MAATALOUDEN TUTKIMUSKESKUS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE KOTIELÄ1NHOIDON TUTKIMUS- LAITOKSEN TIEDOTE N:o 12 INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, REPORT N:o 12 Research reports of Pekilo-symposium Tampere 12-15. 9. 1978 Edited by Tuomo Kiiskinen TIKKURILA 1979 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE MINUTES OF PEKILO SYMPOSIUM SALO, M-L, Chemical composition and feed yalue of Pekilo LEHTOMÄKI, M., The yariation of chemical composition of Pekilo-product KOIVURINTA, J., Functional properties of Pekilo OJALA, J., Pekilo in Finnish feed industry 27 ALAVIUHKOLA, T., Experiences on feeding pigs with Pekilo 33 BOBROV, E.P., BOGOMOLOV, Ju.G., MAMENKO, V.,Ju. AND SOLONENKO, V.A. Optimal standards for compensating animal protein with Pekilo-protein in feeding of early weaned pigs 46 BOBROV, E.P., CHIKOV, A.E. AND ZHERNOVOJ, I.T. Efficiency of using Pekilo-protein in feeding of early weaned pigs so HANSSEN, J.T., Nutritional experiences on feeding pigs with the Pekilo 54 KORNIEWICZ, A., AND PLONKA , S Pekilo-protein in poultry and swine feeding in Poland 71 CHIKOV, A.E., GROLOVA, V.K. AND GLAZOV, A.P., Pekilo-protein in the feeding of growing finishing ducks 89 BOGOMOLOVA, I.P., Optimal standards when changing from the animal protein to Pekilo- protein. 93 DELIC,I. AND LAZOR, M., Pekilo-protein in animal feeding 97 Zentrales Kontroll- und PrUf- 112 institut fUr Landwirtschaft, Prag. OberprUfund des Productionsnuts- effekts der kompleten Futtermischungen fUr die Vormast und Mast der Broiler bei Anwendung der "Pekilo"-FUtter- proteine. Page 1 3 9 21 25 Page SURDZIJSKA, S., AND VLADIMIROVA, L., Pekilo - a protein source of the broiler feed mixture. 129 KIISKINEN. T., Pekilo in the feeding of poultry, the results of the experiments carried out in Finland 133 NAMIOTKIEWICZ, J. AND KORNIEWICZ, A., Pekilo-protein in prestarter and starter feed for calves reared to 120 days of age 144 KOSSILA, V AND KIISKINEN, T., Pekilo-protein in the calf starters. 150 THE PEKILO SYMPOSIUM 12. - 15. September 1978 INTRODUCTION The Pekilo process is a manufacturing process of a single cell protein (SCP), where cell mass with high crude protein percentage is produced by means of cultivating mycelia-forming fungi (Paecilogwes) in a suitable solution containing carbohydrates. The process has originally been developed by the Finnish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, and the process techniques have been developed by Oy Tampella Ab and United Paper Mills Ltd in cooperation. The first industrial application, the Pekilo Mill, has operated since 1975 at the Jämsänkoski Mills of United Paper Mills Ltd. The production of sulfite pulp leave:3 waste liquor containing sugars and organic acids. This spent sulfite liquor is used as raw material for the Pekilo process. The significance of the Pekilo process in view of the protection of the environment is quite important since in the course of the process an ample amount of particles that cause biological oxygen consump- tion, i.e. water pollution, is removed from the waste liquor. The production capacity of the Jämsänkoski mill is 10 000 tons of Pekilo product per year, i.e. 10 - 15 % of the cellulose production. By its consistency the Pekilo product corresponds feed yeast and is used as substitute for soya- and fish meals in feed mixtures for swine and poultry. In Finland Pekilo was accepted for animal feed purposes in 1971, but its suitability for different feed mixtures is further studied at the Agricultural Research Center. Since 1973 tests aiming at the qualification of this product as animal feed have been performed also in Norway, England, Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Portugal. 'Tampella has organized an International Symposium on September 12 - 15, 1978, in which representatives from different countries described their respective experiences of the use of Pekilo. The Symposium is part of this year's programme of Soviet-Finnish scientific-technical co-oper- ation in the field of agriculture. In addition to the_Soviet delegation representatives from Bulgaria,Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Finland participated in the Sym- posium. The purpose of this four-day specialist meeting was to fa- miliarize the participants with ali research work done in respect of the uses of Pekilo. The Sympåsium bears significance mainly to present and fu- ture users of the Pekilo product, as well as to the organ- izer of the Symposium, Oy Tampella Ab, in view of marketing. PEKILOS'YMPOSIUM HELD IN TAMPELLA TAMPERE 12. - 15. SEPTEMBER 1978 SEPTEMBER 12, 1978 Chairman L Syrjälä, acting prof Secretary T Alaviuhkola, M.A. At 9.15 opening of the meeting by prof Syrjälä. Tampellafs introduction by director A Karhola. 3 Composition of Pekilo and feed value by Dr Salo. During the general discussion, a question (Alaviuhkola) concerning variation between different lots of Pekilo was brought forward. According to Tampellats rep- resentative (Lehtomäki) the industrial process is continuously developed and protein content of the product can be standardized close to what was present in that pilot plant product, with which the first experiments were performed upon. Dr Plonka (Poland) asked, whether any residues of heavy metals have ever been found in Pekilo? Dr Salo,s reply indicated, that the levels have been very low. Salo also mentioned that difference be- tween crude fibre content in Pekilo and Torula-yeast is partly due to analysis technic. Agr. Ojala informed that in 1977, quantity of Pekilo used by Finlandls feed industry was 2100 tons. In the feed mixtures of pigs and chickens Pekilols per- centage is about 3 %. Pekilo has not been used in the milk replacers. Handling of Pekilo in the in- dustry is easy and without problems. During the general discussions it was clarified that finnish feed industry imports feed yeasts quite a lot, so that half of the SCP-products are from abroad. 5 Dr Koivurinta presented Pekilo in view of the human consumption and verified it as being technically quite easy to apply to such purpose. However, the taste is still a problem in many products. 6 Alaviuhkola presented experiments performed in Finland with the pigs. According to these experi- ments, up to 2/3 of the protein in the diet of grow- ing finishing pigs can be replaced with Pekilo without any side effects. Experiments with sows and piglets have been started at the Swine Research Station, Hyvinkää (Finland). 7 Chairman read an abstract concerning very favourable results on Pekilo experiments performed in England. 8 Hanssen presented Norwegian experimental results. He confirmed that Pekilo can replace soya meal in feeding the growing finishing pigs on the basis of crude protein. Dr Bobrov presented results of the experiments performed in the Soviet Union. According to them Pekilo has the same value as the yeast protein. 9 According to Dr Plonka, Polish Pekilo-experiments prove that Pekilo can without any difficulties re- lace both fishmeal and oilextractives in the mixtures of the pigs. Pekilo had a slight positive effect on the quality of the carcass. Quality of the meat was judged by measuring the chemical composition, pH and water binding capacity on the samples taken from the musculus longissimus dorsi. Effect of Pekilo did not differ from other protein feeds. 10 In the absence of Yugoslavian representatives Mr Lehtomäki from Tampella presented the results of Pekilo experiments performed in Yugoslavia. Accord- ing to them the Pekilo produced about 9 % lower growth and 5.8 % poorer feed utilization than the fishmeal. Lysine- and methionine additions will bring Pekilo into the comparable level with the fishmeal. Yeast and Pekilo are quite compensable with each other. 11 During the general discussion Mr Ingman from Tampella verified that Pekilo-method can be well adapted be- side the sulphite waste liquors also for utilization of other carbohydrate wastes, e.g. molasses and hydrolyzed wood. SEPTEMBER 13, 1978 Chairman V Kossila Dr Secretaries/AM T Alaviuhkola M.A. PM T Kiiskinen MMK 12 Kiiskinen presented the Pekilo-experiments performed in Finland with the poultry. Preliminary experiments at the beginning of nineteenseventies did not give the actual picture of possibilities to use Pekilo, because methionine addition was not used. According to Kiiskinen, Pekilo can be used as a sole protein feed of the laying hens. Also in the feed of chickens and broilers main part of addi- tional protein (fishmeal, soya meal) can be compen- sated with the Pekilo. 13 Hanssen (Norway) informed about experiments concern- ing nutritional value of Pekilo and also of feeding experiments with chickens. Digestibility of protein varied in different Pekilo-samples. Digestibility of amino acids was in average same class as in soya meal. Availability of lysine was in average some- what lower than in soya meal, as well as PER-value determined with chicks. According to Hanssen, Pekilo might compensate the soya meal as the protein source, presuming that methipnine is added into the feed. 14 During the general discussion Romantschuk from Tampella presumed that different heating methods of Pekilo lots, which were tested at that time might have had reflect upon the results of Norwegian expe- riments. Alaviuhkola wished to get information on available lysine of the Pekilo. 15 Tshikov from the Soviet Union presented Pekilo- experiments performed on ducks and broilers. There was 8 % of fishmeal present in the control feeds, which was stage by stage compensated with the Pekilo and in the duck experiment also with yeast (2,4,6 %). On the ducks, yeast and Pekilo proved to be equal. No side effects were noticed. On the broilers, 75 % of the fishmeal could be replaced by Pekilo (6 % in feed) without reduction in growth rate or feed conversion. When quality of the carcass was taken into consideration, 50 % (4 % in feed) proved to be optimal. 16 Lehtomäki (Tampella) inquired about the upcoming Pekilo experiment program in the Soviet Union. According to the given reply Ministry will decide upon the actual program. Pekilo and hydrocarbon yeast experiments will be started with the early weaned lambs. 17 Lehtomäki presented Pekilo-experiments performed with the poultry in Yugoslavia (Deli and Lazor). When fishmeal was completely replaced with Pekilo in the broiler feed, it resulted poorer growth and feed utilizing ratio (Pc 0,01). Methionine addition (0,1 %) improved results up to the level of control group. Feed yeast and Pekilo were equal. 18 Granulation of Pekilo and its necessity and its possible effect upon quality of protein was under discussion (Plonka). From point of view of the industry, granulated product is easier to handle and temperature of 60-70°C does not decrease quality of the product (Korhonen). Plonka suggested that palatability of granulated and ungranulated Pekilo should be estimated in a future experiment. 19 In the experiments performed in Bulgaria (Surdgiiska) with broilers, compensation of yeast (5 %) and soya meal with 5-10 % of Pekilo did not have effect upon growth or feed efficiency. 3.4-bentsbyrene was not found in the Pekilo or in meat of broilers fed with Pekilo-containing feed. 20 According to Polish expefiments, (Korniewicz and Plonka), Pekilo can compensate at least 2/3 of the soya meal in feed of the broilers. Pekilo had a very positive effect upon feed conversion. Pekilo did not have any harmful effect upon health of the animals, carcass quality and chemical composition of the car- cass. Protein level and Asp AT-activity (aspartate aminotransferase) of the blood serum showed that biosynthesis of the amino acid was unbalanced when the soya meal was compensated with Pekilo. 21 During following discussion, Dr Kossila inquired about soluble proteins in the breast muscles. Reply: Primarily gammaglobulines. To Kossilals inquiry Polish replied that Asp AT-activity shows speed of the protein synthesis and that its drop in this case showed that quality of soya meal protein was better than Pekilols. 22 Kossila and Plonka presented experiences on using Pekilo in feeding of the calves. According to the experiments performed in Finland, Pekilo is not well suited for milkreplacers of very young calves. From about age of one month on, it can be used together with dried whey to compensate skim milk powder, either in the milkreplacers or in the starters. In Poland the test results indicated that Pekilo was even better than dried skim milk, but the calves were already about 7 weeks old, when the experiment was started. 23 Romantschuk asked whether the results of Polish and Finnish calf experiments were contradictory. Accord- ing to Kossila starting age is decisive factor. According to Plonka quality (heating) of milk powder protein and mineral contents can have an effect upon test results. 24 Chairman read German abstract on the research performed in Czechoslovakia, which consisted the feed value of Pekilo in the feeding of broilers. Feed yeast was used as a control and quantity used in feed was 6 % for both. Pekilo gave signi- ficantly (P 0,05) better growth (index 104,3/10C). Either toxic symptones or deleterious effects upon quality of the meat were not found. 25 Lehtomäki presented the variations in the composition of Pekilo from year 1963 on. Protein content has varied from 40 to 60 %. Growth speed of microbe have an effect upon the protein content of Pekilo. RNA increases according to rate of protein synthesis. When growth is very active, certain amount of carbo- hydrates of the cell walls is compensated with protein. Following variations in the composition of Pekilo has been found: protein 51 - 63 % total-N 8,2 - 10,1 % nucleic acid 9,6 - 10,8 % Na-N 1,9 - 2,2 % According to Mr. Marila (United Paper Mills), the protein content of the Pekilo at the Jämsänkoski mill is at present 53 - 55 %. 26 Chairman summarized the facts brought forward in the symposium: Huring this symposium, which was organized by Tampella and who acted as the host, we have acquired a great deal of knowledge on the produc- tion, chemical composition and quality of the Pekilo. Feed industry's ideas and opinions were heard. Also information on characteristics of the Pekilo as a possible raw material in the food industry was obtained. Pekilo-experiments with the domestic animals (pigs, poultry, calves) have been performed in several different countires: Bulgaria, Great-Britain, Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, Norway, Poland, Czechos- lovakia and Finland. According to performed expe- riments skim milk powder, fishmeal, oilextractives and yeast can be partly or totally replaced by Pekilo in the feed of the growing finishing pigs. It was found out during these experiments that Pekilo had neither harmful effect on the carcass or quality of lean meat nor any pathological effects. When the growth results have been poorer with the Pekilo than for example with the fishmeal, it has most likely been due to lack of methionine. In the diet of the laying hens, Pekilo can completely compensate soya meal and fishmeal. Sufficient amount of methionine must be added, because it is the first limiting amino acid in the single cell protein (SCP). Also in feeding of chickens and broilers consider- able amount of the protein feeds can be replaced by Pekilo. Use of the fishmeal especially in the broiler feeds, is however, recommended. According to the experiments, Pekilo did not cause any harm to health of the poultry or quality of the meat. According to the experiments performed in Finland and Poland, Pekilo can replace dried skim milk in dry starter-feed of young calves. Pekilo can be used together with dried whey in milkreplacers for older calves. Pekilo cannot be recommended for the milkreplacers of calves between one week and one month; neither are other SCP-products recommended. Young calves digest other proteins than milk protein quite incompletely. 27 Chairman closed the meeting at 4.30 pm. She expressed thank to the participants, to lecturers and to Tampella who had organized this symposium. LIISA SYRJÄLÄ VAPPU KOSSILA Chairmen TIMO ALAVIUHKOLA TUOMO KIISKINEN Secretaries HEtECAL COMPOSITION AND hD VALDE OF THE PEKII0 Maija-Liisa Salo Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Helsinki, Finland Pekilo is the trade name for the mycelium formingmdcrofungi Paecilomyces varioti, which is cultivated in the sulphite spent liquor. The Pekilo process has been developed in Finland (FORSS 1973) and the product is manufactured by United Paper Mills Ltd, Jämsänkoski. Gngulated Pekilo is light yellow, almost odourless and mild tasting feed. Due to the mycelium like structure of microbe, the product is not as dusty and finely divided as the feed yeast. Its taste is appealing to the animals. Chemical composition The uumposition of Pekilo is close to the yeasts. This can he noted also fram Tåble 2, where average results of the standard feed analysis of Pekilo and Torula-yeast (Candida utilis) are presented. The values come from the products cultivated in the sulphite spent liquor under industrial scale. Fairly large differences in the composition can he found in the literatures, because it is characteristic of the single dell protein (SCP) that the camposition varies, if dhanges occur in the cultivation oonditions. The fact that the methodq of the standard feed analysis are ccmposed on the L'UlltIlUn plant material, has also effect upon the results. Al1(4hem are not suitable for analysing of microbe mass. The standard feed analysis gives only a rough picture on the -"Josition of Pekilo. In the following more specific methods hava been used to clarify this picture. crude protein Protein is the most important camponent of Pekilo. The crude protein level might dhange within 40 to 60 percent of dry matter, but in the indusrial production the content seems to stay near to 50 pPrcent. The amounts which were cultivated in the small fermenter contained crude protein often five 10 or even fifteen percentage'units more (HEIKKILÄ 1973, VÄLIMÄKI 1973). Because SCP is produced for feeding of non-ruminant animals, the amino acid camposition of protein is a very important factor. In this respect Pekilo is en excellent feed and similar to the feed yeasts. The amino acid composition is shown in Tåble 2, the figures being averages of many researches. Characteristic of Pekilo - as of qflP generally - is the good lysine value. It is better than in soya meal, being however, poorer than in fish meal. Contents of ist other essential amino acids are also high. The only defect is the low level of sulphur amino acids. This is, however, the deficiency which is more easily oorrected than the poor lysine content, because most basic feeds contain quite plenty of the sulphur amino acids, and in-addition, the synthetic DL-methionine is inexpensive when ccmparing to the synthetic L-lysine. Table 3 has been taken as an indication of the fact that the feed combination iraproves the biological value (Oy) and the net protein utilization (OHI) of P. In addition to the values for BV and NPU of the separate yeasts and of barley, Table 3 gives the results for the combinations of barley and yeasts, and of barley and fish meal. For both protein criteria, the oombination of yeast and barley gives good values, similar to those from combining good fish meal with barley (SCHULZ and OSLA( 1976). The low content of the sulphur amino acids is typical also to the legume seeds, e.g. soya meal, and therefore Pekilo is suitable for compensating soya meal in the feed mixtures, but not for supplementing it. The fish meal or other animal feeds are suitable supplementary feeds. A part of the qrP nitrogen is included in the nucleic acids. In general, their content is proportional to the grow rata of the cell mass. Values of 5 to 12 % nucleic acid for yeasts and 8 to 16 % for bacteria in the dry matter are given, corresponding 10 to 20 % of total nitrogen (KIHLBERG 1972). The nucleic acid content of Pekilo is, according to the producer, 10 to 11 % of dry matter, oorresponding åbout 22 % of total nitrogen. (The ribose content of the hydrolysates (Table 5) is en indication of the existence of nucleic acids). In the field of human nutrition the extension of nucleic acid intake above the tolerated amount of 1 to 2 g per day, should he avoided. In the case of agricultural animals, however, the order of magnitude of nucleic acid, intake which may lead to a negative effect on performance is at present not clear (SCHULZ and OSLAGE 1975). 