 
,
 Andersson  
v. purpurascans  Rendle  v; 237 
377. G1-76-1149 Miscanthus  sinensis , Andersson  
G1-76-1453 
v. purpurascans  Rendle  AD 372 
378. Oenothera  odorata, X 
586 379. G1-76-1394 Orixa japonica, Thunberg BG 
380. G1-76-  805  Parthenocissus  tricuspidata, 
(S & Z ) Planchon  N 108 
381. G1-76- 813 Parthenocissus  tricuspidata, 
(S & Z) Plachon  P 115 
382. G1-76-1027 Parthenocissus  tricuspidata, 
tf  (S & Z) Planchon  283 
383. G1-76-1410 Paulownia  coreana,  Uyeki  BH 604 
384. G1-76- 820  Paulownia  sp. Q 122 
385. G1-76-1255 Penisetum  alopecuroides,(L;  Spreng AH  451 
386.  G1-76- 709  ? G 31 
387. G1-76-1148 Phellodendron  amurense,Ruprecht AD 371 
388. G1-76-1250 Phellodendron  amurense, Ruprecht AH 446 
95 
389. G1 -76-1437 Phellodendron  amurense,  Ruprecht AG 640  
390. G1-76- 957 Philadelphus scaber, Nakai  Y 225 
391. G1-76- 780 Philadelphus schrenkii, Ruprecht N 94  
392. G1-76- 864 Philadelphus schrenkii,  Ruprecht  U 161 
393. G1 -76-1003 Philadelphus schrenkii, Ruprecht /3 261 
394. G1 -76-1447 Philadelphus schrenkii, Ruprecht  bA 657 
395. G1-76-1350 Photinia  villosa, Decaisne  
v. cordifolia.Franchet et Savatier BD 530 
396. G1-76-1360 Photinia  villosa, Decaisne  v. 
cordifolia, Franchet  et Savatier  BD 540  
397. G1 -76-1373 Photinia  villosa, Decaisne  BE 564  
398. G1 -76-1205 Picea  jezoensis, Carriere  AG 409  a 
399. G1-76-1206 Picea  jezoensis, Carriere  AG 409  b 
400. G1-76-1097 Picea  jezoensis, Carriere  AD 335 
401. G1 -76-1130 Picea  jezoensis, Carriere  AD 356 a 
402. G1-76-1131 Picea  jezoensis, Carriere  AD 356 b 
403. G1 -76-1132 Picea  Jezoensis, Carriere  AD 356 c 
404. G1 -76-1133 Picea  jezoensis, Carriere  AD 356 d 
405. G1-76- 678 Picrasma  quassioides, Bennet  A 4 
406. G1 -76-1435 Pinus  bungeana, Zucc. F.R  J. CA 638  
407. G1-76- 796 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. 0 104 b 
408. G1-76- 810  Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. P 112 
409. G1-76- 932 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. Y 214  
410. G1-76- 973 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. W 236  a 
411. G1-76- 974 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. W 236  b 
412. G1-76- 975 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. w 236  c 
413. G1-76- 976 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. w 236  d 
414. G1-76- 977 Pinus  densiflora,  Sieb. & Zucc. w  236  e 
415. G1-76- 978 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. V  236  f 
416. G1 -76-1028 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc . * 284  
417. G1 -76-1029 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. X 285  a 
418. G1-76-1030 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. If 285 b 
419. G1 -76-1031 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. s 285  c 
420. G1 -76-1032 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. <5 285 d 
421. G1-76-1033 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. s 285 e 
422. G1 -76-1034 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. 5 285 f 
423. G1 -76-1035 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. if 285 g 
424. G1-76-1036 Pinus  densiflora,  Sieb. & Zucc. « 285 h 
425. G1-76-1037 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. S" 285 i 
426. G1-76-1038 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. S 285  k 
427. G1-76-1039 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. 285 1 
428. G1-76-1040 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. 8" 285 m 
429. G1 -76-1077 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AC 321 
430. G1 -76-1163 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 a 
431. G1 -76-1164 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc AF 385 b 
432. G1 -76-1165 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 c 
433. G1 -76-1166 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 d 