11 It is known, however, that nucleic acids decrease the utilization of the crude protein. For example, growing pigs utilize 1/3 to 1/4 of purine and pyrimidine nitrogen, and excrete the rest within the urine in the form of allantoin (ROTH and KIRCHGESSNER 1977). Carbohydrates Carbohydrate oampcsiticnof SCP differs greatly fram higher plants. The dhief constituents are glucan and mannan, followed by galactan and dhitin. Xylan and araban, which are dharacteristic of higher plants occur only in traces and possibly are residues fram the sulphite spent liquor (SCHOLZ and CGLA( 1976, SALO 1977). In the standard feed analysis carbohydrates are included in the groups of crude fibre and N-free extract, the value of crude fibre describing'the bulkiness of the feed. Fbr analysing of SCP the crude fibre technique sults poorly, because SCP does not contain crude fibre in the saan meaning than the common feeds. The crude fibre value is also depending on the tightness of the filter used in the determination. As en example of it are the following figures: when a glass wcol filter is used, the crude fibre value for Pekilo is åbout 7 %, but when the filtering takes place through an asbestos filter the value will rise te 10 %. The difference with yeasts is even larger (0 - 2 % contra 7 %), because yeasts are not filamentous itke Pekilo. This technical point is the main reason for the large variation in the crude fibre content of SCP presented in the literature (SALO 1977). Tåble 4 åhows the carbehydrates devided into fractions according te their solUbility. Determination was performed with an extraction and hydrolysis system developed for the plant materials. The final determination of each fraction was made as reducing sugars (SALO 1965). It can he seen that the sugar contents of Pekilo and yeasts are low and no starch is present. The largest fraction is the hemicellulose. However, åbout 8 % of Pekilo and somewhat less of yeasts are such polysaccharides which require as strong hydrolysis as cellu1ose. This poorly soluble carbohydrate fraction agrees fairly well with the crude fibre pPrcentage. The solubility of carbchydrates in pepsin-HC1 and amyloglycosidase incubations was found te he low (SALO 1977). Consequently, the SCP contains only small amounts of carbohydrate material that animals are åble te utilaze without the aid of alimentary microbes. This result agrees with the findings ofsGAILLARD 12 and MEREEN (1976) that the oell wall polysaccharides of yeast are digested very little by the normal digestive enzynes of the calf's small intestine, but are used as a substrate by the bacterial flora of the large intestine. The low solubility of carbohydrates might give the explanation also to the finding that Pekilo is a rather problematic feedstuff in the feeding of pre-ruminant calves. That the same is not true with the pigs, is depending on the fact that the digestion system of pigs is greatly based on the microbial function in the alinentary tract. The crude lignin percentages shown in the Tåble 4 describe the residues after acid hydrolysis. The term is inside the guotation marks, because microbe cells hardly contain any lignin. The nitrogen content of this crude lignin was similar to that of plantmaterials ridh in protein. Table 5 shows the rough percentage distribution of different sugar units respect to the total carbohydrates. The main camponent is glucose, which is present in ali three fractions, but es. pecially in the hemicellulose. Glucosan similar to starch does not occur. Crude fat According to the nest researches the ether extract value of Pekilo is only 1 to 2 % of dry natter, in a few samples however, up to 5-6 % (HEIKKILÄ 1973, SALO 1977). Because the ether dissolves only a part of the total fat, the determination is often completed with prehydrolysis with hydrodhloric acid. This method gives values for Pekilo and yPaqts which are about three ties as high as. the simple ether extracts, as is shown in the following cambination (SALO 1977): Ethår extract HC1-ether extract Pekilo No. 1 4,6 6,8 Pekilo No.2 1,4 5,0 Torula 1,9 6,2 SacCharonyces cerevisiae 1,8 7,9 Fairly large variation have teen stated both in the magnitude and the composition of the total fat fractions of the yets and the bacteria. Besides triglycerides and fatty acids a high unsaponifiable portion may he present. Fatty acids are mainly of type C14 - C18 and unsaturated fatty acids predaminate (SCHOLZ and OSLA(E 1976). The piciJurtions of linoleic and aradhidonic acids are, however, very low (BECK and GPOPP 1974)-. 13 Minerals Mäny respardhers have determined the zineral contents of Pekilo and yeasts. Differences are observed also in this area. General feature is that SCP contain plenty of phosphorus (åbout 1,5 %) and very little of calcium. From the trace zinerals especially zinc is plentiful (about 140 ppm.) and according to some researchers also nänganese. Contents of heavy metals have been found safely low. Vitamin.s The well knewn fact is that single cell products are rich åources of the vitamin B group and they form thus an excellent vitamin B supplement for the feed industry. The vitamin LiiL,ition of SCP is, however, deficient because the fat soluble vitamins, vitamin C and also B12 are missing. Table 6 shows the order of magnitude of vitamins. In order to show the difference between vitamin B caitents of SCP and cereals, also barley is presented in the saan Table. Toxic substances No poisonous substances have been found in the Pekilo. Neither there is any risk of the carcinogenous polycyclic hydrocarbons as it is the case with the petroproteins. Contents of heavy metals have been stated low. Diqestibilitv and feed value Mäny feeding trial have been performed with Pekilo, but the digestibility experilrents are limited to one trial with fattening pigs, weight 23 to 68 kg (VÄLIMÄKI 1973), and tao trials with calves (HEIKKILÄ 1973). Not even thcse experiments have been published in the official sources of information. Digestibility coefficients are shown in Table 7, and feed units (F.u.), metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein (DCP) values in Table 8. In the saan Tables corresponding values for yeasts, found in the literature, are presented. gne test with pigs showed that pigs digest Pekilo very well. Also the nitrogen balance was found equal with other protein feeds. The digestibility experirrent thus confirmed the results of feeding trials, where Pekilo had proved to he very good pig feed,almost equal to the fish meal. However, the 14 digestibility results are not reliable enough, because the proportion of Pekilo was only 11 % of the diet, and the digestibility coefficients of the basic feed, barley, were taken from the Feed Tåble. Apparently this is the reason that the figures of the trial are not påbliåhed. In the trial with calves (age åbout 2 months) the Pekilo was the only feed, instead. The quantity was small,only 380 g/d, because the calves did not eat more, and due to that the nitrogen balance fonmed quite negative. Digestibility coefficients ware lower than with pigs, especially those of the non-protein substances. In the other trial Pekilo was as an ingiedient in the diet of 3 to 7 week old calves. The two trials showed that the åbility of pre-ruminant calf to digest Pekilo increases within the age. Pekilo is not, however, as good feed for calves as for pigs. Digestibility results for poultry are not available, but according to feeding tria1s Pekilo is suitåble for poultry as long as its quantity is limited to about half of the required protein supplement. No tests have been performiwith adult cattle, because Pekilo is considered to too expensive feed for ruminants. A11 in ali it can he verified that the digestibility of the most important carponent of Pekilo, the crude protein, has proved to he good, and et least with pigs also the utilization of protein has been good. Digestibilities of other organic substances have been poorer and differences greater between animal species. 15 Tåble 1. Average values of standard feed analysis, percentages of dry matter. Ash Crude Ether Crude N-free protein extract fihre extract Pekilo 6 50 2 7 35 Tbrula 7 50 2 2 39 Table 2. Average values of the vain essential amino acids, g/16 g N Pekilo Tbrula Lysine 6,1 7,7 Måthionine 1,5 1,3 Cystine 0,8 0,8 Threonine 4,5 5,2 Tryptophan 1,4 1,4 valine 4,9 5,6 Isoleucine 4,2 5,1 Leucine 6,7 7,6 Phenylalanine 3,8 4,5 Arginine 6,1 5,1 Histidine 2,0 2,1 16 Tåble 3. The effect of ccmbining barley with yeast on biological value and net protein utilization for pigs (60 % protein of barley + 40 % of yeast) SCHULZ & OSLAGE 1976). Barley Yeast (methanol) BV 61,2 74,6 NPU 53,8 65,9 + barley 82,6 73,1 Yeast (T) (n-paraffin) 80,1 75,3 " + barley 77,9 69,0 Yeast (n-aikanes) 68,2 61,7 + barley 78,9 68,9 Yeast (whey) 79,3 70,3 + barley 77,8 70,4 Fish meal 85,4 83,4 + barley 77,9 71,4 Tåble 4. Carbohydrate composition of SCP, percentages in dry matter (SALO 1977) Pekilo 1 2 Toimia Båkers' yeast Sugars 1,1 0,5 3,7 0,8 Hemicellulose 24,5 27,2 23,1 26,2 sugar anhydrides 22,2 24,8 19,4 23,8 uronic anhydrides 1,2 1,0 3,0 1,0 hexosamine anhydrides 1,1 1,4 0,7 1,4 Cellulose 7,6 8,4 4,9 6,2 sugar anhydrides 4,0 4,9 3,7 5,5 hexosaMine anhydrides 3,6 3,5 1,2 0,7 Total carbohydrates 33,2 36,1 31,7 33,2 "Crude lignin" 4,5 4,8 5,0 5,3 6,25 x N 1,1 1,2 1,3 0,8 residue 3,4 3,6 3,7 4,5 17 Table 5. Percentage distribution of carbohydrate constituents (SATA 1977). Pekilo Torula Bakers yest Glucose 66 55 48 Mannose 6 18 42 Galactose 10 6 - Xylose + 2 - Arabinose - 2 - Rihose 1 1 1 Uronic acids 3 10 3 Hexosamines 14 6 6 100 100 100 Table 6_ Vitamin contents, mg per kg. Pekilo Yeasts Barley Thiamine 6-8 3-90 4 Riboflavin 36-66 44-183 2 Pyridoxin 10-16 25-57 5 Niacin 272-488 125-523 80 Panthotenic acid 26-35 10-125 7 Biotin 2 1 0,1 h r-- 0 H oLi I CO 40 en I CO r--h r-- .—I rn r--- en . N eo LI/ Li) cr CO I N CO CO en 10 N 0 4i 4-) "rgo)2 19 CO G R rsi Ln c, 01 S 01 L0 LC1 cr CO k.0 C11 1-1 UD L.0 -u ,?1 5T4' ) :g 6 >1 20 REFERENCES ALAV1UHKOLA, T., KORHONEN, I., PARTANEN, J. & LAMPILA, M. 1975. Pekilo protein in the nutrition of grawing-finishing pigs. Acta Agric. Scand. 25: 301-305. BARBER, R.S., BRAUDE, R. & MITCHELL, K.G. 1977. The value of "Pekilo protein" for growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2: 161-169. BECK, H. & GROPP, J. 1974. Alkanhefen in der GeflUgelernährung. I. Chemische Zusammensetzung und FUtterwert. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernähr. Futtermittelk. 33: 158-176. FARSTAD, L., LIV, E., FLAILANDSMO, K. & NAESS, B. 1975. Effects of feeding "Pekilo" single cell protein in various concentrations to growing pigs. Acta Agric. Scand. 25: 291-300. FORSS, K. 1973. Pekilo - a newmicrobial protein for use in the feeding of pigs and poultry. In FAO Symposium on new developments in the provision of amino acids in the diets of pigs and poultry, vol. II, p. 240-350. New York. GAILLARD, B. & WEERDEN, E.J. 1976. The digestion of yeast cell wall polysaccarides in veal calves. Brit. J. Nutr. 36: 471-478. HEIKKILÄ, T. 1973. Pekilo-proteiinin sulavuus ja hyväksikäyttö pikkuvasikalla. Pro gradu -tutkielma, 79 s. HOLMILA, H. 1976. Pekilo-protelinin sulavuus ja hyväksikäyttö sekä sen vaikutus veriarvoihin nuorella vasikalla. Laudaturtyö, 58 s. KOSAKA, K., HOSHII, H. & YOSHIDA, M. 1972. Avallable energy of yeast grown on various carbon sourees by growing chieks. Jap. Poult. Sci. 9: 159-164. LAKSESVELA, B. & SLAGSVOLD, P. 1974. Experiments on Pekilo as a source of protein for young chiCks, with particular reference te effects of supplementation with methionine and sulfates. Acta Agric. Scand. 24: 169-1/4. POUTIAINEN, E. 1973. Pekilo-proteiini munivien kanojen ja broilereiden ruo- kinnassa. Siipikarja 1973: 247-255. ROTH, F. X. & KIRCHGESSNER, M. 1977. N-Ausnutzung und N-Bewertung steigenaer Gallen von Bakterien- und Sojaprotein hei wachsenden Schweinen. Z. Tierphys. Tierernähr. Futtermitteik. 39: 156-170. SALO, M.-L. 1965. Determination of carbohydrate fractions in animal focds and faeces. Acta Agr. Fenn. 105: 1-102. SALO, M.-L. 1977. The carbohydrate composition and solubility of Pekilo protein and two yeasts. Acta Agric. Scand.27: 77-80. SGHULZ, E. & OSLAGE, H.J. 1976. Composition and nutritive value ot single-cell protein (SCP). An±m. Feed Sci. Technol. 1: 9-24. WALDROUP, P. 1971. Yeast protein from hydrocarbon fermentation. Feedstuffs 43 No. 29: 32-34. Matti Lehtomäki 21 Oy Tampella) Ab THE VARIATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PEKILO-PRODUCT Pekilo-product has been investigated since 1963 when the first portion of this fungal biomass was harvested from the shake flask culture. Over a period of ten years also animal feeding tests have been done in different countries. The chemical composition, mainly erude protein content of the samples used in these tests, has varied in wide ranges. Crude protein content (N x 6.25) was PC- ferred as being from 40 to 60 The process has been studied systematically during the three years industrial operation in order to improve design further and to develope process control. The following figure shows how the protein content of Pekilo increases by increasing growth rate during fermentation. Growth rate is the same as dilution rate in steady state of the continuous cultivation. GROWTH i PATE 1/h I I I I 1 PROTEIN % 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 53 Fig.1 CORRELATWN BETWEEN PROTEIN CONTENT AND SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE .35 .2% .20 .1 .1 .05 22 The main reason to this variation ts behaviour of the organism itself. Ali micro-organisms have a clear correlation between growth rate and total) N-content of the cell. This correlation in bacteria and yeasts depends mainly on the RNA-content dealing with protein synthesis in cells. The variation is however more distinct with filamentous fungi because the share of thinwalled hyphal tips increases effect- ively with faster growth rate. Accordingly certain amount of carbohydrates included in the cell wall ts compensated by protein in higher growth rates. About 16 % of the increase in Pekilo-protein ts derived from the RNA as shown in the following calculation: Crude protein % 51 63 Total N 8.2 10.1 Nucleic acids (NA) % 9.6 10.8 NA-N 1.9 2.2 increase of NA-N/increase of total N = 2.2-1.9/10.1-8.2 = 0.3/1.9 (15.8 %) On the 1.).ase of this theoretical view the reasons of variation can be realized in different samples studied during the development of Pekilo process. The high growth rate can he obtained only by opti mization of ali factors affecting to cultivation conditions. This includes both mechanical and bio- chemical operation of the fermentation. For example breaks in energy and raw material supply as well as disturbancies in process equipment have fast influ- ence also to the end product. 23 The operation of the whole production line without disturbances is needed to get the product of good and even quality During the development of industrial process in Jämsänkoski Pekilo mill since 1975 significant improvement has been obtained in the optimization of the process. Good indication of this proceeding might be the recent highly increased production and .improved quality of the product. Typical chemical composition of Pekilo is shown in table 1. TABLE 1 24 TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF PEKILO-PROTEIN OBTAINED FROM Ca-SPENT SULPHITE LIQUOR ELEMENTS (PPM) AMINO ACIDS % VITAMINS (PPM) Fluoride R 4 Aspartic acid 8.5 THIAMINE 7 Arsenic As 0.1 Threonine 4.8 RIBOFLAVIN 70 Copper Cu 12 Serine 4.2 PYRIDOXIN 25 Manganese Mn 115 Glutamic acid 10.7 NIACIN 450 Cobalt Co 1 Proline 3.6 PANTHOTHENIC ACID 60 Zinc Zn 140 Glycine 4.6 BIOTIN 2 Lead Pb ... 1 Alanine 6.0 FOLIC ACID 20 Cadmium Cd 0.1 Valine 5.0 FEED ANALYSIS % Phosphorus P 1500 Methionine 1.6 Sodium Na 1000 Isoleucine 4.6 Potassium K 10000 Leucine 7.1 Moisture, max. 6 Calcium Ca 3000 Tyrosine 4.0 Crude fat 1.3 Magnesium Mg 1000 Phenylalanine 4.2 Crude protein SS Iron Fe 200 Ornitine 0.5 Crude fiber 7 Chromium Cr 0.4 Lysine 6.5 N-free extracts 25 Sulphur S 5000 Histidine 2.0 Ash 6 Selenium Se 0.1 Arginine 6.5 Digestible crude protein 46 (pepsin-HCL- meth) Molybdenum Mo 0.1 Cystine (4- Cysteine) 1.0 Iodine J 0.5 Tryptophan 1.5 l/feed units 0.95 Mercury Hg<0.05 25 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PEKILOR, A MICROFUNGUS BIOMASS FROM PAECILOMYCES VARIOTI, AS COMPARED TO SOYA, TORULA AND CASHIN PRODUCTS IN FOOD SYSTEMS Juha Koivurinta Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki 71 (Finland) SUMMARY The functional properties (protein solubility, water and fat binding, gelling, emulsifying and foaming ability of Pekilo, a microfungus biomass from Paecilomyces varioti produced by the so called Pekilo process developed in Finland, were studied and the applicability of Pekilo biomass in some test food products (cakes, breads, sausages, meat balls) was investigated. Mavar, Soyafluff 200 T, Torula and Torutein were used as reference materials. The protein solubility of conveyor dried Pekilo was superior to the drum dried Pekilo. The isoelectric point of the former was about pH 4.2. The protein solubility of Pekilo biomass was not affected by the NaC1 concentration but the solubility decreased when the suspension was heated to 90 °C. The water binding of Pekilo biomass varied greatly according to the analytical method used, ranging from 1.9 to nearly 6.0 ml/g. Fat binding was dependent on the bulk density of the material. Conveyor dried Pekilo emulsified 35 ml of oil/g of sample. The emulsions were not affected by NaCl (2 %) and the stability of the emulsions was improved by heating and slightly impaired by freezing. 