434. G1 -76-1167 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 e 
435. G1 -76-1168 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 f 
436. G1 -76-1169 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 g 
437. G1-76-1170 Pinus  densiflora,  Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 h 
438.  G1-76-1 171 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 i 
439.  G1-76-1 172 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AF 385 k 
440. G1 -76-1173 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb.  & Zucc. AF 385 1 
441. G1 -76-1174 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb.  & Zucc. AF 385 m 
442. G1-76-1175 Pinus densiflora, Sieb.  & Zucc. AF 385 Ö 
443. G1-76-1226 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb.  & Zucc. AH 427  a 
444. G1 -76-1227 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb.  & Zucc. AH 427 b 
96 
445. G1-76-1228 Pinus densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AH 427 c 
446. G1-76-1229 Pinus densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AH 427 d 
447. G1-76-1230 Pinus densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AH 427  e 
448. G1-76-1231 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. AH 427 f 
449. G1-76-1407 Pinus  densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. BH 601  
450. G1-76-1431 Pinus densiflora, Sieb. & Zucc.  CA 634  
451. G1-76- 684 Pinus koraiensis, Nakai A 10 
452. G1 -76-1080 Pinus  koraiensis, Nakai  AC 324  
453. G1-76-1081 Pinus koraiensis, Nakai AC 324  a 
454. G1-76-1451 Pinus koraiensis, Nakai CA 661  
455. G1 -76-1266 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465 a 
456. G1-76-1267 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465  b 
457. G1-76-1268 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465 c 
458. G1-76-1269 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465 d 
459. G1 -76-1270 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465 e 
460. G1 -76-1271 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465  f 
461. G1-76-1272 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB  465  g 
462. G1 -76-1273 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465 h 
463. G1-76-1274 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465  i  
464. G1 -76-1275 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BB 465  d 
465. G1 -76-1276 Pinus  Thunbergii. Parlatore  BB 465  k 
466. G1 -76-1398 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  a 
467. G1-76-1399 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  b 
468. G1 -76-1400 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  c 
469. G1-76-1401 Pinus  Thunbergii
,
 Parlatore  BH 600  d 
470. G1 -76-1402 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  e 
471. G1-76-1403 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  f 
472. G1 -76-1404 Pinus  Thunbergii
,
 Parlatore  BH 600  g 
473. G1 -76-1405 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  h 
474. G1 -76-1406 Pinus  Thunbergii, Parlatore  BH 600  i 
475. G1-76-1413 Platycarya strobilaceae , Sieb.&Zucc.BH  607  
476. G1-76- 734 Pleurospermum kamtschaticum,  
Hoffmann K 54  a 
477. G1-76-1212 Potentilla  dickinsii, Fr. et Sav. AG 414  
478. G1-76- 774 Prunus  maximowiczii, Ruprecht  M 90 a 
479. G1-76- 769 Prunus  maximowiczii, Ruprecht  M 86  a 
480. G1-76- 868 Prunus  maximowiczii,  Ruprecht  U 163 
481. G1-76-1258 Prunus  mume, Sieb. & Zucc. AH 452  b 
482. G1-76- 729 Prunus  padus , L K 50  
483. G1-76- 741 Prunus  padus L. v. glauca,Nakai L 61  
484. G1-76- 897 Prunus  padus, L. V 186 
485. G1 -76-1429 Prunus  padus , L. CA 632  
486. G1 -76-1381 Prunus  quelpartensis, Nakai  BE 572  
487. G1-76-1434 Pseudocydonia chinensis,Schneider CA 637  
488. G1-76- 856  Pyrus  ussuriensis, Maximow. U 156 
489. G1-76- 861 Pyrus  ussuriensis,  Maximow-r  U 159 
490. G1-76- 891 Pyrus  ussuriensis, Maximow.  V 180 
491. G1 -76-1076 Pyrus  ussuriensis,  Maximow.  AC  320  