26 Conveyor dried Pekilo was able to form gels at concentrations of.8 % and above. Ionic strength (NaC1, CaC12) did not affect the gelling ability. This property was the better the higher the protein solubility was. Conveyor dried Pekilo biomass could be whipped at 5 % suspension into foams comparable to that of egg white. Egg white and whole egg can be partially substituted with Pekilo biomass but the concentration of the Pekilo suspension used for this purpose has a profound effect on the results. Meringues baked using Pekilo suspension to partly substitute egg white were inferior to the control. The volumes of cakes (fat free cake A, and fat containing cake B) were decreased with increasing substitution of egg by conveyor dried Pekilo bio- mass. The mild flavor of Pekilo powder was dis- tinctly observable in the organoleptic evaluation, being stronger in cake A than in cake B. Conveyor dried Pekilo biomass increased the water binding of the doughs. The stability and extensographic properties of doughs containing Pekilo were inferior to the control,resulting in wheat breads with a specific weight higher than that of control bread. Pekilo flavor was observable in breads already at 2 % flour substitution level. The results obtained with hard and soft rye bread followed the same pattern. The textural parameters of sausages in which meat was substituted by conveyor dried Pekilo biomass indicated that Pekilo can, in combination with meat, form structures typical of sausages. For the best possible results however the water and fat content of the sausage mixture should be Optimized. In organoleptic analysis the Pekilo flavor observed in sausages was not unanimously considered to be a negative factor. Partial substitution of ground meat with conveyor dried Pekil6 in meat balls resulted in a distinct off-flavor and softer texture than that of control. 27 Jussi Ojala, B.Agr. Vaasa Mills Ltd September 12, 1978 PEKILO IN FINNISH FEED INDUSTRY Feed Industry in Finland The first feed factories in our country started their activities approx. 50 years ago. In the beginning, they manufactured compounds to he used as additional feed for poultry and for animals. The quantities and the assortment were comparatively modest in the 1930's and 40's. ,Not until the 1950's did the feeding of domestic animals gain more exact and scientific atten- tion. During the next decade, the number of compounds increased many times" over. At the moment, tens of different products for ali domestic animals are manu- factured by , feed industry. The following quantities were manufactured during the last ten years: year 1965 1970 1972 1974 1976 1977 1000 tons 345 603 676 869 872 718 In twenty years, from 1955 to 1975, industrial manu- facture of feed compounds increased nearly tenfold. In 1976, the quantity of compounds manufactured was bigger than ever before, i.e. 872.000 tons. Last year, total manufacture dropped by some 17 %. The trend this year gives every indication of a new record again. Industrially made feed compounds are approx. 20 % of the total quantity of feed consumed in our country. The share of feed compounds in feeding the main kinds of domestic animals is as follows: pouItry swine cattle per cent of net energy of feed Cl SO ca 35 ca 10 28 The consumption of feed compounds in Finland and other Northern Countries in 1976: Denmark Norway Sweden Finland figure not figure not Poultry 38 24 available available Swine 156 491 330 229 Cattle 515 757 421 181 The manufacture of feed compounds for poultry will not increase in the near future, whereas the quantity of feed compoundsfor swine is going to increase. The share of industrially made feed compounds for cattle has in our country not yet reached the level of many other countries. So we expect the demand.for feed compounds for cattle to grow vigorously in the future. The seven companies manufacturing feed compounds in our country have thirteen feed mills ali over the country. Additionally, there are some small local mixing plants. The assortment of most of the manu- facturers is considerably wide, containing feed compounds fa.r ali groups of domestic animals. In 1977, the following quantities of various raw materials were used in feed compounds manufactured in Finland: Feed grain (barley, oats, wheat) Protein raw materials (fish meal, soya, sun- flower, rape, coconut, meat bone meal, yeasts, milk and whey powder, peas) 1000 tons per cent 366,0 50,1 148,4 20,7 Industrial by-products 123,6 15,8 (mill, meat processing, brewery, sugar and starch industries) Mineral raw materials 46,4 6,5 Other raw materials 33,6 718,0 100,0 Finland is 80 % self-sufficient in raw materials. Quantitatively, the most important raw materials imported are fish meal and soya. Pekilo in Finnish Feed Industry The first truckload of Pekilo protein was delivered to a feed mill on 5th December 1975. Before this, Pekilo had already had a long history: 29 - In early _1960's Oy Keskuslaboratorio (the Central Laboratory of.-Wood Industry) started a protein project the goal of which was to choose the microorganisms suitable for protein production from among 300 or so microfungi. In 1968, eight companies formed the SITU group, the task of which was to develop a method of using spent sulfite liquor in protein production. In the same year, the first experiments on rata were carried out. Thereby, both chemical analysis and definitions of nutritional biological value and eventual poisonous quanties were made. - In 1971, the Agricultural Research Centre made , feeding experiments on swine, calves, broilers and laying hens. On the basis of expositions given, the State Institute of Agricultural Chemistry accepted the use of Pekilo as feed. About a year later, in November 1972, a decision was made to build a Pekilo factory in Jämsänkoski. The developing and delivering of the machinery was given to Tampella. The Pekilo plant was taken into use in 1975. The annual production of the plant was planned to be 10.000 tons Pekilo protein. What was said above was in broad outline the process that gave Finnish feed industry a new raw material, i.e. Pekilo protein. This was a typical process from the point of view of feed industry. Every new raw material has to pass a similar process: "finding" the raw material; several chemical and physiological laboratory tests; extensive experiments on animals; approval by the State Institute of Agricultural Chemistry; starting mass production. After getting enough experience of the technical suitability of Pekilo to the process used in feed industry, a delivery contract was undersigned between Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat (United Paper Mills Ltd) and the seven feed manufacturers. According to the contract, Yhtyneet delivers ali of its Pekilo produc- tion to the feed mills every year. The Meaning of Pekilo for Finnish Feed Industry The aim of the feed manufacturers in our country is to use as much raw materials of native origin as possible, taking into account different spheres of interest at the same timc. Pekilo contributes to this aim. 30 The sudden and heavy increases in the prices of protein raw materials in 1973 and 74 made the native alternatives more profitable. The quotas for soya and fish meal imports are yearly fixed by the state. In the 1970s. and especially in the last few years, the quotas for protein imports have been rather small compared with the demand. Pekilo secures feed industry the ability to manufacture productive feed compounds. Industrially made feed compounds are essentinl in intensive feeding of domestic animals in Finland. Feed industry has also undertaken the task of using the diminishing quantity of protein raw materials in a way that guarantees ali domestic animals the amount of proteins they need, at the same time taking into account that expensive proteins the availability of which is limited are not unnecessarily wasted in feeding of animals. 1n this respect, too, Pekilo contributes in a valuable way especially to the feeding of monogastric animals. Making good use of the new many-sided Pekilo protein is possible only with the help of feed factories. Quantities used Feed industry has annually used the following amounts of Pekilo: tons 1975 240 1976 2.700 1977 2.100 The total amount this year will probably he much bigger than last year. Quantities used in various products: Feed compounds for poultry and swine: A11-feed 3 % Half-concentrate 6 % Concentrate 9 % Feed compourids for cattle: Milk replacers Pekilo has not been used in milk replacers, although the researches of the Agricultural Research Centre have given encouringing results. The reasons are: - that the production of milk powder in Finland is bigger than the demand and a natyral way to use the surplus is the use in milk replacers 31 - that the use of milk replacers ts started when the calf ts 4 days old. In the tests, the calves were 2-3 weeks old when feeding w1th a replacer contalning Pekilo was started. Feed for ruminants Pekilo protein is too expensive in Finland to be used in feed compounds for grown-up ruminants. Feed compounds for minks: Pekilo has not yet been used in the manufacture of feed for minks. Feed compounds for fish: The demand for dry feed compounds for fish has in- creased in Finland year by. year. This year, thousands of tons of dry industrial feed first of ali for trout farms will be manufactured. In these compounds, Pekilo has not been used for the time being. Why are the percentages of Pekilo used in feed industry considerably smaller than the quantities figured out in the researches? In feeding tests on swine and poultry, Pekilo has mainly replaced soya and fish meal, and in milk re- placers milk protein. In addition to these protein raw materials of high quality, feed industry has had no choice but to look for and take into use protein raw materials that in other respects are clearly of lower value. Such raw materials are, as mentioned in the beginning, for instance many kinds of oil plant (rape, coconut, sunflower), meat bone meal, feather meal and peas. The use of every protein raw material of lower biological value limits the possibilities to substitute high-quality animal proteins by Pekilo. Secondly, Pekilo has not up till now been available to a higher degree than the percentages mentioned above. Thirdly, the price of Pekilo has not, for the time being, been lower than that of otheT protein raw materials. Pekilo in the production process of a feed mill In the beginning, about 3 yeaps ago, Pekilo was delivered ungranulated in the form of flakes. Specific gravity of Pekilo was no more than 120 kg/cbm. This caused a few problems in transport, receipt and storing To make the situation up, an agreement was made with the deliverers that the product would be granulated in connection with the manufacturing process. 32 Pekilo has been delivered in bulk. Granulated product has caused no problems either in transport or in the production Iines of feed mills. It runs easily, makes no clots and is easy to store. The physical charac- teristics o£ Pekilo are very suitable to a raw material used in feed industry. As a whole, the reactions towards the use of this new protein raw material of native origin have been positive. Agricultural publications, as well as public means of communication have made Pekilo well-known in our country. The estimation among people in feed industry is that Pekilo has come up to the expectations put upon it as a result of the research and development period in feeding-physiological respect. This has aIso been proved by experience in practice. 33 EXPERIENCES ON FEEDING PIGS WITH PEKILO Timo Alaviuhkola Agricultural Research Centre, Swine Research Station Hyvinkää, Finland First experiences concerning Pekilo were obtained at Swine Research Station during 1971, when first feed- ing tests were carried out. Since that time additional experiences using Pekilo as the pig feed have been obtained to some extent. The Pekilo product is marketed in Finland through feed industry in complete feeds and protein concentrates. Out of all meal diets Pekilo takes up only a very small portion, about 2 percent of total diet, thus no accurate results can be given on effect of Pekilo upon production results in the practical swine production. In this report I will mainly deal with feed experiments performed with the pigs, and feed indutry will give their own report on the subject. General background Grain is the most important feed of the pigs in Finland. Most generally pigs are fed with diet, which contains from 80 to 85 percent of grain. Main portion of this grain is barley meal. Even at its best,the protein content of the barley meal is too low for the pigs. Digestibility of the crude protein is poor and amino acid composition is unsatisfactory. Even so 50 to 60 % of digestible crude protein of the feed comes from the grain. Generally deficiency of nitrogen substance and unbalance of amino acids is corrected with imported protein feeds such as soya bean meal,fish meal and with native skimmed milk powder. 34 Experiment 1 While considering Pekilo as possible feed stuff in Finland, it was first to be determined, how in- adequacy of barley feeding can be fulfilled with it. Conventional protein feeds such as skim milk powder and later on also soya bean meal and fish meal were taken on as control protein sources. First test was performed in 1971 with growing finish- ing pigs, between 20 to 90 kg live weight. (Ala- viuhkola et. al. 1975). Barley meal served as a basic feed and skim milk powder as control protein feed, which was replaced on digestible crude protein basis of 33, 66 and with 100 percent Pekilo. Digest- ibility for Pekilo crude protein was estimated as being 90 %. Feed allowance is shown in table 1. It was quite difficult to keep up with the feeding pian, as the Pekilo-feed was received in small quantities and its quality, protein content for example, differed quite a lot. At that time Pekilo was still produced under the laboratory scale. Average composition of Pekilo and contents of most important amino acids are shown in table 2. Pekilo proved to be very appetizing to the pigs, even though the feed allowance used in the experiment, was strictly limited, especially at the finishing stage of the feeding (nhigh - low standardsu). No side- effects were noticed during the experiment. Live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality of animals was the same with ali groups, as shown in table 3. 35 The following digestibility coefficients were obtained in the digestibility experiment: organic matter 81 crude protein 87 crude fat 76 nitrogen free extracts 84 Coefficients differ, especially with crude protein and crude fat, when comparing to the figures given by BRENNE £1976). Experiment 2 Another feeding experiment with growing finishing pigs was performed in 1977 (PARTANEN 1978). Pekilo used in the experiment was normal mill produced product. Total of 96 higti quality pigs were devided into four feeding groups, which were comparable in initial weight, sex and genetic pattern. The animals were fed in groups of four at the trough feeding. Soya bean meal and fish meal (75 - 25) in the control feed were partly or totally replaced by Pekilo. Chemical composition of feeds is shown in table 4.' One mixture was used through the whole experiment, digestible crude protein level (130 g/kg) of which was known to be sufficient to the tested pig quality according to previous experiments. Results (table 5) of daily gain and feed conversion show that while increasing Pekilo, the results some- what, but not significantly, got poorer. No differ- encies were noted in the carcass quality between groups. Only loss at slaughter was greater among the animals receiving just barley meal an1 Pekilo than on others (P 0.5). Changes were same with both sexes while increasing Pekilo (split-sex feeding was used). 36 Slightly higher standards were used in the experi- ment 2 than in first. Loss of appetite appeared to some extent in ali groups, especially at the end of the trial. Daily feed intake of group IV was slightly lower than others, which partly explains their slower growth. One of the reasons for slightly poorer production results of Pekilo group animals could be unfavour- able amino acid content of feed protein. The follow- ing combination shows calculated lysine, as well as methionine + cystine contents of different experi- mental diets: Diet 1 II III IV Pekilo % - 5 10 15- Soya bean meal/fish meal (3/4 - 1/4) % 14 10 5 - Total lysine g/kg 8,7 8,9 8,7 8,6 II methionine + cystine g/kg 4,4 4,2 3,9 3,6 II (lysine = 100) 50 48 44 41 Pigures show that, the methionine + cystine contents are below recommended standards (ARC, 1967) especi- ally in the mixes containing Pekilo, and ratio of amino acids is not ideal. Possibly the results would have been better with additional methionine, possibly not. Our own experiments by snpplementing the protein of soya bean meni and pea with methionine did not bring positive results. However, the methionine supplements on other SCP-products. have brought improvement in the experiments both in daily gain and feed intake. (NIELSEN et al., 1974). 37 As a conclusion concerning growing finishing pig experiments with Pekilo in Finland, it can be mentioned that Pekilo has proved to be appetizing, well digestible feed, which can very well compensate conventional protein feeds as far as 2/3 of digest- ible crude proteins without deteriorating production results. This is valid when the barley meal is used as a basic feed. The commercial maximum hardly ever can reach 15 % inclusion level of Pekilo Long period Pekilo experiment The growing finishing pigs, which produce lean meat in shortest possible time, are best suitable for testing quality of the protein. Duration time of the experiment is, however, only about 100 days, thus ali side-effects cannot be clarified. Also demands concern- ing protein in production of milk and embryos are some- what different than in production of the lean meat. Thus during last year small scale experiment concern- ing effects of Pekilo on reproductivity of sows was started at the Swine Research Station. Mostly we will try to determine, whether the feed containing a lot of Pekilo, has possibly some toxic effects. In this experiment eight (8) gilts will be fed with the barley meal diet by using Pekilo as a sole protein feed. The diet, which will be used up till farrow- ing, contains 13 % of Pekilo. Same quantity of litter mates will be fed with the diet containing soya bean meal and fish meal. If possible, during mating, the same boar will be used on the litter mates. Feeds during the lactation period are almost same as during getation period. 