492. G1 -76-1082 Pyrus  ussuriensis,  Maximow. 
Pyrus sp. (ussuriensis)  
AD 325  
493. G1 -76-1153 AD 375  
494. G1-76-1223 Pyrus  ussuriensis, Maximow.  AH 424  
495. G1 -76-1433 Pyrus  sp. CA 636  
496. G1 -76-1000 Quercus  acutissima, Carr.  X 258  
497. G1-76- 999  Quercus aliena, Blume  X 257  
498. G1 -76-1024 Quercus aliena, Blume  280  
499. G1 -76-1070 Quercus aliena, Blume  AC  315  
500. G1-76-1444 Quercus aliena, Blume  DA 654  
501. G1-76- 998 Quercus  dentata, Thunberg X 256  
97 
502. G1-76-1408 Quercus dentata, Thunberg BH 602 
503. G1-76- 793 Quercus mongolica, Fischer  0 103 b 
504. G1-76- 851 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  T 153 
505. G1-76- 917 Quercus mongolica, Fischer  X 201 
506. G1-76- 936 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  Z  216 a 
507. G1-76- 937 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  Z 216  b 
508. G1-76- 938 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  Z  216  c 
509. G1-76- 939 Quercus mongolica, Fischer  Z  216  d 
510. G1-76-  940 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  Z 216  e 
511. G1-76-1160 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  AE 382 
512. G1-76-1191 Quercus mongolica, Fischer  AF 399  a 
513. G1-76-1220 Quercus  mongolica, Fischer  AG  422 
514. G1-76-  797 Quercus serrata, Thunberg 0 104 c 
515. G1-76- 818  Quercus serrata, Thunberg P 120 
516. G1-76-1069 Quercus serrata, Thunberg AC  314  
517. G1-76-1073 Quercus serrata, Thunberg AC 318  
518. G1-76-1074 Quercus serrata, Thunberg AC  318  a 
519. G1-76-1225 Quercus serrata, Thunberg AH 426  
520. G1-76-1156 Quercus serrulata  (x  aliena  ?) 
Thunberg AE  378 
521. G1-76-1083 Quercus variabilis, Blume AD 325  a 
522. G1-76-1390 Raphiolepes umbellata, (Thunberg)  
Makino  v. longifolia BG 582  
523. G1-76-1365 Reynoutria cuspidata, Sieb.  & Zucc.BD 545  
524. G1-76- 733 Rhamnus davurica, Pallas  K 54 
525. S1-76-1455 Rhamnus davurica, Pallas  U 166 a 
526. G1-76-1017 Rhamnus schneideri,Leveille & /3 
Vanioit 273  
527. G1-76- 693 Rhododendron  Fauriei, Franchet  B 18 
528. G1-76- 704 Rhododendron  Fauriei, Franchet  F 27 
529. G1-76- 761 Rhododendron  Fauriei, Franchet  L 81 
530. G1-76- 771 Rhododendron  Fauriei, Franchet  M 88 
531. G1-76- 865 Rhododendron  Fauriei, Franchet  U 161 a 
532. G1-76-1022 Rhododendron  micranthum,Turcz. X 278 
533. G1-76- 706 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz F 28 b 
534. G1-76- 712 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz H 34 
535. G1-76- 735 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz K 55 
536. G1-76- 842  Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz T 145 
537. G1-76- 859 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz U 158 
538. G1-76-1092 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz AD 333 a 
539. G1-76-1104 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz AD 342 
540. G1-76-1141 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz AD 364 
541. G1-76-1198 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz AG 402  
542. G1-76-1300 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz BC  486  
543. G1-76-1314 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz BC  495 
544. G1-76-1085 Rhododendron  mucronulatum, Turcz. 
v. ciliatum, Nakai AD 327 
545. G1-76- 689 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,Max. B 14 a 
546. G1-76- 714 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,Max. H 36 
547. G1-76- 752 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii.Max. L 72 
548. G1-76- 755 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii.Max. L 75 
549. G1-76- 827 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,Max. R 130 
550. G1-76- 847 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,Max. T 149 
551. G1-76- 854 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,Max. U 155 
552
-x) 
553.
; 
G1-76- 879 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii.Max. U 172 
G1-76-1005 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii.Max. P  262 
554. G1-76-1049 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii.Max. AA 294 
555. G1-76-1C56 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii.Max. AB  301 
98  
556. G1 -76-1088 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max .AD 330 
557. G1-76-1089 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max .AD 331  
558. G1 -76-1105 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,  Max.AD 343 
559. G1 -76-1108 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max  .AD  346 
560. G1 -76-1140 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii,  Max  .AD  363 
561. G1 -76-1144 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max  .AD  367 
562. G1 -76-1180 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max .AF 390 
563. G1 -76-1200 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max  .AG 404 
564. G1 -76-1210 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max  .AG 412 
565. G1-76-1217 Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max  .AG 419 
566. G1-76-1201 Rhododendron  Tschonoskii.Max. AG 405 
567. G1-76-1376 Rhododendron  weyrichii,  Max. BE 567 
568. G1 -76-1383 Rhododendron  weyrichii,  Max. BF 576 
569. G1-76-1 154  Rhododendron  yedoense,Max. 
v. poukhanense(Lev. ) Nakai  AD 376 
570. G1 -76-1158 Rhododendron  yedoense, Max.  
v. poukhanense (Lev) Nakai  AE 380 
571. G1-76-1219 Rhododendron  yedoense, Max.  
v. poukhanense (Lev.) Nakai  AG 421 
572. G1 -76-1254 Rhododendron  yedoense, Max.  
v. poukhanense (Lev.) Nakai  AH 450 
573. G1-76-1277 Rhododendron  yedoense, Max.  
466 v. poukhanense,(Lev. ) Nakai  BB 
574. G1-76-1330 Rhododendron  yedoense, Max.  
v. poukhanense (Lev.) Nakai  BC 503 
575. G1-76-1375 Rhododendron  yedoense, Max.  
566  v. poukhanense (Lev.)  Nakai  BE 
576. G1-76- 817  Rhus  Japonica, ? P 119 
577. G1 -76-1025 Rhus japonica,L 
Rhus  officinalis, ?  