38 The protein contents of feeds are only slightly higher. The pigk"4åre weaned at the age of five weeks and they are fed before weaning and three weeks after, with the same diet as the sows. The Pekilo group animals will not receive at any stage any other feed than Pekilo and barley meal (+ min. + vit. additives). This experiment will be continued under saine condition during three generations. There are some deficiencies in experiment pian. Experimental feed is totally vegetable diet. Amino acid unbalance has not been corrected, which as such might effect reproductive performance tesults (FOWLER et'al., 1954). In addition.smouat of animals is quite small, thus for reaching conclusions cCncerning reproductive performance, cannot be 'accurately drawn. The main purpose of this test is however, ,to study if Pekilo has any harmful effects to the target animals causing abnormalities in development of litters. At this time (September 1978) the second generation is growing and reaching puberty. Nothing alarming has shown up. First farrowing results were the following: Sow number Number of alive pigg at birth: 883 C 11 c = control gilt 880 P 9 P = litter mate, which has 14 C 10 been fed with Pekilo 20P 9 52C 10 43 P 4 928C 5 931P 9 961C 10 959 P 8 962C 7 964P 3 833 C 5 835 P 9 861 C 13 857 P (not pregnant) 39 There were some difficulties in detec ing signs of heat of some animals and this is apparently cause of some small litters. Farrowings were not watched, which is normal practise at the station. Development of the litters was normal. No malformed pigs appeared in either group. Nine piglets, some of which died naturally during parturition and some were killed, were examined post mortem at the State Veteri- nary Medical Institute. The experiments did not indi- cate anything abnormal and deaths could not he connect- ed to Pekilo-diet. The experiment is still unfinished, but results up today indicate that Pekilo can be quite usable also as the protein source of the sows. Literature: 40 Alaviuhkola, T., Korhonen, I., Partanen, J. and Lampila, M. - Pekilo protein in the nutrition of growing-finishing pigs. Acta Agr. Scand. 25:4, 301-305 ARC, 1967. The nutritive requirements of farm live- stock. No. 3. Pigs. Brenne, T. 1976. Encelleprotein i foringa av slaktesvin og kyllinger. Norges landbrukshogskole, Melding nro 179, 1976. Partanen, J. 1978. Pekilo as compensator of soya bean meal and fish meal in the fodder mixtures of the pigs. Pig 1/1978, 19-20 Nielsen, H.E. & Eggum, B.O. 1974. The protein quality of two alkaline grown yeasts 'as determined in experiments with rats and pigs. 25th annual meeting of EAAP, Copenhagen, 1974. Fowler, S.H. & Robertson, G.L. 1954. Some effects of source of protein and an antibiotic on reproductive performance of gilts. J. Anim. Sci..13.949-954. rl 1-1 H H 0 tt i) te >-• ..x 4) ,-1 ,--1 (4 4) 001 0 0 ri 0)) 014 ,•W 3 o cr) bti ,1) H H i. ciS 0 o cv -r> t, • 0 1-1 N. • 0 0 ,r, ct, • 0' • t. 4) 0 Ln ..-i • H • 0 ..:t • Ln en • 0 sc, • H Ln Ln • 0 0 Ln Ln Ln 00 0 H c•) V) • • • • ,-INNNN 1n Ln 0 0 0 4,- 0, H en Lr> • • • • -P CO 5 0 0 e-I 1-1 ..-i .-I 1-i 44) 44) 44) 0 0 H a> H oo 0 E-1 bl) P4.)4 a> • 0 5 .x 3 0,1 a> 0 U) 0 a> 0.1 a> Ln 0 0 0 0 1n Lfl V) ,0 oo 0 en Ln N. 0, 0 N el" -13 o • • • • • • • • • • 04 PO 5 0 0 H 441 0%1 5 .W H 3 4.) H 0 0 0 ---- 1-1 -4- 6.0 Ln Ln Ln Ln 0 0 0 0) c0 ,0 co N .1" oo 0 N et 0 0 • • • • • • • 01 5 g g 1, 1, 1, /, 44) 44) Cq TI) 110 1 °-D 0 0 0) 4-i 0 H N ..ee ,0 oo 0, 0 44w N 41 42 TABLE 2 - AVERAGE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE FEEDS USED IN EXPERIMENT 1 Feed Skim milk powder Pekilo Barley meal Dry matter % 96,5 95.0 67.3 Org. matter % 91.8 94.4 97.2 Crude protein 39.8 55.9 15.2 Ether extrat. " 1.1 1.1 2.1 Crude fibre II 8.8 4.4 N.f.e. 50.9 28.6 75.5 Ash 8.2 5.6 2.8 Lysine g/16 g N 5.85 Methionine n 1.48 Cystine 0.84 Cystathionine g/16 g N 0.32 Threonine 4.60 90 K G L IV E W E IG H T) : 4) '00 t, Cl N N N N 7-1 N 0 00 N. 0 0 S • N N N N 1.‘"/ '0 0 00 C4 Ucrs • NC e N N N el 'ON kr) c0 0 co co r, ,A N N cl N r••• (1) -I) b") 0 0- .,-I 1 ,...-, 0 0 0' CL.,-, i H 0 H 4) ...., 4 k <6 e6 e6 CLI = .0• M ,A. .W -P 61 r..1 0 0 0 › 0d 0 'CI ,., t1.0 0. tti t11) .0 (4.4 ti19 r 00 ri bil 0 = g+ 0 0 04 ,.. 00 .ri 0 0 0 0 G. G.• UI 0 O0 0.1 0. 0, 0 0 CO 0 0 0+ ›, .-i ..-1 (i: • 0 • ..Y 0 .1-1 .0 0 g G./ .-I .1.) -1.) 0 0 6) 0 E-I C... Z Z 43 44 TABLE 4 - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FEEDS USED IN EXPERIMENT 2 Feed Barley meal Soya Herring bean meal meal Pekilo Dry matter % 87.2 87.6 92.7 95.3 Crude prot. % 10.3 45.2 69.1 49.1 Ether extract % 1.8 1.8 8.4 1.1 N.f.e. % 68.0 30.1 - 33.8 Crude fibre % 4.8 4.9 - 5.7 Ash % 2.3 5.6 12.0 5.6 Lysine g/kg - 28.9 50.1 31.8 Met. + cyst. g/kg - 10.7 29.8 9.1 Threonine 1 18.9 33.6 23.9 K G L IV E W E IG H T) t, Ct, 0 - tx) ,0 1-1 en 1-1 co C.1 en 00 ,e) C1, o0 Ct. Cts t.••• • 0, ,0 C‘I 0 LO Cs1 Cl en CO N 0, 0 ,0 Cl Cl 00'U- Cl . . Cl ▪ t, 1.4 Cl en CO 00 0 erk 1-1 0, ,0 1-1 Cl Cl 1-1 Cl en • 00 9 UI UI UI c44. UI b0 UI 0 0 .4 0 0. 0 ni 12 4 UI \c 4) Ca (1) 12A (4.4 5 0. -Y 0 UI W • • M UI 0 0 0 0 11,0 ›, o nJ • • g•••I 0 -3 UI n5 UI z I 1 45 OPTIMAL STANDARDS FOR OOMPENSATING ANIMAL PROTEIN WITH PEKILO-PROTEIN IN FEEDING OF EARLY WEANED PIGS Bobrov, E.P., Bogomolov, Ju. G., Mamenko, V. Ju. and Solonenko, V.A. Soviet Union Great attention is paid in the Soviet Union as well as in other countries to adequate feeding of the domestic animals. As regards quantity and quality of protein it is utmost important to determine the optimal valile of the protein portion in the feed mixture. One of the greatest difficulties in satisfaction of protein requirements, is the standard feeding of pigs and poultry, because these animals require adequate animal proteins in order to grow and develop. When the fact that cultivation area of the vegetables containing great amounts of protein is limited, and production of the fish meal is decreasing, taking advantage of using the products of micro biological industry is inevitable. These products are produced by cultivating bacteria, yeasts and fungi on different substrates. Our country has the far developed oil-, chemical, pulp- and food industry, which in addition to its primary products also produces feed yeast and other substances containing plenty of protein for feed industry. Still we were interested to test both scientifically and in practice the new protein, which Finnish scientists had developed first in the laboratory of the pulp- and paper industry and which is now produced in the process line of the pulp mill. The experiments published in this report were performed by Agricultural Institute of Don at the pig farm of Ust-Don area and in Aleksejevaka poultry breeding station. These experiments are part of the scientific technical exchange program between Finland and Soviet Union covering agriculture. Purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effect of differewt Pekilo-quantities 4.n pig feeds. Five groups of pigs weaned at the age of two months were formed for the experiment. The first group had 27 and ali others had 28 pigs. The pigs 46 47 were growed in groups. The standards, set by the Soviet Union Cattle Breeding Institute, were used. Duration of the experiment was 60 days, during this time animals were fed the feed mixtures, in which skim milk was compensated stage by stage with' the Pekilo. The portions of Pekilo from supplemental protein were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %. Composition and nutrient contents of the feeds are presented in the table 2. Data of feed consumption and growth of the animals are in the table 2. Average daily gain was greatest among the pigs of group 3. These pigs had as protein supplement 50 % of Pekilo. Group 1 was the second. In this group dried skim milk was used as an supplemental protein. The table also shows, that feed consumption was less with three first groups than with groups 4 and 5, which were using 75 and 100 % Pekilo from the supplemental protein. Conclusion The experiment performed on quite large number of early weaned pigs show, that part of the animal protein can be compensated with Pekilo—protein. In the experiments performed 50 % of supplemental protein was proved to be best. Exceeding of this amount did not give good results in this age group. CLN H Di ge at i b le p ro te in , g Nsk. Ta bl e 1. C om po ei ti o n 48 Al UH CO I CNI CO H LtN H 0 LA 01 1-- 1.0 0 4- /- LA 0 0 0 1- ▪ 0 0 0 ON et ON LA H CV LA ON 1.- NO CA ON LA 1- 1 ctJ - LO ON et - 00 1 CO H 0 1- LA 10 ON LA • • • • • CO CNI ,D * 03 C-- H CO 4- 0 I. ei% 11k CO CNI NH IIN CNI NO V:1 CO I- 1• 41 CO LA 03 H H LIN 1.0 H ON 03 0 6k gik ••• CY, kg) 0 k- 11-1 CO r- • • • • • .4- CO CO et cJ CA H 03 CV ek 16- . Cr,▪ N C- 0 V, 1r- CO LA Al H CO CO . e. 1 • H LA ON H 0 1- 1D LA CO 03 CV LA ON LA 03 LA LA ON . kr) 1- ▪ 0 0 CV 0 0 0 0 CV •- 1.0 LA 0 0 0 H I-▪ CNI .- 0.1 Ph oe ph or ua , g Di ge et ib le 01 4:4 441 44) 110 0 0 4. 0 9-1 eu • CO 0 ?4 Dr ie d ak im in li k Ag e, m on th e 49 fe ed u n it s/ kg g ai n 01 02 04 01 ror 0D c4 as c4 0 .. 0.-- cl. . o ,-- 01 ‘13 CU1- I 0 CO.. 03 04 .. 0.1 10 VZ, 0, 03 0') V .— ,— 10 0 n 0 0— +1 . .1- +1 10 0 I 0) 0:) . 0- 01 1.13 ‹; 01 01 10 10 CO 01 0' . 0- 10 0 +1 0 +1 CO .:0 -4- LI-N +100 CO .. 01 113 0- 10 0- 01 10 .4- 10 OD 01 if2 01 0 .. CYN 0 .-- 0- + I + I .-- 0- .. -4- 10 CO 01 CO 10 C-- .0- 1.0 cm 0 -4- 5 .- -4- I + I ,-- 01+ 0 + CO u-N ,.0 0— .4- v3 0 .4- 1,, en 10 k 0, ..g 4. .11 6.0 g 0 .0 00 o P o cn 9-i +1 d 1%0 b.0 .W P 0 4 co -c-1 cl +1 143 ,---, ca 9-1q.1 .0.0 .0 0 0 -P -IP 0 0 a, f€1 2 04 04 0 .0 g ('2..- .0 4. 02 0 >-> d -.-I ,z1 02 P .--1 01 4 co 00 11 +1 -,-1 g ---.. o To ta l w ei g h t A ve ra ge d a il y g ai n , To ta l fe e d co ns um pt io n, 50 EFFICIENCY OF USING PEKILO-PROTEIN IN FEEDING OF EARLY WEANED PIGS Bobrov, E.P., Chikov, A.E. and Zhernovoj, I.T. In order to reduce the global protein shortage, the mills have been built for producing the single cell proteins such as hydrolyze- and paraffin yeasts. Aecording to the articles published by many resear- chers, one of such products is Pekilo-protein, technology of which has been developed by the Finnish Pulp & Paper Research Institute. Tampella has generously provided us with Pekilo teet lots to be tested by our institute. We started investigation by testing Pekilo in the feed mixtures of pigs. The pigs were weaned at the age of 20 days, having an average weight of 5.2 to 5.3 kg. Composition and nutrient content of the feed mixtures used in this experiment are presented in the table 1. As the values in the table show, the aim of this teet was to compare nutrient value of Pekilo against feed yeast by mixing it into the feed mixtures, which contained animal protein (casein and fishmeal) or only soyabean meal as supplemental protein. The primary results of the test are presented in the table 2. The values in the table clarify that during the first period, the pigs which were fed with the Pekilo growed faster than pigs fed with feed yeast, in the case, when the mixture contained animal protein. Weight gain of the animals in groups 3 and 4, which did not receive animal protein, were same while feeding with either yeast or Pekilo. In the second phase of the experiment the control group slightly passed 51 the pigs in the second group in growth. Difference is probably, statistically insignificant. Conclusion According to average daily weight gain of the pigs during whole experiment, it can be assumed that the feed yeasts and Pekilo are just as good in productivity effect and they can be used within same quantity as well as together with animal proteins and in the corn- and soya based feed mixtures without damaging growth, development or health conditions of pigs. Pekilo-protein did not change the physiological or biological characteris- ties of blood, during the period, when this feed component was used. 52 Table 1. Composition of experimental diets. Age Group 1 control 20-40 days 2 3 exp. control 4 1 exp. control 41-60 days 2 3' exp. control 4 exp. Caseine 3,00 3,00 - - - - - - Fish meal 6,00 6,00 - - 6,00 6,00 - - Soyabean meal 15,50 15,50 27,20 27,20 11,0 11,0 17,30 17,30 Yeast 11,00 - 11,00 - 14,00 - 14,00 - Pekilo - 11,00 - 11,00 - 14,00 - 14,00 Corn meal 51,00 51,00 44,27 44,27 62,50 62,5 58,54 58,39 Pat 6,2 6,20 8,80 4,60 4,6 6,80 6,80 6,80 Sugar 5,0 5,00 5,00 5,00 - - - - Vitamin premix 1,0 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,0 1,00 1,00 1,00 Chalk meal 0,45 0,45 0,96 0,96 0,40 0,85 0,85 0,85 Phosphate 0,35 0,35 1,19 1,19 - - 0,85 0,85 Methionine 0,10 0,10 0,18 0,18 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,16 Salt 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,50 0,50 Calculated analysis per kg: Feed units 1,35 1,35 1,38 1,38 1,30 1,30 1,35 1,35 ME keal 3598 3600 3599 3600 3574 3574 3583 3583 Crude protein, g 239,1 238,00 239,8 239,80 219,8 219,8 220,7 220,7 Lysine, g 15,52 15,52 15,57 15,57 13,82 13,82 13,80 13,80 Methion'ine+ cystine, g 8,80 8,80 8,78 8,78 8,07 8,07 7,96 7,96 Tryptofane, g 3,09 3,09 3,01 3,01 2,72 2,72 2,57 2,57 Calcium, g 9,02 9,02 9,07 9,07 8,11 8,11 8,04 8,04 Phosphorus, g 7,03 7,03 6,98 6,98 6,52 6,52 6,54 6,54 53 Table 2. The most important reeults of the experiment. Group 1 2 3 4 24 24 24 ,24 5,29 5,28 5,28 5,32 8,54 9,84 9,84 9,82 16,87 18,03 18,74 18,63 g 154,76 216,78 217,31 213,83 416,60 409,31 444,54 441,00 289,54 318,52 336,36 332,61 0,390 0,406 0,405 0,424 1,030 1,020 1,030 1,070 0,712 0,712 0,717 0,748 2,46 2,24 2,28 2,25 3,31 2,41 2,45 2,61 Number of pigs Body weight, kg age 20 days " 40 " " 60 " Average daily weight gain, 20-40 days 40-60 " 20-60 " Feed intake, kg 20-40 days 40-60 " 20-60 " Feed conversion kg/kg gain feed units/kg gain crude protein/ g/kg gain 554 502 482 508 54 Jan Terjer Hanssen Department of Animal Nutrition Agricultural University of Norway 1432 As-NLH NUTRITIONAL EXPERIENCES ON FEEDING PIGS WITH THE PEKILO (EVALUATING PEKILO AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEED MIXTURES FOR GROWING-FINISHING PIGS) The experiments with PEKILO in Norway have mainly included studies concerned with the effect of replacing extracted soybean meal by PEKILO a a protein source in practical feed mixtures for growing finishing pigs. In 1974 the first experiment was carried out in cooperation between the departments of animal nutrition at the Veterinary College in Oslo and the Agricultural University at flks. Since 1975 the PEKILO-experiments were incorporated in a research programme established by the Norwegian Agricultural Research Council with the working title "Single Cell Protein as feed for livestock". Within the framework of this programme, nutritional evaluations were .carried out in the projects "Untraditional feeds" (1975-76) and "Untraditional protein feeds" (1977-79). The presentation of experimental results at this symposium must be considered preliminary because some of the experimental work is still going on. This paper should therefore be regarded as a progress report rather than a scientific paper. However, the main conclusions will probably hold true in the final papers. The experiments and studies have been separated into five sections: Chemical composition and nutrient contents Digestibility and biological value of nutrients Growth experiments comparing extracted soybean meal and PEKILO as protein supplement for growing finishing pigs PEKILO as protein sucplement combined with c'areals in diets for growing finishing pigs Quality of meat and fat in pigs fed diets with PEKILO 55 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Three different batches of PEKILO have been ubed in the experi- ments at the Department of Animal Nutrition; one in 1974, one in 1975, and the last one in 1976. Table 1. Nutrient contents in three batches of PEKILO Batch no. PEKILO 1 PEKILO 2 PEKILO 3 Number of analyses 1 2 3 Dry matter, % 90.1 92.5 90.5 Ash, % 5.5 6.8 5.0 Ether extract, " 0.3 3.0 1.8 Crude fiber, 8.9 9.0 5.7 Crude protein, " 41.4 46.3 39.7 NFE, 34.0 27.4 38.3 Crude fat,2) u - 6.6 4.4 True protein,3)" - 41.11) 37.41) 1) One analysis 2 3))After HCI-treatment. Crude protein minus amides Table 2. Content of macro- and microminerals in two batches of PEKILO Batch no. PEKILO 2 PEKILO 3 Phosphorus, g/kg 18.0 11.6 Calcium, n 5.8 3.0 Potassium, II 4.3 8.1 Sodium, ,, 0.3 0.2 Chlorine, ., 0.3 0.2 Magnesium, ,. 0.8 0.8 Iron, mg/kg 197 112 Copper, mg/kg 1.8 2.2 Manganese, mg/kg 93 67 Zinc, mq/kg 93 117 56 Table 3. Amino acid content of three batches of PEKILO, g amino acid/16 g N Batch no. PEKILO 1 PEKILO 2 PEKILO Averacre of 3 3 batches Number of analyses 1 1 4 6 Alanine 5.71 6.14 6.21 6.11 Valine 4.72 4.78 4.85 4.82 Glycine 4.57 4.41 4.61 4.56 Iso-leucine 3.71 4.12 4.20 4.10 Leucine 6.37 6.52 6.69 6.61 Proline 3.88 3.64 3.83 3.80 Threonine 4.03 4.09 4.13 4.11 Serine 4.06 4.16 4.43 4.32 Methionine 1.73 1.45 1.56 1.57 Phenylalanine 3.51 3.77 3.64 3.64 Asparginic acid 7.01 7.85 7.69 7.60 Glutaminic acid 9.62 10.97 10.65 10.53 Tyrosine 3.12 2.99 3.24 3.17 Lysine 6.03 6.20 6.13 6.13 Histidine 3.61 2.03 3.09 3.00 Arginine 5.33 5.90 6.21 6.01 Cystine 1.15 1.15 - 1.15 Hydroxyproline and Tryptophane were not determined The content of nucleic .acids was not determined, but BRENNE (1976) rePorts the figure to he 9-10%. The protein content given as Kjeldahl-N x 6.25 varies distinctly from batch to batch. Also the other'nutrients vary. Some of the variations may he explained as analytical errors, but there is more likely a true difference between batches. The composition of the PEKILO-protein, however, shows that stability and discrepancies are probably occasional, analytical variations. DIGESTIBILITY AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE Experiments for determining digestibility were carried out at the Veterinary College in 1973 and 1974 (BRENNE 1976) and at the Department of Animal Nutrition (As) in 1974 (PEKILO 1). Balance trials were carried out at As in 1977 (PEKILO 3). 57 Table 4. Digestibility of nutrients in PEKYLO, inexperiments with 'pig. PEKILO 01) PEKILO 12) Assesred Number of determinations 4 3 PraCtical valuos Digestibility coefficients of: Organic matter 82 69 Crude protein 78 95 85 3) Crude fat 20 20 Crude fiber 78 57 60 Nitrogen-free extract 98 55 75' BRENNE 1976 2)LYSO 1975 3)Ch1oroform/metano1-extraction The values found in 1974 and 1975 difer markedly. This is thought to be a s result of experimental techniques. The prin- ciple of difference is used in both experiments. BRENNE (1976) used tapioca meal as the only basic feed while LYSO (1975) used barley and tapioca as basis feed (50% of each). As an overall judgeMent, the protein digestibility of PEKILO protein should be set to 85. Furthermore, it is not quite clear what kind of fat-analyses should be used. The ordinary ether-extract method gives distinctly lower values than the procedure that includes treatment with mineral acid (HC1). It is therefore difficult to determine coefficients for fat digestibility, and for the time being figures will be rather unreliable. A set of practical values for digestibility of nutrients is in- cluded in Table 4, and in Table 5 these values are used for calculating DE, ME and NEFs. The calculations are based on the ROSTOCK-equations (SCHIEMANN et al. 1971). The content of Scandi- navian feed fattåning units is also given in table 5. 