~6 281 
578. G1 -76-1395 BG 587 
579. G1-76-1012 Rhus tricocarpa, (3 268 
580. G1 -76-1137 Ribes  Komarovii, A. Pojarkova AD 360  
581. G1-76- 921  Rodgersia podophylla v. viridis  Y 205 
582. G1-76- 744  Rosa acicularis, Lindley L 64 
583. G1-76- 876  Rosa acicularis, Lindley U 169 
584. G1-76- 881  Rosa  maximowicziana, Regel U 174 
585. G1-76-1264 Rosa maximowicziana, Regel BB 463 
586. G1-76-1339 Rosa maximowicziana, Regel BD 520 
587. G1 -76-1353 Rosa maximowicziana, Regel 
Rosa multiflora, Thunberg 
BD 533 
588. G1-76- 925  Y 209  
589. G1-76- 986  Rosa multiflora, Thunberg W  244 
590. G1 -76-1222 Rosa  multiflora, Thunberg AH 423 
591. G1 -76-1265 Rosa  multiflora , Thunberg BB 
464 
592. G1 -76-1422 Rosa multiflora, Thunberg 
Rosa  rugosa,  Thunberg 
BH 616 
593. G1-76-1423 BH 617 
594. G1-76-1 101 Rubus  crataegifolius,  Bunge AD 339 
595. G1-76- 935  Rubus  parvifolius, L. Y 216 
596. G1-76-1425 Rubus  triphyllis,  Thunberg BH 619 
597. G1-76- 833  Rubus  sp. R 136 
598. G1-76- 736  Salix  hallaisanensis, Level  K 56 
599. G1-76-1204 Sanguisorba  hakusanensis, Makino  AG 408 
600. G1-76- 708  Sanguisorba (officinalis,  v.carnea'? G 30  
601. G1-76- 822  Sanguisorba Q 125 
602. G1-76-1387 Sapium japonicum, Pax  & Hoffmann  BF 580  
603. G1-76- 758 Saussurea  koreana, ? L 78 
604. G1-76- 912  Schizandra  chinensis, Baillon  X 196 
605. G1 -76-1432 Sciadopitys verticillata, Sieb.&  
635  Zucc. CA 
99 
606. G1-76- 815 Securinega suffruticosa , Rehder  P 117 
607, G1-76-1045 Securinega suffruticosa,Rehder AA 290 
608. G1-76- 948 Sedum  erythrosticum,  Miquel Z 220 a 
609. G1-76- 768 Smilacina racemosa, ? M 85 
610. G1-76- 867 Smilacina  sp. U 162 a 
611. G1 -76-1050 Smilax china, L. AA 295 
612. G1 -76-1430 Smilax china, L. CA 633 
613. G1 -76-1278 Smilax china  L. v. microphylla 
Nakai.f. microphylla Rehder  BB 467 
614.  G1-76-1023 Smilax mandshurica, if 279 
615. 01-76- 924 Smilax sieboldii  Miquel Y 208 
616.  G1 -76-1010 Spiraea blumei  Don  v. latifolia  a 
cho. red  267 
617. G1-76-1011 Spiraea blumei  Don  v. latifolia  
cho  green  
P  
267 
618.  G1-76-1 184 Spiraea fritschiana, Schneider  
(= coreana,  Nakai)  AF 393 
619.  G1-76- 836 Spiraea mayabei, Koidz. S 139 
620.  G1-76- 882  Spiraea mayabei, Koidz. U 175 
621. G1-76- 682 Spiraea pubescens, Turcz. A 8 
622.  G1 -76-1008 Spiraea pubescens, Turcz. ft 265 
623. G1-76-  994 Spiraea tricocarpa, Nakai  (X 252 
624.  G1-76- 826 Sorbus  alnifolia, (S&Z) K. Koch. R 129 
625.  G1-76-  952 Sorbus  alnifolia, (S & Z) K. Koch  Z 222 a  
626.  G1-76-1058 Sorbus  alnifolia, (s  &  Z) K. Koch  AB 303 
627. G1-76- 829 Sorbus  amurensis, Koehne  R 132 
628. G1-76- 691 Sorbus  commixta, Hedlund  B 16 
629. G1-76- 742 Sorbus commixta, Hedlund  L 62 
630. G1-76-  747 Sorbus  commixta, Hedlund  (yellow 
fruits)  L 67 
631. G1-76- 748 Sorbus commixta, Hedlund  L 68 
632. G1-76- 766 Sorbus  commixta, Hedlund  M 83 a 
633. G1-76-1098 Sorbus commixta, Hedlund  AD 336 
634. G1-76-1285 Sorbus  commixta, Hedlund  BC 475 
635.  G1 -76-1304 Sorbus commixta, Hedlund  BC 490 
636. G1-76-1441 Solanum  niponnense, Makino  DA 651 
637.  G1-76- 675 Staphylea bumalda, DC. A 1 
638.  G1-76- 806 Staphylea bumalda, DC  P 108  b 
639.  01-76- 959 Staphylea bumalda, DC Y 226 