58 Table 5. Calculated energy content .of PEKILO in pig diets PEKILO 1 PEKILO 2 PEKILO 3 Digestible energy, DE, Mcalfkg 3.31 3.41 3.30 Metabolizable energy, NE, Mcal/kg 2.99 3.05 3.01 MJ/kg 12.50 12.75 12.58 Net energy, NEFs, Mcal/kg 1.82 1.83 1.85 FU (feed fattening units) per 100 kg 87 88 88 usirg / of/ The biological value was determined pigs 25-50 kg lw. and modified THOMAS-MITCHELL method with 10% crude protein in the feed; protein was derived approx. 90% of this/from PEKILO (PEKILO 3). The values are given in table 6 together with values of fishmeal and soybean meal. Table 6. True digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) of PEKILO in experiments with pigs 25-50- kg wt. PEKILO 3 FISHMEAL1) SOYBEAN NEAL1) True digestibility, TD 78.5 96.6 90.7 Biological value, BV 75.1 77.1 62.0 Net protein utilization, NPU 59.0 74.4 56.2- 1)Determined with rats by EGGUM (1968) The PEKILO protein has a low true digestibility (TD), but a high biological value (BV) and a net protein utilization (NPU) which is similar to soybeanmeal. PEKILO REPLACING SOYBEAN NEAL ASV/ PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR GROWING FINISHING PIGS For the time being the role of PEKILO in pig nutrition seems elther to be a question of partial or total replacement of soybean meal for several reasons, by PEKILO. In Norwaele comparison of PEKILO and soybean meal was carried out on a crude protein basis. There were several reasons for this. Ali the time the experiments were carried ou't,the digestibility of PEKILO protein was not known and it was also of interest to study the quality of PEKILO protein in ordinary rations without special adjustments. 59 The results of these experiments with growing finishing pigs are given in table 7. Table 7. The effect of replacing extracted soybean meal by PEKILO in the feed for growing finishing pigs 25-100 kg lw. 100% soya 50% soya Protein supplement 0% PEKILO 50% PEKILO 0% soya 100% PEKILO Experiment 1 (BRENNE 1976) Number of animals Daily gain 25-100 kg, g1) FU/kg gainl) , 16 655 3.20 14 646 3.24 15 651 3.28 Backfat thickness, mm 2) 21.8 22.5 22.0 Fat in % of lean in back cross section 76.9 81.3 73.6 Experiment 2 (HANSSEN 1978) Number of animals 14 14 14 Daily gain 25-100 kg, g1) 662 670 671 -FU/kg gainl) 3.28 3.24 3.25 Backfat thickness, mm 2) 22.0 21..9 21.3 Fat in % of lean in back cross section 65.1 60.0 61.4 Experiment 3 (HANSSEN 1978) Number of animals 15 16 16 Daily gain 25-100 kg, g1) 699 707 698 FU/kg gain1) 3.11 3.11 3.20 Backfat thickness, mm 2) 20.3 19.9 19.6 Fat in % of lean in back cross section 61 7 59.1 59.7 1) Corrected to 73% carcass weight 2)Average of fat thickness measured at of back and rump shoulder, middle were noticed No effedon growth rate, FCE and carcass quality when soybean protein was replaced by 50% and 100% PEKILO protein. 60 Corrections were not made for the content of nucleic acids and amino acids wheri calculating the rations. The experiments indi- cate, however, that it is possible to replace soybean meal by PEKILO as far as crude protein content is considered. The question then remains as to how much PEKILO should be used in the ration. This depends mainly on what should be regarded as adequate amino acid content especially because of the low methionine content of Single Cell Proteins in general. A ceral ration with PEKILO as the only protein supplement was used in two experiments in order to study the effect of adding methionine and lysine to a practical feed mixture. The experimental design and the results are given in Table 8. The ceraelas used were barley and sorghum. The results showed no effect of adding DL-methionine to the ration. Growth rate and FCE were improved when adding 0.1%'HC1-lysine (0.8% lysine in ration), but no further improvement occurred when adding another 0.1% HC1-lysine (0.9% HC1-lysine in ration). 61 HC1- DL- Table 8. The effect +dding lysine and methionine to a ration of cereals and PEKILO fed.to growing.finishing pigs 25-100-kg lw. % crude protein 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 % cereal protein 57 57 57 57 57 % PEKILO protein 43 43 43 43 43 % lysine in ration 0.7 0.8 0.9 - % methionine + cystine in ration - - - 0.52 0.57 Experiment I Number of pigs 16 15 15 22 24 1) Daily gain, g 699*** 759*** 768*** 741 741 FCE, kg feed/kg gaini) 3.06 2.85 2.83 2.90 2.93 Backfat thickness, mm2) 18.5 18.5 18.7 18.1 19.1 Fat in % of lean in back cross section 52.9 48.9 49.3 47.5 53.1 Experiment II Number of pigs 14 12 14 21 19 Daily gain, g1) 733 756 751 744 748 FCE, kg feed/kg gainl) 2.99 2.90 2.96 2.95 2.96 Backfat thickness, mm2) 19.1 20.7 19.9 19.9 19.9 Fat in % of lean in back cross section 56.8 61.5 55.3 57.6 57.7 1) Corrected to 73% carcass weight 2)Average of fat thickness measured at shoulder, middle of back and rump ++ P <.0.01 3)Ca1cu1ated +++ P < 0.001 The experiments comparing soybean meal and PEKILO, and the experi- ments where amino acids are added, show that PEKILO may replace soybean meal as protein supplement in pig feeding. PEKILO seems well suited for use in combination with cereals such as bar].ey and sorghum in practical feed mixtures. The amino acid content of the ration should be on the recommended level of 0.8% lysine and 0.57% methionine + cystine in the period 25-100 kg lw. 62 QUALITY OF MEAT AND FAT IN PIGS FED DIETS WITH PEKILO Energy sources of industrial and petrochemical.origin for pro- duction of bioproteinuffik2rj_t necessary to emi 2 the quality of products from animalsVfed bioproteins.Becuss onsumers, emotional attitude to animal products with connections to industrial wastes and petroleum, årly relationships between energy sources the andVfinal produÅenlean important question. It is . a matter of adherent substances giving strange tastes and odours. It is also a matter of storing quality to avoid fat rancidity. To study the influence of PEKILO on the product, analyses of fatty acid pattern, AOM and TEA were carried out, anÄtell experienced test panel judged fat and meat organoleptically. The results are given in table 9. Thqualitye v of fat and meat was good in these experiments and did not indicate special negative effets from feeding PEKILO to growing finishing pigs. Table 9. Data from quality studies of fat and meat from growing finishing pigs fed PEKILO PEKILO in % of feed 0 8.9 18.0 Experiment I Number of animals 7 7 7 Organoleptic scores, meat1) 7.8 8.2 8.2 Organoleptic scores, fat 1) 7.7 7.7 7.2 Saturated fatty acids, % 48.5* 46.1* 46.2* Unsaturated fatty acids, % 51.5* 53.9* 53.8* TBA2) 129 139 164 AOM3) 3.5 4.4* 3.6 Experiment II Number of animals 7 8 8 Organoleptic scores, meat1) 7.7 7.8 7.8 Organoleptic 1) scores, fat 8.3 8.2 8.3 THA2) 152 150 143 * P < 0.05 1)10 = very.good, 8 = quite good, 6 = good (normal) 4= less good, 2 = not gocd (bad) 2)TBA = Thiobarbituric acid score Indicates amount of aldehydes in fat. <50 = very good, 220 - limit for using fresh fat in smoked sausage 3)AOM = Active oxygen method. Indicates amount of peroxide in fat. 'Increasing scores by increasing quality (scores = time in hours to reach a certain peroxide level). 63 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The work of evaluating the nutritive value of PEKILO for pigs Department in Norway has been carried out at the v of Animal Husbandry and Genetics at the Norwegian Veterinary College and at the Department of Animal Nutrition at the Agricultural University of Norway. The main part of the work is financed by grants from the Norwegian Agricultural Research Council and for some time also coordinated by a working group appointed by the Council. The work has been divided into five smaller sections as listed below. Tables showing the experimental results are referred to and main conclusions are given. Chemical composition (Tables 1-3) Digestibility of nutrients etc. (Table 4-6) PEKILO replacing soybean meal as protein supplement in feeding growing finishing pigs Conclusion: PEKILO may replace extracted soybean meal in cereal diets for growing finishing pigs on the basis of crude protein content (Kjeldahl-N x 6.25) (Table 7). Effect of addins lysine and methionine to a diet of PEKILO and barley[sorghum fed to growing finishing pigs Conclusion: A diet of cereals (barley/sorghum) with PEKILO as the only protein supplement should be fortified with lysilieköef-each adequate protein quality (Table 8). QUality of fat and meat in pigs fed'diets with PEKILO Conclusion: The observations do not indicatVinfluence of PEKILO on fat and meat quality (Table 9). 64 REFERENCES bFENNE, T. 1976. Encelleprotein i föringen av slaktesvin og kyllinger. (Single Cell Protein in the ration for bacon pigs and chicks.) Report 179 from the Dept. Anim. Nutr., Agric. Univ. Norway. EGGUM, B. 1968. Aminosyrekoncentration og proteinkvalitet. (Amino acid concentration and protein quality.) Stougaards forlag, Kbhvn. HANSSEN, J.T. 1978. Unpublished results. LYSO, A. 1975. FordOyeligheten av TOPRINA' PEKILO og SACCHAROMYCES. (Digestibility of TOPRINA, PEKILO and SACCHAROMYCES.) Report to the annual meeting of the Advisory Committee for research in animal nutrition. Dept. Anim. Nutr., Agric. Univ. Norway. SCHIEMANN, R., NEHRING, K., HOFFMAN, L., JENTSCH, W. & CHUDY, A. 1971. Energetische Futterbewertung und Energienormen. VEB Deutscher Lantwirtschaftsverlag Herlin 1971. 344 pp. 65 Jan Terjer Hanssen Department of Animal Nutrition Agricultural University of Norway 1432 Jks-NLH EXPERIENCES WITH THE PEKILO PROTEIN AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY FEEDING IN NORWAY Introduction of, The experiments with PEKILO in the feeding inoultry have been carried out at The Department of Animal Husbandry and Genetics (Veterinary College of Norway) and at The Department of Poultry and Fur Animal Science (Agricultural University of Norway). Some of the work was financed by grants from the Norwegian Agricultural Research Council. The evaluation of PEKILO as a protein source in poultry feeding in Norway„ may be devided into two main sections, namely: Digestibility and bliogical value of PEKILO-protein, including amino acid availability and determination of metabolizable energy (NE) (BJORNSTAD 1977) PEKILO protein replacing soybean protein in diets for chickens and the effect of adding methionine and methionine substituents to diets with PEKILO (LAKSESVELA & SLAGSVOLD 1974, BRENNE 1976) 1. EVALUATING PEKILO IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Analyses of chemical composition and nutrient contents as the basis for a laboratory evaluation will not he considered here. This aspecu is discussed in the report "NUTRITIONAL EXPERIENCES ON FEEDING PIGS WITH THE PEKILO". Digestible crude protein (DCP) Determination of protein digestibility was carried out in experiments with cholostomized laying hens. Protein digestibility was deter- mined in diets with two different levels of PEKILO, providing 100% and 33% of the protein, respectively. Two batches of PEKILO were studied in these experiments. 66 Table 1. Apparent digestible crude protein of PEKILO in experiments with cholostomized laying hens (BJORNSTAD 1977) % PEKILO protein in experimental feed PEKILO A PEKILO B 33% 81.3 100% 67.7 74.1 100%1) 66.7 81.4 1) Corrected by regression Digestibility and availability of amino acids Amino acid digestibility was determined with cholostomized laying hens fed diets with PEKILO providing 100% of the protein and with chickens in experiments using the difference technique. Table 2. Digestibility of some amino acids of PEKILO protein in experiments with cholostomized laying hens. (Digest. coeff. as average of a single determination on two diffe- rent protein levels) (BJORNSTAD 1977) Amino acids Digestibility coefficient PEKILO SOYBEAN NEAL Isoleucine 82.0 88.0 Leucine 83.0 88.5 Methionine 77.5 87.3 Phenylalanine 84.6 91.1 Thyrosine 86.0 91.2 Valine 80.9 86.3 Lysine 87.5 92.5 Table 3. Apparent digestibility of some amino acids determined in different experiments with chickens (BJORNSTAD 1977) "Zigestibility coefficient Amino acids PEKILO SOYBEAN MEAL Isoleucine 87.8 81.5 Leucine 77.4 79.4 Methionine 87.4 87.0 Phenylalanine 75.7 84.8 Thyrosine 90.9 78.4 Valine 83.7 82.3 Lysine 90.0 87.8 67 Table 4. Available lysine determined in growth experiments with chickens at different lyåine levels'in feed (BJORNSTAD 1977) Lysine level, Availability coefficient % of feed PEKILO SOYBEAN MEAL 0.66 78.5 > 100 0.76 99.7 > 100 0.86 85.1 87.4 Biological value Biological value expressed by PER (Protein Efficient Ratio) has been determined in two experiments with chickens. BJORNSTAD (1977) reported negative growth in the PEKILO group and it was impossible to calculate a PER-value. BRENNE (1976) showed positive PER-values in an experiment with four different batches of PEKILO. The PER-values of PEKILO were, however, significantly lower than the values of soybean meal. Feed Soybean meal - PEKILO I " II It III 11 IV PER-values 1.58 1.05 0.95 0.88 0.90 These result indicate that PEKILO prodinq ali protein in the ratian iå inadeqUate for feeding chickens. Metabolizable energy ME was determined in difference experiments with chickens. • The ME values are calculated in kcal/kg feed and adjusted to nitrogen- equilibrium. 68 Table 5. ME in kcal/kg feed adjusted to nitrogen-equilibrium (BJORNTAD 1977) Feed No. of ME N, kcal/kg ME in % determin. % DM of GE Soybean meal 12' 90.3 2353 55.0 PEKILO A 8 90.4 2350 51.4 PEKILO B 8 92.9 2210 47.3 2. PEKILO REPLACING SOYBEAN MEAL IN FEED FOR CHICKENS The main question in evaluating PEKILO as a comm2rcial protein source in poultry feeding, is most likely its ability to replace soybean meal in practical feed mixtures. The experimental work of BRENNE (1976) deals with this topic and with the aspect of adding extra methionine to the feed. Table 6. The effect of replacing soybean meal by PEKILO in practical feed mixtures for chidkens. 2 replicates (BRENNE 1976). Protein source: PEKILO 0 5 10 15 Soybean meal 15 10 5 0 Herring meal 5 5 5 5 Final weight, relat. figures 96 94 92 90 RCR, relat. figures 103 109 112 113 Table 7. The effect of replacing soybean meal by PEKILO in practical feed mixtures for chickens. (BRENNE 1976) 3 replicates Protein source: % of feed PEKILO . 0 3.1 62 -9.3 12.4. 15.5 18.6 24.8 Soybean meal 24.8 21.7 18.6 15.5 12:4 9.3 6.2 0 Finalvmight, rel.fig. 99 101. 96 98 -97 94. 94 88 FCR, rel. fig. 101 100 102 103 104 106 110 111 The experiments showed decreasing growth rate and increasing FCR by replacing an increasing percentage of soybean meal by PEKILO. This effect was almost eliminated by adding 2 g DL-methionine and 1.5 g DL-methionine to the feed in the experiments in table 6 and 7, respec- tively. The effect of adding methionine to the ration is illustrated 69 in the regression equations calculated by BIRENNE (1976). 1. The relationship between PEKILO protein in % of protein supplement 00 and final weight, relatively (y) a) DL-methiorilne not added: y = 101.78 - 0.0807x b 1.5 g DL-methionine added per kg feed y = 101.78 - 0.0317 x 2. The relationship between PEKILO protein in % of protein supplement (x) and FCR, relatively (y) DL-methionine not added: y = 101.96 + 0.1731 x b) 1.5 g DL-methionine added per kg feed y = 06.01 + 0.05788 x In a previous study LAKSESVELA & SLAGSVOLD (1974) showed a negative effect on growth rate by adding methionine, methionine substitutes and sulphur- containing substances to diets with PEKILO. The result emphasizes that care should be taken when fortifying feed mixtures with synthetic amino acids. Table 8. Weight. gain and feed conversion of chickens (LAKSESVELA.& SLAGSVOLD 1974) fed PEKILO % PEKILO in feed - 10 10 10 Methionine, added, g/kg - - 2.0 Methionine-hydroxyLanalogue£ gLkg - - - 1.2 Basic feed supplied with herring meal: .Growth rate, relative f&g. 100 97 91 96 FCR, 100 98 99 100 Basic feed Growth rate, relative fig. 100 84 91 89 FCR, 'relative fig.- 100 112 103 105 70 SUMMARY The Norwegian studies for evaluating PEKILO as a protein source in poultry feeding may be devided into two main sections: 1. Biological evaluation by laboratory methods. 2. PEKILO as a substitute for soybean meal in practical rations for chickens. The experimental results show that PEKILO may replace soybean meal as a protein source provided that methionine is added to the ration. This may also he achieved by combining PEKILO with other protein sources rich in sulphur-containing amino acids, e.g. herring meal. REFERENCES Tehchical report on the project "Biological particular reference to evaluation of protein quality, with* V' the availability of amino acids. Tedhnical report No. 253 from The Norwegian Agricultural Research Council. Oslo 1977. BRENNE, T. 1976. "Single cell protein in the ration for bacon pigs and chicks." Common technical report from The Depart- ment of Animal Nutrition, Agric. Univ. Norway (Report No. 179), The Department of Animal Husbandry and Genet1.cs, Vet. Coll. Norway and the Norwegian Grain Corporation (Reprint No. 38). LAKSESVELA, B & P. SLAGSVOLD 1974. "Experiments on PEKILO as a source of protein for young chicks with particular reference tc effects of supply mentation with methionine and sulphates." Acta Agriculture Scandinavica, 24, 169-174. BJORNSTAD, J. 1977. 71 PEKILO-PROTEIN IN POULTRY AND SWINE FEEDING IN POLAND Dr Adolf Korniewicz, Dr Stanislaw P/onka Institute of Animal Husbandry Kraköw, Poland In looking for new sources of protein, Pekilo-protein product has recently been developed in Finland. The product contains up to 50% crude protein and can be successfully used as a protein supplement in formulating diets for farm animals.. To confirm the results obtained in other studies, the Institute of Animal Husbandry in Poland has carried out a series of trials on Pekilo-protein as a substitute for other protein supplements in poultry, swine and calf feeding. In this short report the results of the experiments on broilers and growing-finishing swines are presented. P -OULTRY The experiment was carried out on 960 Dominant White Cornish x White Rock broilers. The main object of the experiment was to compare the performance of broilers fed diets with differing amounts of soybean and/or Pekilo-protein. The percentage compositipn of the diets used in four different treatments is shown in table 3 and 3a. The birds were housed in broiler house on deep-litter throughout the experiment. The results of the experiment are given in tables 4, 5, 6 and 7. On the basis of this study it was concluded that: It is possible to substitute at least 2/3 of the soy- bean meal with Pekilo-protein in starter and finisher rations in feeding broilers without negative effects on body gain. When soybean meal was completely replaced by Pekilo-protein the body weight gain up to 8 weeks of age was depressed. Substitution of soybean meal by Pekilo-protein had positive effects on feed conversion. When Pekilo-protein was used with soybean meal or instead of soybean meal the feed conversion efficiency was improved by 2,2-4,8%. Slaughter characteristics, chemical composition and pH of breast muscle were not affected by the level of Pekilo-protein in the diets. 72 73 The blood serum test (protein level and aspartate aminotransferase activity) indicated that it is likely that the process of biosynthesis of amino acids was slightly impaired when soybean meal was replaced by Pekilo-protein. There was no effects of Pekilo-protein on the health of the broilers. General conclusion: In the experiment carried out here the Pekilo-protein has been proved to be a valuable source of protein supplement in broiler feeding. 74 Table 1. Percentage composition of the Pekilo ( Broilers exp., May-June, 1977 ) Dry matter 92,18 % Crude protein ' 45,48 % Ether extract 1,20 % Crude ash 5,71 % Crude fibre 6,50 % N-free extract 33,29 % Table 2. Amino acid compooition of the Pekilo and soybean meal protein ( g/kg ). Pekilo Soybean meal Serine 22,3 23,3 Glycine 25,5 20,1 Cystine 3,1 - Threonine 23,4 19,3 Proline 22,8 23,1 Alanine 33,7 20,2 Phenylalanine 22,8 23,3 Tyrosine 15,9 12,1 Leucine 38,7 35,7 Isoleucine. 26,5 22,0 Valine 28,6 22,4 Bysine 38,5 28,5 Arginine 37,1. 30,3 Histidine 14,2 12,5 Glutamic acid 59,4 95,2 Aspartic acid 44,2 50,6 Methionine ' 6,3 3,9 0V:. 0J N I 1+1 I 01 IC1 0 ‘.0 N N 1tc1 CO 111 0.05) x) - Values marked with different small letters are significantly different at the level of 95 % (P<:0.05) and with capital letters at the level of 99 % (p<0.01). xx)- Significant difference at the level of 99 % (P<0.01) Quality of Pekilo-protein was investigated by biochemical nin vitro" met1g)d on amino analyser Beckman - Spinco, 120 B and in feeding trial with weaned piglets of average initial weight about 8 kg compared to feed yeast (Trial I) and fish meal (Trial II). In trial I 50 (B) and 100 % (C) of feed yeast and in trial 11 50 (E) and 100% (F) of fish meal in the control mixture was substituted isoprotein,energe- tiCally for Pekilo.- Each treatment, within the trial, was investigated . simultaneously on 4 groups with 7 piglets. The feeds were fed in meal form 105 from metal feeders and water was supplied from water fountains. Piglets were kept in wire cages in a warmed room. The trial I lasted 35, and trial II 30 days. On the base of results obtained in these investigations the following conclusions can be drawn: The investigated sample of Pekilo contained 51.3 % crude protein, total lysine 6.04 % and sulfnic amino acids 2.57 % calculated in total protein. Its biological value in relation to the whole egg is 68.56. Substitution of 50 % (Treatment B) or 100 % (Treatment C) of feed yeast on iso-protein base with Pekilo did not significantly influence feed con- sumption, weight gain and feed cOnversion compared to the control mixture (Treatment A) on the base of yeast. Iso-protein substitution of 50 % of fish meal (treatment E) with Pekilo did not significantly influence feed consumption, weight gain of piglets and feed conversion compared to control mash (treatment D). Complete substitution of fish meal with Pekilo (Treatment F) did not influence feed consumption, but very significantly decreased (P< 0.01) weight gain and increased feed consumption per kg of weight gain compared to control mash (Treatment D). The difference in rate of weight gain between treatments E and F was also very significant (P.<0.01) and the' difference in feed conversion per 1 kg of weight gain between the above mentioned treatments was significant at the level of 95 % probability (P< 0.05) . The negative influence of complete substitution of fish,meal (Treatment F) with Pekilo was the consequence of deficiency of such a feed in sulfuric amino acids. Proteins in Pekilo are very good quality but at formulation of the mixtures, the attention must be paid on supplying methionine. Sulfuric amino acids in this case can be the first limiting amino acids in the diet. 106 PEKILO-PROTEIN IN ANIMAL FEEDING. III NUTRITIVE VALUE IN FEEDING ON GROWING AND FATTENING PIGS The following protein feeds were used in the trial: imported fish meal and soybean meal, feed yeast produced by IPK "Crvenka" and Pekilo-protein imported from Finland. The basic chemical and amino acid composition of the above protein feeds was determined in our laboratory. The basic chemical compoSition was determined by standard methods according to YUS, and amino acid composition on amino analyzer Beckman-Spinco, 120 B. Protein hydrolysis was psrformed according to Dustin.et al. (1953) and determination of individual amino acids according to Moor et al. (1958) and Speckman et al. (1958). Enzymatic hydrolysis for determination of biological activity of amino acids and bio- logical value of protein was performed according to Akeson and Stahmann (1964). Basic chemical and amino acid composition of protein feeds was given in Tables 1 and 2. Pekilo protein was investigated as a substitute for fish meal and feed yeast in feeding of growing and fattening pigs. Trial I In the trial there were 36 piglets of'Swedish Landrace type with initial body weight of about 22 kg. Experimental piglets were divided into two treatments. Each treatment consisted of three groups and each group con- sisted of 3 male and 3 female piglets. The trial was performed on P.D. "Doa. Djerdja" in Ba6ka Tapala in the period from 28th March to 18th July 1977. Body weight of piglets was registered at the beginning of the trial, at the end on the I fattening period and at the end of the trial. Experi- mental piglets were given diets of wet feed from troughs. The consumption of investigated mixtures is shown in Table 3. From the table it can be seen that mixture I in the 1'st fattening period contained 4.0% and in the 2nd fattening period 2.0 % fish meal. The mixture II contained 5.4 % Pekilo 107 in the lst fattening period and 2.7 % Pekilo in the 2nd fattening period. Substitution of fish meal for Pekilo was performed on the base of protein equivalent. Consequently, the mixtures with fish meal and Pekilo contained approximately the same percentages of protein (15.29 and 15.56 % in the first fattening period and 12.90 and 13. 05 % in the second fattening period) — Table 3. Trial II 36 piglets of Swedish Landrace type were included in the trial, their initial body weight was about 22 kg. Experimental piglets were divided into two treatments. Each treatment consisted of 3 groups, and each group included 3 male and 3 female piglets. The trial was performed on P.D. "Doa Djerdja" in Banca Topola in the period from 28th March to 18th July 1977. Body weight was registered at the beginning of the trial, at the end of the first fattening period and at the end of the trial. Experimental piglets were given diets of wet feed from troughs. The composition of the investigated mixtures is shown in Table 5. It can be seen from the table that the mixture I contained 5.0 % feed yeast'in the first fattening period and 2.5 % feed yeast in the second fattening period. The mixture II con— tained 5.4 % Pekilo in the first fattening period and 2.7 % Pekilo in the second fattening period. The substitution of feed yeast for Pekilo was performed on the base of protein equivalent. Consequently, the trial mixtures with feed yeast and Pekilo contained .approximately the same per— centages of protein (15.29 and 15.43 % in the first fattening period and 12.90 and 12.97 % in the second fattening period) — Table 5. 108 Composition af investigated mashes (%) (Trial I) - Fattening swines Mashes Components I fatt.period II fatt.period 1 II 1 II Maize, ground 72.3 72.0 80.0 80.0 Wheat bran 10.4 9.0 7.5 6.6 Soybean meal 10.G 10.6 7.5 7.5 Fish meal 4.0 - 2.0 - Pekilo - 5.4 - 2.7 Dicalcium phosphate 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 Limestone 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 Salt 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 Premix 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Crude protein, % 15.56 15.29 13.05 12.90 Composition of investigated mashes (%) (Trial II) - Fattening swines Mashes Components I fatt.period II fatt.period 1 II 1 II Maize, ground 72.0 72.0 80.0 80.0 Wheat bran 9.4 9.0 6.8 6.6 Soybean meal 10.6 10.6 7.5 7.5 Feed yeast 5.0 - 2.5 - Pekilo - 5.4 - 2.7 Dicalcium phosphate 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Limestone 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Salt 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 Premix 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Total 100.0 100.6 100.0 100.0 Crude protein, % 15.43 15.29 12.97. 12.90 109 Statistical analysis of results för feed consumption, weight. gain and feed utilization (Trial I) - Fattening swines "t - test" Treatment n x Sx s 0 Exp. Tab. 0.05 0.01 Average daily feed consumption, kg - I fattening påriod A 3 2.03 0.010 0.017 0.85 4.24x) 2.78 4.60 3 1.97 0.010 0.017 0.88 II fattening period A 3 . 3.08 0.075 0.129 4.19 199113 2.78 4.60 2.91 0.041 0.071 2.43 Average for the whole trial 3 2.54 0.029 Q.050 1.97 _NS 1.07 2.78 4.60 3 2.44 0.021 0.036 1.47 Average daily weight gain, .g - I fattening period A 3 783 10.54 18.25 2.33 4.28x) 2.78 4.60 3 719 10.58 18.33 2.55 11 fattening period A 3 766 46.23 80.07 10.45 1.72NS 2.78 4.60 3 702 4.28 "7.42 1.06 Feed Conversion kg per - unit of weight gain, - I fattening period A 3 2.59 0.022 0.039 1.49 3.83x) 2.78 4.60 3 2.74 0.032 0.056 2.03 11 fattening period A 3 4.02 0.142 0.245 6.10 1.62NS 2.78 4.60 3 4.25 0.007 0.012 0.29 Average for the whole trial A 3 3.28 0.075 0.131 3.99 2.50NS 2.78 4.60 685 8.39 14.53 2.12 Average for the whole trial 775 26.56 46.01 5.94 2.71NS 2.78 4.60 3 3.48 0.027 0.047 1.35 NS - The difference is not significant (F>0.05). 4 - The difference is significant at the level of 95 % (F< 0.05) 110 Statistical analysis of results for feed consumpticin, weight gain and feed utilization (Trial II) - Fattening swines "t - test" Treatment n S s C Exp. Tab. 0.05 0.01 Average daily feed consumption, kg - I fattening period 3 1.99 0.017 0.030 1.51 1.00NS 2.78 4.60 3 1.97 0.010 0.017 0.88 II fattening period 3 2.93 0.050 0.087 2.95 0.12NS 2.78 4.60 • 3 2.91 0.041 0.071 2.43 Average for the whole trial 3 2.46 0.021 0.036 1.46 0.71NS 2.78 4.60 3 2.44 0.021 0.036 1.47 Average daily weight gain, g - I fattening period 3 724 12.77 22.11 3.05 0.30NS 2.78 4.60 3 719 10.58 18.33 2.55 II fattening period 3 727 18.88 32.70 4.50 2.03N8 2.78 4.60 3 685 8.39 14.53 2.12 Average for the whole trial 3 726 6.56 11.36 1.56 3.06x) 2.78 4.60 3 702 4.28 7.42. 1.06 Feed conversion kg per linit of weight gain, - I fattening period 3 2.75 0.030 0.052 1.89 02383 2.78 4.60 3 2.74 0.032 0.056 2.03 II fattening period 3 4.03 0.064 0.111 2.76 3.40x) 2.78 4.60 3 4.25 0.007 0.012 0.29 Average for the whole trial 3 3.39 0.006 0.010 0.29 3.25x) 2.78 4.60 3 3.48 0.027 0.047 1.35 NS - The difference is not significant (P>0.05). x) The Aifference is significant at the level od 95% (P<:0-.05). 111 Chemical compositiån and nutritive value of Pekilo-protein in feeding of growing and fattening swines were investigated. On the base of results obtained the following conclusions can be drawn: Pekilo is microbial mass which is produced by micro fungus Paecilomyces Varioti. It is a highly concentrated protein feed containing 51.35 crude protein. Pekilo-protein has the similar amino acid-composition as feed yeast. It is rich in lysine and threonine, and relativelY low 4.n metbionine and cystine. Pekilo gave lower results in feeding of swines than fish meal. The swines fed Pekilo gained slower by 9.42 % and utilize feed less efficiently by 5.76 than the swines fed fish meal. Consequently, the partial substitution of fish meal for Pekilo is recommended. Pekilo gave the similar results as feed yeast in feeding of pigs. Consequently, Pekilo can substitute feed yeast in feeding of growing and fattening swines. Pekilo-protein is lower in lysine and methionine content than fish meal. If Pekilo-protein is enriched in these two amino acids, it can also successfully substitute for fish meal in diets for pigs. ABS CHLUSSPROTOKOLL Uberprilfung des Produktionsnutzeffekts der kompleten Futtermischungen fUr die Vormast und Mast der Broiler bei Anwendung der "Pekilo"— Futterproteine Zentrales Kontroll— und Prlifinstitu't ftir Landwirtschaft, Prag Exemplar Nr: 1 112 113 Die "Pekilon-Futterproteine wurden in der Form von kleinen leichten Granullen,hell grauer Farbe geliefert. Nach dem mikroskopischen Befund wurde kleines kurzes Myzel ohne Beimischungen festgestellt. Der Gehalt von Grundmineralnährstoffen in der Trockensubstanz von 92,6 % belief sich auf 49,5 % bei stickstoffhaltigen Stoffen, auf 44,3 % bei reinen Proteinen, auf 1.876 kJ metabolisierbarer Energie , auf 5,5 % bei der Asche, auf 5 % beim Faserstoff. Die Futterhefen werden gesondert auf der Basis der Technologie des Sulphitäthanols ?lir die BedUrfnisse der Uberprilfung im Zentralen Kontroll- imd Prilfinstitut fiir Landwirtschaft hergestellt. Ihre Qualitätsparameter entsprechen den perspektivischen Forderungen dieser Technologie. Der Kährstoffgehalt in der Trockensubstanz von 89,5 % war 51, 2 % stickstoffhaltige Stoffe, 45,4 % reine Proteine, 1.732 kJ metabolisierbare Energie, 5,9 % Asche, 0,3 % Faserstoff. Methode der DurchfUhruno- der biologischen Teste Die biologischen Teste verliefen in zwei parallelen Versuchsetappen. Jede Etappe bestand aus fiinf wieder- holten Versuchen, die vom März bis Mai 1978 verliefen. In der zweiten EtaRpe wurden Futtermischungen fur die Mast der Broiler angewandt, in denen die Gehalte der Tierproteine nach den staatlichen Rezepturen des Jahres 1977-1978 reduziert wurden. Der Gehalt der geprUften Pekiloproteine ebenso wie der verglichenen Futterhefen in den Futtermischungen war 6 %. FOr den Bedarf der Veterinärverfolgung wurde noch eine Gruppe mit einem Anteil von 10 % der.Pekilo- proteine eingereiht. 114 Die Teste wurde in den bilogischen Teststationen des Zentralen Kontroll- und Prtifinstituts fUr Landwirtschaft gesichert. Die Hähner waren in den Versuchsobjekten auf Tiefstreu untergeb-racht. Die Aufstallung war bei allen Gruppen gleich, FUr die Versuche wurden eintägige sexierte Hlihner der ROSS-Fleischhybride gebraucht und sie wurden in beiden Etappen stichprobenartig in zwei Gruppen so eingeteilt, dass die gebildeten Gruppen ausgeglichene Ganzen darstellten. Die Hähner wurden durch Flägel- zeichen individuell bezeichnet. Fär die FUtterung wurden komplete Mischungen fUr die Vormast der Broiler BR 1 und fUr die-Mast dieser Wihner BR 2 verwendet. Die Zusammenstellung der Versuchsmischungen, der verwendeten Ergänzungen der Biofaktoren und die Nähr- mineralzugaben sind in den Tabellen 1, 2 und 3 angefährt. Die Futtermischungen. wurden in der Produktionsanlage der Versuchsnähmittel des Zentralen Kontroll- und Präfinstituts fUr Landwirtschaft aus homogenisierten und vorher analytisch UberprUften Rohstoffen hergestellt. Die analytische Kontrolle der Rohstoffe und der hergestellten Versuchsmischungen wurde in den Labors des Zentralen Kontroll- und Prlifinstituts durchgefUhrt. Die analytische Charakteristik des geprliften Materials ist in der Tabelle 4 und die Aminosäurengehalte in der Tabelle 5 angefiihrt. Die analytische Charakteristik der Versuchsmischungen steht in der Tabelle 6. 115 Schema und Organisation des Versuches Gruppe 1: komplette Mischungen BR 1 und BR 2 nach den staatlichen Rezepturen des Jahres 1977-1978 mit 6 % Futterhefen Bezeichnung der Mischungen: BR 1 - 1/1977-1978 BR 2 - 1/1977-1978 Gruppe 2: komplette Mischungen BR 1 und BR 2 nach den staatlichen Rezepturen des Jahres 1977-1978 mit 6 % Pekiloproteinen Bezeichnung der Mischungen: BR 1 - 2/1977-1978 BR 2 - 2/1977-1978 Mit den Mischungen fUr die Vormast der Broiler /BR 1/ wurden die HUhner his zum 28. Tag ihres Alters, mit den Mischungen fUr die Mast der Broiler /BR 2/vom 28. bis 49. Tag ihres Alters gefUttert. Die Mischungen wurden mm Trockenstand ohne Zugabe anderer Nährmittel durch die ad libitum Methode verfUttert. Frisches Tränkwasser war ständig in Tränkebecken und Grit in einem SonderfUtterer zur VerfUgung. Die Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse wurden durch individuelles Wägen am 28. Tag des Alters der HUhner und nach der Beendigung des Versuches am 49. Tag festge- stellt. Verlauf und Ergebnisse der biologischen Teste Die verfolgten Hauptfaktoren waren die Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse, der Futtermittelverbrauch, der Gesundheitszustand der VersuchshUhner und deren Reaktion auf die gereichten Futtermittel. 116 Die Ergebnisse der Teste in den beiden Etappen wurden zusammenfassend verarbeitet und durch Analyse der Zerstreuung ausgewertet. Der Produktionsnutzeffekt wurde durch ein Koeffizient des Produktionswertes de, Futterstoffes nach BrUggemann bestimmt. Die zusammenfassenden Ergebnisse des Versuches der ersten Etappe sind in der Tabelle 7 a,b,c angefUhrt und die UberprUfung der.Unterschiede der Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse durch Analyse der Zerstreuung steht in der Tabelle 9. Die zusammenfassenden Ergebnisse des Versuches der zweiten Etappe sind in der Tabelle 8 a,b,c aufgefUhrt und die UberprUfung der Unterschiede der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse durch Analyse der Zerstreuung steht in der Tabelle.10. 117 Ergebnisse der biologischen Teste der zweiten Etappe /Rezeptur 1977-1978/ In der Kategorie bis zum 28. Tag des Alters der Broiler, d.h. während der VerfUtterung der BR 1-Mischungen, wies die Gruppe 2 /BR 1-Mischung mit Pekiloprotein/ gegenäber der Gruppe 1 /BR 1-Mischung mit Futterhefen/ eine statisch bedeutende Erhöhung der Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse / Index 105,9/ hei einem verminderten Futtermittelverbrauch fär 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse /Index 95,6/ auf. Der Koeffizient des Produktionswertes des Futtermittels nach Bräggemann wies einen Wert von 105,2 auf. In der Kategorie vom 28. bis 49. Tag des Alters der Broiler, d.h. während der Verfätterung der BR 2 Mischungen, wies die Gruppe 2 /BR 2-Mischung mit Pekiloprotein/ gegentiber der Gruppe 1 /BR 2-Mischung mit Futterhefen/ eine statistisch bedeutende Erhöhung der Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse /Index 103,2/ hei einem verminderten Futtermittelverbrauch fär 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse /Index 99,6 / auf. Der Koeffizient des Produktionswertes des Futtermittels nach Bräggemann wies einen Wert von 101,8 auf. Während der ganzen Periode der Versuehsmast, d.h. bis- suin 49. Tag des Alters der Broiler, wies die Gruppe 2 /BR 1 und BR 2-Mischung mit Pekiloprotein/ gegenäber der Gruppe 1 /BR 1 und BR 2-Mischung mit Futterhefen/ eine statistisch bedeutende Erhöhung der Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse /Index 104,4/ bei einem verminderten Futtermittelverbrauch fär 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse /Index 98,1/ auf. Im Verlauf der biologischen Teste wurden keine Mängel von gesundheitlicheM Charakter festgestellt. 