640.  G1-76- 916 Stephanandra incisa, Zabel  X 200 
641.  G1 -76-1183 Stephanandra incisa, Zabel AF 392 
642.  G1 -76-1145 Stephanandra incisa, Zabel AD 368 
643. G1-76-1048 Stewartia  koreana, Nakai  AA 293 
644. G1-76-1215 Stewartia  koreana, Nakai  AG 417 
645. G1-76-1243 Stewartia  koreana, Nakai  AH 439 
646. G1-76-1253 Stewartia  koreana, Nakai  AH 449 
647. G1 -76-1155 Styrax  japonica,Sieb. & Zucc. AE 377 
648. G1-76-1195 Styrax  japonica, Sieb . & Zucc. AF 399  e 
649. G1-76-1235 Styrax  japonica,Sieb. & Zucc. AH 431 
650. G1 -76-1372 Styrax  japonica,Sieb. & Zucc. BE 563 
651. G1-76- 118 Styrax  obassia, Sieb. & Zucc. P 118 
652. G1-76- 686  Styrax  obassia, Sieb.  & Zucc. B 12 
653. G1-76- 795 Styrax  obassia, Sieb. & Zucc. N 104 a 
654. G1 -76-1065 Styrax  obassia, Sieb. & Zucc. AB 310 
655. G1-76- 802  Symplocos chinensis, Nakai  
106 f. villosa  Ohwi P b 
656. G1-76- 885 Symplocos  chinensis, Merr f.  
pilosa, Nakai  V 176 b 
657. G1-76- 683 Symplocos  panniculata, (Thunberg)  
Miquel A 9 
100 
658.  G1-76-1067 Symplocos prunifolia, Sieb.  & Zucc. AB 312 
659.  G1-76-1109 Symplocos prunifolia, Sieb.  & Zucc. AD 347 
660.  G1 -76-1134 Symplocos prunifolia, Sieb.  & Zucc. AD 357 
661.  G1-76-  811  Syringa reticulata, (Bl) Hara  
v. velutina P 113 
662.  G1-76- 838 Syringa reticulata, (Bl.) Hara  S 141 
663.  G1-76- 850 Syringa reticulata, (Bl.) Hara  T 152 
664.  G1-76- 983 Syringa reticulata, (Bl.) Hara  W 241  
665.  G1-76-1251 Syringa reticulata, (Bl.) Hara  AH 447 
666.  G1-76- 770 Syringa velutina, Komarov  M  87 
667.  G1-76-  858 Syringa velutina, Komarov  U 157 a  
668. G1-76- 905 Syringa velutina, Komarov  X 190 
669. G1 -76-1087 Syringa velutina, Komarov  AD 329  
670. G1-76-1114 Syringa velutina, Komarov  AD 352  
671. G1 -76-1136 Syringa velutina, Komarov  AD 359 
672. G1 -76-1203 Syringa velutina, Komarov  
Syringa wolfii,Schneider 
AG 407  
673, G1-76- 722 H 44 
674. G1-76- 724 Syringa wolfii,Schneider I 46  
675.  G1-76- 725 Syringa wolfii, Schneider  I 46 b 
676. G1-76- 726 Syringa wolfii,  Schneider  I 47 
677. G1-76- 740 Syringa wolfii, Schneider  L 60  
678.  G1-76- 857 Syringa sp. U 157 
679. G1-76- 823 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb.  & Zucc.  R 126 
680. G1-76- 890 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb.  & Zucc.  V 179 
681.  G1-76-1111 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc.  AD 349  
682. G1 -76-1327 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc.  BC 500  
683. G1 -76-1328 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb.  & Zucc. BC 501 
684. G1 -76-1340 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb.  & Zucc. BD 521 
685. G1-76-1357 Taxus cuspidata, Sieb.  & Zucc. BD 537 
686. G1-76- 783 Thalictrum  sp N 97  
687. G1-76- 737 Thuja koraiensis,  Nakai  L 57  
688.  G1-76- 749 Thuja koraiensis, Nakäi  L 69 
689. G1 -76-1192 Thuja orientalis, L. 
Tilia  amurensis, Ruprecht  
AF 399 b 
690. G1-76- 776 M 91 a 
691.  G1-76- 782 Tilia amurensis, Ruprecht  N 96 
692. G1-76- 828 Tilia amurensis, Ruprecht R 131 
693. G1 -76-1414 Tilia coreana,  Nakai  BH 608 
694.  G1 -76-1068 Tilia  mandshurica,Ruprecht AC 313 
695.  G1-76- 746 Tilia  taquetii, Schneider  L 66 
696, G1 -76-1259 Torreya nucifera,Sieb. & Zucc. 