118 Der Gesundheitszustand der VersuchshUhner wurde durch Adspektion verfolgt und ausserdem wurden während des Ver- suches aus jeder Gruppe HUhner fUr Laboruntersuehungen im Zentralen staatlichen Veterinärinstitut in Prag regel- mässig abgenommen. Die Entwicklung der verfolgten Organe wies in den einzelnen Alterskategorien in Beziehung zur lebendigen Masse keine wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen auf. Im Verlauf des Versuches gingen je drei Tiere aus jeder Gruppe, einschliesslich der KontrollhUhner, ein. Der häufigste Befund, der bei den eingegangenen HUhnern festge-• stellt wurde, war die Leberdegeneration und der akute Darm- katarrh. Aus den im Zentralen staatlichen Veterinärinstitut in Prag durchgefUhrten Untersuchungen kann die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden, dass das Pekilo-Proteinpräparat keine toxische Auswirkung auf den GesUndheitszustand der Huhner hat. Bei der sensorischen Beurteilung des Fleisches und der BrUhen aus dem Fleisch der Hiffiner aus den einzelnen Gruppen hat eine Kommission der Staatlichen Qualitätsinspektion von Lebensmittelprodukten festgestellt, dass bei keiner der Proben solche Mängel bemerkbar waren, die ihre geläufige Anwendung ausschliessen wUrden. Schluss: In den durchgefUhrten biologischen Testen wurde der Produktions- nutzeffekt der Futterproteine aus dem Pekilo-Prozess Uber- prUft, wobei sie mit Futterhefen tschechoslowakischer Provenienz verglichen wurden, die in den kompletten Mischungen fiir die Mast von Broilern eingegliefert sind. 119 Parallel damit verlief Oberpräfung der Unschädlichkeit fox die Gesundheit, die veterinärärtzliche Untersuchung der Versuchshöhner im Labor und die sensorische Beurteilung der Schlachthähner aus den biologischen Testen. Aus den Ergebnissen folgt: Die Einreihung von 6 % der Pekilo-Futterproteine in die kompletten Futtermischungen mit verMinderter Ver- tretung von Tierproteinen nach den staatlichen Rezepturen des Jahres 1977-1978 hat eine statistisch bedeutende Erhöhung der Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse /Index 104,3/ bei einem verminderten Futtermittelverbrauch fär 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse /Index 98,1/ aufgewiesen. Durch Einschätzung der einzelnen Alterskategorien mit Hilfe des Koeffizienten des Produktionsnutzeffekts nach Bröggemann ist der Produktionsnutzeffekt besonders in der Katagorie der Vormast wesentlich besser. Auf der Grundlage der Laboruntersuehungen, die vom Zentralen staatlichen Veterinärinstitut durchgefährt wurden, hat die Zugabe der Pekilo-Futterproteine keine toxische.Aiswirkung auf den Gesundheitszustand der Hiffiner. Auf der Grundlage der sensorischen Beurteilung des Fleisches der Versuchstiere, die von der -Staatlichen Qualitätsinspektion von Lebensmittelprodukten durch- gefährt wurde, wurden keine Mängel befunden, die die Qualität des Fleisches beeinfLussen könnten. 120 Tabelle 1. Zusammensetzung der Versuchsmischungen in %. 1. Etappe- staatliche Rezepturen dee Jahres 1977-1978 BR 1-1 BR 1-2 BR 2-1 BR 2-2 Weizen 38,7 38,7 11,8 11,8 Mais 30,0 30,0 57,0 57,0 extr. Sojaschrott 17,0 17,0 21,0 21,0 Getreidekeime 2,0 2,0 - - Fischmehl 3,0 3,0 1,0 1,0 Blutschrott - - - - Fleischknochenmehl 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 Futterhefen 6,0 - 6,0 - Pekiloprotein - 6,0 - 6,0 Heumehl - - - MKS 2 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 Futtersalz 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 DB BR 1 1,0 1,0 - DB BR 1 1,0 1,0 Insgesemt 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 121 Tabelle 2. Zusammensetzung der Biofaktorenergänzungen. DB BR 1-77-78 DE BR 2-77-78 Nitrovin, mg 1 500 1 500 A-Vitamin, .m.j: 1 000 000 800 000 D3-Vitamin, m.j. 100 000 80 000 D2-Vitamin, mg 300 300 B12-Vitamin, mg 2 2 K3-Vitamin, mg 200 200 Niazin, mg 1 200 - Methionin, mg 100 000 100 000 Amprol Plus, mg 50 000 50 000 Kurasan, mg 12 500 12 500 Futtermehl, ad 1 kg 1 kg Tabelle 3. Zusammensetzung des Futtermineralzusatzes ftir GeflUgel ( MKP 2 ) Futterkalkstein, mikrogemahlen % 67,0 "MD II" Mineralzusatz 1,0 Polyphos 17,0 entleimtes Knochenmehl 15,0 insgesamt 100,0 Zusammensetzung des MD II Mineralzusatzes Kupfer ( II )-sulfat mg 30 000 Eisen ( II )-sulfat mg 80 000 Zinkoxyd mg 220 000 Mangan ( II )-karbonat mg 550 000 Kaliumjodid mg 5 000 Kobalt ( II )-sulfat mg 100 Futtermehl mg 30 000 Gibs af 1 kg K,P,Ca,Mg Na Zn,A1,Si,(Fe) Ni,Cd,Pb,Mn,Ag,Cu, B,(Ba,V,Sr,Fi) P,K,Ca,Mg Mn,Na,Fe Zn,Si,A1,Ag,B (Cu,Pb) 122 Tabelle 4. Analytische Charakteristik des.geprilften Materials ( Zentrales Laboratorium des Oft jEZtZ Praha ) Futterhefen Pekilo Wasser, % 10,5 7,4 Trockensubstanz, % 89,5 92,6 stickstoffhaltige Stoffe ( N x 6,25 ), % 51,2 49,5 Fett nach der Hydrolyse, % 5,9 3,9 Asche, % 5,9 5,5 Faserstoff, % 0,3 5,0 in HC1 unlösbarer Rest, % 0,11 0,44 stickstoffreie Auszugsstoffe, % 26,2 28,7 stickstoffhaltige verdauliche Stoffe, % 38,8 36,1 Koeffizient der Verdaulichkeit der stickstoffhaltigen Stoffe 76 73 Proteine, % 45,4 44,3 'Verdauliche Proteine, % 33,0 30,9 Amide, % 5,8 5,2 Kalzium, g/kg 1,3 1,4 Phosphor, g/kg 18,2 13,2 nichtverseifbarer Fettanteil, % 1,8 6,0 1629 620 g 2460 1470 5,3 5,1 2,4 0,14 Wasserablaugeadizität, mg KOH/100 g Gesamtadizität der Wasserablauge, mg KOH/100 pH Schwefel, g/kg Semiquantitative Spektralanalyse der Asche: mehr als 10 % 1-10 % 0,1-1 % 0,01-0,1 % weniger als 0,01 % ME, KJ/kg 17320 18760 123 Tabelle 5. Aminosäurengehalte der geprUften Futterstoffe ( in der urspränglichen Probe ) PEKII0protein Futterhefen Asparaginsäure 4.02 4.30 Threonin 2.07 2.51 Serin 2.19 2.48 Glutamsäure 5.97 6.92 Prolin 1.97 1.80 Glyzin 2.10 2.15 Alpha-Alanin 2.92 2.83 Zystin nach der Oxydationshydrolyse nicht festgestellt nicht festgestellt Valin 2.27 2.85 Methionin nach der Sauerhydrolyse 0.76 1.07 Isoleuzin 1.87 2.70 Leuzin 3.35 3.72 Thyrosin 1.61 1.82 Phenylalanin 1.84 2.22 Lysin 3.11 3.80 Histidin 1.08 1.06 Arginin 3.02 2.62 Tryptophan nicht festgestellt nicht festgestellt 124 Tabelle 6. Analytische Charakteristik der Versuchsmischungen 2. Etappe staatliche Rezepturen 1977-1978 BR 1-1 BR 1-2 BR 2-1 BR 2-2 Wasser, % 12.9 12.9 11.6 12.0 Trockeneubstanz, % stickstoffhaltige Stoffe 87.1 87.1 88.4 88.0 ( N x 6.25 ), % 19.9 18.7 20.7 20.4 Fett, % 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 Asche, % 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.5 Faserstoff, % stickstoffreie 4.4 4.5 3.4 3.1 Auszugsstoffe, % in 801 unlösbarer Rest der Asche, % 55.6 0.14 56.5 0.12 56.9 0.08 56.8 0.10 Kalzi~arbonat, % 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 Natriumchlorid, % 0.47 0.66 0.38 0.47 ME, kJ/kg 11490 11524 11700 11735 125 Tabelle 7. Zusammenfassende Ergebnisse der Versuche Kategorie 0 — 28 Tag Gruppe 1 2 Zahl der Tiere 487 491 0 lebendige Masse am Anfang, p(lebendige Masse am Ende, g 614 650 firGesamtzunahme der lebendigen Masse, g 614 650 Dauer des Versuches 28 28 Index 100 105.9 Durchschnittlicher Futtermittelverbrauch fiir 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse BR 1 2.29 2.19 Insgesamt, kg- 2.29 2.19 Index 100 95.6 Koeffizient des Produktions— wertes des Futtermittels 100 105.2 Durchschnittlicher Nährstoffverbrauch fiir 1 Zunahme der lebendigen Masse in kg kg der Trockensubstanz 1.99 1.91 NL 0.456 0.410 ME, kJ 26312 25238 126 Tabelle 8 a. Zusammenfassende Ergebnisse der Versuche Kategorie 28 — 49 Tag Gruppe 1 2 Zahl der Tiere 487 491 lebendige Masse am Anfang, g 614 650 lebendige Masse am Ende, g 1540 1606 ,orGesamtzunahme der lebendigen Masse, g 926 956 Dauer des Versuches 21 21 Index 100 103,2 Durschnittlicher Futtermittelverbrauch ftir 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse BR 2 2.82 2.81 Insgesamt, kg 2.82 2.81 Index 100 99.6 Koeffizient des Produktions— wertes des Futtermittels 100 101.8 Durchschnittlicher Nährstoffverbrauch fär 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse in kg Trockensubstanz 2.48 2.48 NL 0.581 0.579 ME, kJ 32994 32975 127 Tabelle 8 b. Zusammenfassende Ergebnisse der Versuche Kategorie 0 — 49 Tag Gruppe 1 2 Zahl der Tiere 487 491 lebendige Masse am Anfang, g. — — A(lebendige Masse am Ende, g 1540 1606 ,2rGesamtzunahme der lebendigen Masse, g 1540 1606 Dauer des Versuches 49 49 Index 100 104.3 Durchschnittlicher Futtermittelverbrauch fUr 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse BR 1 0.913 0.887 BR 2 1.70 1.67 Insgesamt, kg 2.61 2.56 Index 100 98.1 Durchschnittlicher Nährstoffverbrauch ftir 1 kg der Zunahme der lebendigen Masse in kg Trockensubstanz 2.30 2.25 NL 0.531 0.510 ME, kJ 30380 29819 128 Tabelle 9. herprilfung der Unterschiede in den Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse durch Analyse der Zerstreuung Etappe Kategorie vom 0 bis 28 Tag des Alters Gruppe 1 2 1 +36x 2 Die Bedeutsamkeitsgrenze bei 95 % Wahrscheinlichkeit = 12 g Statistisch bedeutende Unterschiede in den Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse sind durch ein x bezeichnet Kategorie vom 28 bis 49 Tag des Alters Gruppe 1 2 1 +30x. 2 Die Bedeutsamkeitsgrenze bei 95 % Wahrscheinlichkeit = 12 g Statistisch bedeutende Unterschiede in den Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse sind durch ein x bezeichnet Kategorie vom 0 bis 49 Tag des Alters Gruppe 1 2 1 +60x 2 Die Bedeutsamkeitsgrenze bei 95 % Wahrscheinlichkeit = 29 g Statistisch bedeutende Unterschiede in den Zunahmen der lebendigen Masse sind durch ein x bezeichnet. 129 PEKILO - A PROTEIN SOURCE ON THE BROILER FEED MIXTURE Surdzijska S. and Vladimirova L. Research Institute of Grain Nutrients and Feed Industry Bere Marinov VIVZM - Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Conclusion Two experiments have been performed with 199 hybride broiler chickens under the cage conditions. Effect of Pekilo-protein in replacing feed yeast, fish meal and soyabean meal in broiler feeds was researched. Pekilo is a Finnish produöt, which is produced by cultivating continuously microfungus (Fungi Imp.) on sulphite spent liquor. According to the results the following conclusions have been drawn: 1 In the broiler feeds, which do not contain any animal proteins, but which in regard to amino acids have been balanced, Pekilos portion of 6 % does not have negative effect upon the weight development of the chickens or their feed consumption. 2 While replacing completely feed yeast and partly soyabean meal with Pekilo, any disturbances in the weight development of the chickens were not noted. Fish meal portion in the mixtures was 4 %. 3 No 3.4-bentspyrenine content was present in Pekilo or in the maat of the chickens fed with mixtures containing Pekilo. 130 Table 1. Experimental arrangement. Compositions of feed mixtures, %. Group Experiment 1 Experiment 2 No. Yeast Soya Pekilo Yeast Pish Soya Pekilo meal 1 5.0 32.0 2 - 32.0 3 - 26.0 4 - - 6.0 12.0 - 5.0 5.0 - - - 4.0 4.0 4.0 29.2 - 23.4 23.4 5.0 18.3 10.0 Table 2. Compositions of feed mixtures. Components, % Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Corn 59.12 58.09 58.C6 62.60 64.80 64.80 64.70 Soyabean meal 32.00 32.00 26.00 29.20 23.40 23.40 18.30 Feed yeast 5.00 - - 5.00 5.00 - - Pish meal - - - - 4.00 4.00 4.00 Pekilo - 6.00 12.00 1.20 - 5.00 10.00 CaCO3 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 0.80 0.80 1.00 Diealciumphosphate 1.80 1.80 1.80 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mixture of vitamins 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Mixture of minerals 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Methionine 0.06 0.07 0.09 - - - Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Crude protein, % 21.72 21.75 21.76 20.51 20.51 20.50 20.50 Lysine, % 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.19 1.22 1.18 1.17 Methionine + cystine ealcium, % 0.79 0.94 0.79 0.94 0.79 0.95 0.70 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.84 0.83 0.73 0.80 Phosphorus, % 0.75 0.74 0.77 0.62 0.73 0.70 0.73 131 Table 3. Weight gain of chickens. Group Experiment 1 Experiment 2 No 35 pv 56 pv 35 pv 56 pv Hei. g Hei. g Hei. g Hei. 1 817 100.0 1684 100.0 716 100.0 1561 100.0 2 806 98.7 1683 100.0 820 114.4 1660 106.3 3 925 113.2 1628 96.7 785 109.9 1629 104.3 4 812 113.4 1711 109.6 Table 4. Feed consumption / weight gain, g/kg. Group Experiment 1 Experiment 2 No. g Hei. g Hei. g Hei. g Hei. 1 4051 100.0 2.437 100.0 3879 100.0 2.539 100.0 2 4001 98.7 2.425 99.5 4079 105.2 2.472 97.4 3 4174 103.0 2.521 103.4 3736 96.3 2.343 92.3 4 4119 106.2 2.445 96.3 132 Table 5. Carcass analyses. Values, % 1 Groups 2 3 Moisture 69.43 70.06 70.80 Crude protein 17.58 17.34 18.22 Crude fat 12.00 12.57 9.75 Ash 0.94 0.92 0.94 Slaughtering result 67 65 65 Table 6. Content of polysyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, g/kg Pekilo Meat Samples Control Test group group Anthracene 4.08 0.20 0.20 Phenantrene - - - Pyrene 12.75 0.46 0.46 Fluoranthene 17.55 1.00 1.30 1.2-benzanthracene 7.77 - - Chrysene - - - 3.4-benzanthracene unnoticed unnoticed unnoticed 1.2-benzanthracene 20.91 0.87 1.55 133 PEKILO—SYMPOSIUM IN TAMPERE 12.-15.9.1978 TUOMO KIISKINEH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE Institute of Animål Husbandry, Tikkurila PEKII0 IN THE FEEDING ON POULTRY THE RESULTS ON THE EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT IN FINLAND INTRODUCTION The single cell protein (SCP), mainly dryed yeast, has been used up to day only in small quantities in the feeding of poultry. The use hao been mainly based uponafflamentIngthe'vitamins, and not so much upea protein and energy. The world wide increased demand for the protein as well as need to utilize different substances and industry wastes, which as such areunfit for nourishment to both people and animals, have within past ten years increased the cultiyation of the single cell proteins such as yeasts, microfungi and bacteria with different substrates containing carbon. Because'the use of the single cell protein might be on different scale than previously, it is utmost important to know how it affects productivity and health of the ening-1s. During lasi few years a loi of research work has been done on availability of the single cell protein. In these experiments, where fishmeal and soyabeän meal have been compensated with hydrocarbon yeasts or with bacte_ rial protein, it hae been possible to raise the amount up to 10 — 15 % with— out difficulties in the diets of laying 11,..no and broilers, (D'MELLO 1973 a and b, SENO etc 1973, WALDROUP and PAYNE 1974, TIEWS etc 1974, BECK etc 1974, VOGT etc 1975, WALDROUP and HAZEN 1975, YOSHIDA 1975, RUSSO and MARIAN 1976 D'MELLO and ACAMOVIC 1976). In rations':. of laying hens SCP has been even a sole protein supplement present, in other words covering more than 50 % of protein. Harmless top level for broilers has usually been0 to 40 % of the dietary protein. If the protein portion has been 50 % or more, growth and feed efficiency of c chickens haå usually lessened. In the finisher of broilers hydrocarbon yeast has gone without difficulties, as a sole protein supplement (SHANNON and MeNAB 1972). 134 Amount of supplemented methicminenaturally has en effect on achieved results,. because it is the first limiting amino acid in te single cell protein. ArginIne has been mentioncd as the second limiting amino acid for growing poultry. Generally speaking the single cell protein has not have negative effect upon fertility and hatchability. Aecording to SENO etc (1973) the low B12—content of hydrocarbon yeast caused poor hatchabilitY, Also dustiness of the single cell protein could have had en effect upon results decreasing feed consumption. It hae been noted that pelleting of feed improves experimental results with the single cell protein. Pekilo—product, which is microfungus (Paecilomyces varioti) cultivated in in the sulphite spent liquor has been devoloped in Finland and was manu— factured for a first time as pilot plant product in the beginning of 1970. Then the feeding trials were carried out with laying hens and broilers. Later on one feeding experiment have been carried out with laying hens along with Torula—yeast, which is also produced in Finland. The preliminary experiment in 1970-71 The results have been published in English in the paper presented by POUTIAINEN. Here I' 11 only give some short comments on them. Two feeding exPeriments were carried out with laying hens. In these experiments meal was compensated with proportions of 0, 50 and 100 % of Pekilo. In the second experiment also imported Torula—yeast was included additionally. The small amounts of hens, fewness cf replications and short duration were deficiencies in these experiMents (But maybe under those conditions nothing more sufficient could be afforded). However according to experimental results it can be seen, that under Finnish conditions at least half of the fishmeal protein can be compensated with Pekilo or also with Torula—yeast. The fact that no methioninc has been added to the feec:å, is one defect or error of the experiments, 4s it is the limiting omino acid in SPO. In addi— tion the protein level of the rations surprisingly high from 19 to 20 %, which could have had en effect upon results. It would have been reasonable trying to achieve isocaloric mixtures with fat supplements. In the experi'.. monta with broilers, proportion of 33, 66 and 100 % of the protein in fish— meal and soyabean meal were substituted by Pekilo protein. Bach group had 90 chicks, out of which about half were kept in the separate cages. The diets cont-]ed protein 23,5 % average and methiaMne supplement was not used in this experiment either. The growth results are shown in figure 4 (POUTIAINEN) and also in the table 1 of this report. Average weight of the male chicks at the age of 8 yeeks decreased when Bekilo—quantities were increased. Growth of chicks.did not 135 decrease considerably until up at 100 % level. The differences are hardly statistically significant at least not between levele.of 0 and 33 %. If the metWaainesupplement would have been used and perhaps in addition. to this the relatively low ME-concentration of Pekilo would be compensated with fat supplement in these first feeding experiments with poultry the resulte would have been even more positive on Pekilo and especially on its protein. Feed industry which uses SCP-preducts is quite eapable to carry out theee measures. Feeding teet with laying hens 1975-76 Purpose of this teet was to compare both single cell proteins PEKILO and SILVA (Torula) manufactured in Finland against aoyabean meal at three different protein level of feed. Experimental material and mothods Teet animals were.WL,hens (SK 12) whose age at the beginning of the experik, ment was about 28 weeks. liene were kept in the cages (stair model), each containing 3 hens. The experiment was 3 x 3 factoricali three protein aupplements (soyabean meal, Pekilo, Silva) and tree.protein levels (17, 15 and 13 %). In ali there were 9 diets, and each diet consisted 6 replicatiais each having 15 hens. The compositions and calculated contents of the diets aro shown in the table 2. Equivalent diets are almost isocaloric, because ME-concentration values of. soyabean meal and single cell proteins are of sano class. With _ methionine supplement We tried to reach about same sulphur.amino acid level "in ali dietå. Representative sample was taken of protein raw materials, barley, oat and feed mixtures of every lot. The usual feed analysis (table 3) were carried out on the samples. Egg production was measured daily and feed consumption in the periods of 28 days. Duration of the experiment was 9 periods or about 8,5 months. Quality determinations on eggs were dene (specific *eight albumen height, Haugh U.nit) and after the experiment blood samples were taken out of the inimals for the following deterainations: Hb, haematocrite, protein, urea and uri:c acid of serum. Results According to the analysis protein content of the diets was about 0,5 % babw the'calculated values (table 3). Reason for this has been lower than expected protein content (table 3) of the protein feeds and grains. Death rate was highestin the soya group (7,0%) and lowest in the Silva-gamp(2,6%:. 