v. matsumurae, Makinoi  BA 453 
697.  G1-76- 676 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda  A 2  
698.  G1-76- 707 Tripterygium regelii.  Sprague et  
Takeda G 29 
699.  G1-76- 721 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda H 43  
700.  G1-76- 830 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda R 133 
701.  G1-76- 819 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et 
Takeda P 121 
702.  G1-76-  869 Tripterygium regelii,  Sprague et 
Takeda  U 163 a 
703.  G1-76- 880 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et 
Takeda U 173 
704.  G1-76-  901 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et 
Takeda X 188 
705.  G1-76-  964 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et 
Takeda Z 230 
101 
706. G1 -76-1062 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda  AB 307 
707. G1-76-1 112 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda  AD 350 
708. G1-76-1 135 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda  AD 358 
709. G1 -76-1143 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et 
Takeda AD 366 
710. G1-76-1196 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et 
Takeda  AG 400 
711. G1-76-1239 Tripterygium regelii, Sprague et  
Takeda  AH 435 
712. G1-76- 902 Ulmus davidiana , Planch  v. jap.Nak. 
f. suberose Nak. X 188 a  
713. G1-76- 690 Vaccinium koreanum, Nakai  B 15 
714. G1-76- 713 Vaccinium  koreanum, Nakai  H 35 
715. G1 -76-1099 Vaccinium koreanum, Nakai  AD 337 
716. G1-76-1 178 Vaccinium koreanum, Nakai  AF 388 
717. G1 -76-1202 Vaccinium koreanum, Nakai  AG 406 
718. G1-76-1047 Vaccinium oldhamii, Miquel AA 292 
719. G1 -76-1084 Vaccinium oldhamii, Miquel AD 326 
720. G1-76-1281 Vaccinium oldhamii, Miquel BB 470 
721. G1 -76-1380 Vaccinium oldhamii, Miquel BE 571 
722. G1-76- 732 Weigela florida, (Bunge)  A. DC.  K 53 
723. G1 -76-1107 Weigela florida-, (Bunge)  A. DC.  AD 345 
724. G1-76-  845  Weigela subsessilis, L.H. Bailey  T 148 
725. G1-76-  863  Weigela subsessilis, L.H. Bailey  U 160 a 
726. G1-76- 886 Weigela subsessilis,  L.H. Bailey  U 177 
727. G1-76-  944 Weigela subsessilis,  L.H. Bailey  Z 218 a 
728. G1-76-1110 Weigela subsessilis, L.H. Bailey  AD 348 
729. G1 -76-1297 Weigela subsessilis,  L.H. Bailey  
Weigela subsessilis, L.H. Bailey 
BC 483  
730. G1 -76-1352 BD 532 
731. G1 -76-1262 Viburnum  awabucki, Koch  
Viburnum burejaeticum, Regel et 
BA 456 
732. G1-76- 997  
c* 
Herder  255  
733. G1-76- 698 Viburnum dilatatum, Thunberg E 22  
734. G1-76- 710 Viburnum dilatatum, Thunberg G 32  
735. G1-76- 803  Viburnum erosum, Thunberg N 107 
736. G1-76- 832 Viburnum  erosum, Thunberg R 135 
737. G1-76-1370 Viburnum erosum, Thunberg BE 561 
738. G1 -76-1379 Viburnum erosum, Thunberg BE 570 
739. G1 -76-1378 Viburnum furcatum, Blume  BE 569 
740. G1-76-  763  Viburnum koreanum, Nakai  
Viburnum sargentii,  Koehne  
L 82  a 
741 G1-76- 697 D 21 
742. G1-76-  764 Viburnum sargentii,  Koehne  L 82  b 
743. G1-76-  849 Viburnum sargentii, Koehne T 151 
744. G1-76- 875  Viburnum sargentii, Koehne  U 168 
745. G1 -76-1106 Viburnum sargentii,  Koehne  AD 344 
746. G1-76- 773  Viburnum wrightii, Miquel  M 90 
747. G1-76-  862  Viburnum wrightii, Miquel U 160 
748. G1 -76-1187 Viola albida, Palibin  AF 396 
749. G1-76-1419 Vitex rotundifolia, Linn.  BH 613  
750. G1-76-  825  Vitis amurensis, Ruprecht R 128 
751. G1-76-  966 Virtis amurensis, Ruprecht  Z 232  
752. G1-76-  988 Vitis amurensis, Ruprecht Z 246 
753. G1 -76-1051 Vitis amurensis, Ruprecht AA 296 
754. G1-76-1021 Vitis flexuosa, Thunberg 277 
755. G1-76-1242 Vitis flexuosa, Thunberg AH 438 
756. G1-76-1249 Vitis flexuosa, Thunberg AH 445 
757. G1 -76-1247 Zantoxylum piperituip AH 443 
102 
758. G1 -76-1232 Zantoxylum schinifolium,Sieb. & AH 428 
Zucc
.
 
759. G1-76- 808  Zantoxylum P 110 
760. G1 -76-1162 Zelkova  serrata,Makino AF  384 
761.  G1-76-1244 Zelkova  serrata , Makino  AH 440 
762.  G1 -76-1428 Zelkova  serrata, Makino  CA 631 
763.  G1 -76-1449 Zizyphus  jujuba, Mill.  CA 659 
x)  Additions  and corrections  
182 a 01-76-  775  Cimicifuga sp. M 91 
207 a G1-76-1 185 Clerodendron  trichotomum, AF 394 
296  G1 -76-1042 
Thunberg 
a Euonymus  oxyphyllus , Miquel AA 287 
370  a G1-76- 889  Malus  baccata.Borkhausen V 178 
372 a G1 -76-1090 Malus  sieboldii,(Regel)Rehder  AD 332 
552  a  G1-76- 918  Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii, Max . X 202  


"... When the tall pines swing to the cold  wind  on rocky  
crests
,
 
The  sun is down and the woodsmen are gone from the forest 
They  mediated long under  the bright moon at night; 
They  flew aimlessly on the fluttering wings of the wind.  
On the iris bed they lay and fell fast asleep; 
Their souls were not tied to early  cares even in dreams. 
The  unfeeling clouds sail  over the two ruined hermitages 
as of yore. 
In glens untrodden by men only deer leap in wild joy." 
Ilyon (1206-1289), Samguk Yusa: 
Song in praise of the  two saints.  
ISBN 951-45-1798-9  
Helsingin yliopiston monistuspalvelu, offset 1979