136 Between protein levels there weren't any differences in the death ratee. Average weighte of the hens were quite of same size ja the different groupe andm.proteinlevele both at the beginning and end of the experiment. Thus change of weight had either any great differences (table 4). Percentage of weight gain from starting weight varied from 7,5 te 9,5 %. In the laying results differences between different protein diet groupemre slight and not statistically eignificant (table 5). Differences between protein levels were also surprisingly small. At the lowest protein level laying was as average 1 %—unit lower than others. Weight of egg was at the level of 13 % 0,8 g lighter than ()there (P‹ 0,05), but between the protein supplement groups there were no statistically significant diffe— rences, The animals were fed 22, 18 and 16 g of protein daily and meta— bolizable energy respectivelywas 324, 320 and 317 kcal daily at the diffe— rent protein levels. La the feed efficiency differences were also emall and not statistically significant. Hb—values on the animals of single cell protein groups are somewhat lower than of soya group, but difference.is not statistically significant (tablet Statistically significant (P < 0,01) differences can be found in hemoglobbe values between protein level of 17 % and other levels. There appears no eignificant differences in the hanmaticritc. Total protein content of serum was significantly (P 0,01) lower in the eingle cell protein groups than in soya groups. Instead there appeared no significant differences between the protein levels. Compared against soya SOI' increased slightly the uric acid content of serum and decreased urea content. Asregards the latter mentioned, difference was eignificant (P‹..0,05). Protein level had en effect especially upOn the uric acid content and at the lelVe13:of 17 %,.i!t was-mignificantly higher than others. Also the urea content was highest at the 17 % level, but not significantly. Specific weight and quality of the egg did not differ coneiderably between the protein diet groups and the protein levels (table 8). Discussion The fact that in the experiment just as good laying result was reached with the SCP—products than with the soya meal is not surprising in any way. Equivalent results have been reached also with the hydrocarbon yests and bacterial proteins (WALDROUP and HAZWN 1975, VOGT etc 1975, RUSSO and - MARIAN' 1976). As previously was noted methionine supplement is necessary. Also on satisfactory result of the lowest protein level, actually 12,5 % is not so surprising, because even with as low as from 11 te 13 g/d of protein quantities the satisfactory laying results have bcen reached (FERNANDEZ etc 1973, KOLSTAD AND LIEN 1974, MULLER and BALLOUN 1974) and JilUis experInent' daily dose of the protein was with aforementioned group 16 g due to the great feed consumption caused byit'e relatively low ME—conceiÅration. It sem'', that quite low at least 15 % protein level obviously can used in the Finnish conditione'even when supplemented protein formed eolely of soya or SCP. Norwegians hava achieved at the protein level of 13 and 12 % juot as good results as with higher levels, having or not having the.fisk. måål in the diet (SOLBERG 1971, KOLSTAD and LIEN 1974). Juot as in this experiment, decreasing of protein content down to 10 — 12 % hae clearly leesened weight of the egg (BALLOUN and SPEERS 1969, JENNIGS etc 1972, .MULLER and BALLOUN 1974). It has also been noted that in other experimente the SCP has net had any harmful effeets upon albumen quality of the egg (YOSHIDA ote 1974, VOGT etc 1975, WALDROUP and HAZEN 1975). In this experiment the SCP products did not reduce the consumption of. the diet. Relatively losir energy content of the diets, obviously was not limi— ting factor in the production, because daily requiremont for this weight claso hens is 300 to 320 keal/ME/d. This can alan be seen from increased weights of the hens during the experiment. Ae for as themortalityisconcerned the differences between protein supplement groupe hardly are depanding upon diets because mostly the reason for death. was cannibalism. About the blood values it is difficult to say anything certain, as the samples were taken only of part pf the animals and one samp— le at the end of the experiment. Most understandable result was inereasing of and product of nitrogen metabolism, mainly uric acid, while protein inereased. Whether the SCP—products reduced the protein— and urea content of the serum is uncertain oven though differences are statistically signifi— cant. Slight rise of the uric acid seems understandable, oven though it has not always appeared (SHANNON and Me= 1972, D'MELLO 1973 a). Summar,y This paper describes the poultry feeding experiments carried out in Finland with single cell plotein.In these experiments the dried micro—fungi Paecilomy— ces varioti known as PEKILO cultivated in the sulphite spent liquore of the pulping industry has been used as the protein supplement. Up to now three experiments have been carried out in Finland with the laying hens and one experiment with broilers. According to these experiments and many others carried out in several countries with SCP, PEKILO can be used as the E;ole crude protein supplement in the diet of the laying hens, as long as suffi— cient methionine supplement is used. In any case the ooyabean meal can be fully compensated with Pekilo and other SCP. products. In the broiler diet Pekilo can be consumed at least up to 10-15 % or 30-40 % of protein as according to fereign reseaehes alaa other SCP—products. 138 REFERENCES BAILOUN, S.L. and SPEERS, G.M. 1969. Poult. Sci. 48: 1175-1188. HECK, H., CROPP, J. and ERBERSDOBLER, H. 1974. Landwirtseh. Forsch. Sonderheft. 31:66-74: DTMELLO, J.B.F. 1973 a Br. Poult. Sci. 14:291-301 D'MELLO, J.P.F. 1973 b. Nutrition Reporte International 8(2):105-109. D'MELLO, J.P.F. and ACAMOVIC, T. 1976. Br. Poult. Sci. 17:393-401. FERNANDEZ, R., SAMAAN, A.J. and McGINNIS, J. 1973. Poult. Sci. 52:64-69. JENNINGS, R.C„ FISHER, C. and MORRIS, T.R. 1972. Br. Poult. Soi. 13:279-281 KOLSTAD, N. and LIEN, S. 1974. Meldinger fra Norges Landbruksh/Sgskole 53, Nr 34. . MULLER, R.D. and BAILOUN, S.L. 1974. Poult. Sci. 53: 1463-1475. POUTIAINEN, E. 1973. Siipikarja No 9:247-255. RUSSO, V. and MARIANI, P. 1976. Zooteenica e Nutrizione Animale 2:237-247. SENO, F., PADA, M., IWAMOTO, T., MURATA, T., and KAWASAKI, A. 1973. JapanEwl Poult. Soi. 10:189-196. SHANNON, D.W.F. and McNAB, J.M. 1972. Br. Poult. Sci. 13:267-272. SOLBERG, J. 1971. Archiv fUr GeflUgelkunde 35:164-169. TIEWS, 3., CROPP, J., SCHU1Z, V., ERBERSDOBLER, H. and BECK, H. 1974. Z. Tierphysiol., Tiernährg. u. FuiterMittelkunde. 34:86-113. VOGT, H., HARNISCH, S. und TORGEO, H-G. 1975. Archiv Ur Geflugelkunde 39: 146-151. WALDROUP, P.W. and PAYBE, J.R. 1974. Poult. Sci. 53:1039-1042. WAIDROUP, P.W. and HAZEN, K.R. 1975. Poult. Sci. 54:635-637. YOSHIDA, M. 1975. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 31:221-234. YOSHIDA, 8., TADA, 8., DANSHO, 8., MATSUSHIM4 M. and UMEDA, I. 1974. Japa- nece Poult. Soi. 11:217-222. 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 139 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 •J-I g .4- 0 4. 0 4 F4 X 02 0 0 4-1 9-1 0) ›, 0 Nl 02 0) CV 4:1 00) 0,0 o 01 4. o .0 54 ,M 0 a) 4-1 P4 4-1 CO C7N U,0(LC 1. 0, CM t<1 ON CO 01 011 t4•1 ••=t tfl CNJ CM 10 ••,1- KN 0 01 CO 0- 0 N 0- C1.1 Jc1 N CO" 0" C11 Cs1 .4- -.4- C1.1 0- 1.0 •- t,, KN. 0 C11 C1.1 1 01 N 11.1"IC1 CO" C1.7 C11 tr\ ko u-N .4- 01 00 '0- tc1 0(0 (0 01 I 0,1 LC1 00 01 01 01 1.1D 0- 02 1-- 01 CO tc, 0Jj-1 CO N N- I C 10 C co. 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CO C-. t- 0 0 0 Wt3 00(0 00 OD 000 0 0('J 0) 04 004 0 00 CO 01 0j cn 0 Ci- 1,1 N CNC) CN C- CO C- 000 0 0", crs Ci- 0 00 144 PEKILO-PROTEIR IN PRESTARTER AND STARTER FRED FOR CALVES REARED TO 120 DAYS OF AGE Dr J6zef Namiotkiewicz, Dr Adolf Korniewicz Institute of Animal Hunbandry Krak6w, Poland In this short report the resulta of on experiment on repla cing skim milk powder with Pekilo-protein in feed mixtures for calves are presented. Thirtytwo Lowland Black and White and Lowland Red and White calves ( half of females and half of'males ), weighing approxi- mately 59-63 kg, were assigned at 50 days of age to four diffe- rent treatments. The calves were fed according to the dally feed allowance ( table 2 ) meadow hay and prestrater or starter mixture containing different proportions of milk powder, feed yeast and Pekilo-protein ( table 1 ). The calves were on trial until 120 days of age, then they were slaughtered and carcass traits were estimated. At the begining and at the end of the experimental period in calves of each treatment the digestibility and N, balance were estimated on the basis of data collected during two 7-day ba- ,lance periods. The results of the experiment are given in tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. On the basis of the carried out experiment the following conc- lusions were drawn: 145 There was no adverse effect of Pekilo-protein when used up to 15 % in the prestarter, on feed palatability. The calves fed Pekilo-protein based diets had superior daily gains as compared with the control group fed the diet without Pekilo-protein, although the differences were not significant. The feed conversion was also improved when dried skim milk was.xeplaced by Pekilo-protein in prestarter and starter mixtu- res. Although the differences were not significant there was a tendency for better digestibility of nutrients jo the calves fed Pekilo-protein based diets. The nitrogen retention was not affected by substitution of dried skim milk with Pekilo-protein in the diets. There was no effect, when dried skim mulk was replaced by Pekilo-protein, on slaughter characteristics or the health of the calves. General conclusion: The carried out experiment ehowed that Pekilo-protein can be considered as a valuable source of protein supplement in calves feeding. Sk im m il k po wd er H 4 k F1 04 Pe ed y ea st Pr es ta rt er C1/ mi xt ur es u se d in f ee di ng t r i al wi t h o al ve s. • 0- .0 ON 4'- 0 0 0 A 1-1 0 4. 4. 0 0 0 04 1 0 9 Ta bl e 1. Pe ro en ta ge 1/40 01 0 0- CO CO ON . 01 O ‘.0 0 1.0 ON •-• i▪ n co t•-• - C; CO NO 1/40 (0'.o 0 CO CO 4:3 01 tO ‘.0 0 N 0:1 01 11, 1.11 10 01 CO 101 .4" 110 0 111 10 NO 01 0''.O (0(0 ‘.0 01 NO - CO 10 11% .4. 10▪ 0.1 ▪ CO 10 0- 01 •-• NO 10 kr/ 03 OD CO CO ‘.0 C11 0 01 01 ••• 1.0 01 CO 10 11:;* 0 10 0 0 0 NO CO 01 10 10 II. 0 • 0 n 110 0 10 01 101 0 0 0 0 0 41/ C\ Ckl 'I-, ON • 0 it x.o o t•-% 0 0- 0 0 0 .4. Le, fil% • N 0 .1. 10 NO 01 10 CM 10 01 g- 10 0 0 0 NO 0 w 10 IIN •-- I l0 ▪ 0 co 10 10 01 110 146 Oa t un it s 147 Table 2. Daily feed allowance for calves in the .experiment with Pekilo or skim milk powder in the diets. Age ( days ) kg/head/day Prestarter Starter Hay 51.- 60 1,6 1,0 61 - 70 1,9 1,0 71 - 80 2,0 1,0 81 - 90 2,2 1,2 91 -100 2,3 1,5 101 -110 2,5 1,8 111 -120 3,0 2,0 Table 3. Performance of calves fed dried skim milk or Pekilo- protein diets. TREATMENT ( percentage in prestarter/finisher ) Dried skim milk 18,0/10,18 12,6/7,12 7,2/4,08 1,8/1,02 Feed yeast 3,5/ 1,98 2,4/1,36 1,4/0,80 0,3/0,17 Pekilo 5,1/2,89 10,2/5,76 15,2/8,60 No. of calves 8 8 8 Dailz zain ( from 50 to 120 days ), g 667 719 724 788 Feed conversion - kg dry matter/kg gain 3,31 3,05 3,07 2,80 - oat units/kg gain 3,86 3,49 3,44 2,99 - grama dig. prot./kg gain 498 468 468 428 148 Table 4. Digestibility ( % ) of nutrient in calves fed dried skim milk or Pekilo dietsx). TREATMENT ( percentage in prestarter/finisher ) Dried skim milk Pekilo 18,0/10,18 12,6/7,12 5,1/2,89 7,2/4,08 10,2/5,76 1,8/1,02 15,2/8,60 Dry matter 71,53 74,51 75,61 74,11 Protein 71,17 73,60 75,39 72,04 Ether extract 67,51 68,07 65,71 61,58 Fibre 42,88 49,20 49,78 48,14 N-free extracts 80,23 82,26 82,55 82,45 x) Average of two 7-days balance periods. Table 5. Nitrogen balance in calves fed dried skim milk or Pekilo diets. TREATMENT ( percentage in prestarter/finieher ) Dried skim milk Pekilo 18,0/10,18 12,6/7,12 5,1/2,89 7,2/4,08 10,2/5,76 1,8/1,02 15,2/8,60 Daily N intake, g 80,13 77,74 78,51 77,65 N retalned, g 36,08 37,08 34,48 33,37 N retained as a percen- tage of intake, % 45,02 47,69 43,92 42,97 ( pe rc en ta ge i n pr es ta rt er /s ta rt er ) Ta bl e 6. S la ug ht er a na ly si s. o f c al ve s fe d dr ie d sk im m il k or P ek il o di e t s. Dr ie d sk im m il k 149 Le g, f or e ri bs , be st r i b s, r um p, r ou nd o f be ef l0 co t‹, 0.. C0 cs:r N1 co co 6, l0 c - .0CI -• W 1., ft- /11 co cv Cr We ig h t be fo re kC1 le) C\I ts.: 01' ler 10 .7" 0- st cn cr, L.c. o, ir, c-- 6, ••• Ok 6, 0 • Ltl 1.0 0- N-N .0- 0/ r N1 0 0- N Ln 0 CO 10 in .4- Las (\0 V\0 01 0 Lr, • •Lt- Nl Nl CI L.0 0, ktp 0 k0 01 kel 0- 01 0 0 0 0 ko c0 cn 0 • ,1- C11 kr0 Nl 1.0 01 ON .,— Lr, ..1- C-- cn rn ,-- ,— bl) .S1 {-1 \SZ. . -P 0) •wz., .C1 -I. w I,4 1) 0:1 01 N en c3 %) +o' +. 0 {-I 0 l ...-... -P 0 0 0 0 ro 14 0 .0 ,—i 40 ▪ fi 1 0" g 0 0 gi P. 0 rl 40 bi) 0) 1-1 • Nyt inglio 'd 0 % . •,-1-1 -I rf 0 0 .-I rl 02 4-1 0) rl 01 .P 4 4-, 4. 0 1 0 ,.. 0 r., 0 0 0 0 F., 0 0 r., ,A N P4 'Cl Pekilosymposium 12.-15.9.1978 Tampere, Finland organized by Oy Tampella Ab. 150 Pekilo-protein in the calf starters Vappu Kossila & Tuomo Kiiskinen Agricultural Research Center Institute of Animal Husbandry 01301 Vantaa 30, Finland 151 Introduction In Finland. earliest Pekilo-protein feeding tests with little calves (LAMPILA et al. 1971,1972) were done with a pilot plant product (FORSS & JOKINEN 1972). The results obtained by LAMPILA et al. (1971) are briefly reviewed here. In the calf experiment done in Nautela'S experimental station (Table 1), best growth and feed conversion rate was obtained with control calves and poorest results with the group receiving highest Pekilo-protein level in their diet. Poorer growth in Pekilo-groups was presumably due to lack of milk sugar. This fact was taken into the consideration when the diets for the second Pekilo experiment were designed. In the Pekilo-experiment done in Tikkurila, Pekilo-groups were quite equal to control group in respect of growth rate and feed conversion (Table 2). In this experiment, whey powder was added to the ration of Pekilo-calves: HEIKKILX (1973) estimated digestibility of pilot plant Pekilo-protein by little calves. In her study digestibility of Pekilo organic matter was 71 % and digestibility of. crude protein 75 % in 1-month-old calf. When Pekilo-protein was prepared in larger amounts by Yhtyneet Paperi- tehtaat in Jämaänkoski's Pekilo-plant, further feeding and digestibility experiments were carried out with calves. KIISKINEN & KOSSILA (1977) tested Pekilo in three calf experiments in Jokioinen's Lintupaju and HOLMILA (1976) determined digestibility of Pekilo-containing calf starters in Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Helsinki. Material and methods Three calf experiments were carried out with Pekilo-protein in 1975 - 76. Experiment 1. Two groups of 14 calves ( 9 AyAy 5 HfAy born in November-December in 1975, were fed with whole milk and industrial calf starter. Maito-Maikki up to 4 weeks of age (Table 3). In addition, one group received dry control starter and another group dry Pekilo starter ad lib. up to 56 days of age. Composition of dry 152 starters are in Table 4. Ali calves received hay ad lib. Experiment 2. 32 AyAy d calves born in March-April 1976, were divided into two groups. Their feeding schedule is seen in Table 3, composition of control and Pekilo starters are in table 5, starters were fed in liquid form until 56 days of age. Oatmeal,grasssilage and water,ixere available ad lib. Mineralmixture Selene was given at a rate of 50g/ animal/day. Also, A-,D-,E-vitamines plus Selenium was given to ali calves by an injection. During last phase of the experiment blood samples were taken from 10 animals of each group. Determinations of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hc), were done at our laboratorlr.: Serum total protein, albumin urea, urate, aspartateaminotransferase (ASAT) and alanineaminotransferase (ALAT) were done at the Yhtyneet Kliiniset Laboratoriot Oy. Experiment 3. 8 AyAy and 6 FrAy male calves were fed control diet and 7 AyAy and 5 FrAy were fed Pekilo diet. As in Experiment 2, some of the calves were discarded because they were too old for the starter experiment. Therefore number of calves in different feeding groups is not similar. Calves were born in August 1976 and they were older at the beginning of the experiment 3 than in other experiments. Feeding schedule of calves is in Table 3 and composition of control and Pekilo diets in Table 5. Ali calves received oat meal and fresh grass ad lib. Otherwise management was similar to that of experiment 2. Statistical significance of the differences between calf groups was calculated using Tukey's test (STEEL & TORRIE 1960). Results and discussion Chemical composition of feeds used in the experiments 1, 2 and 3 are in Table 6. Growth rate, feed consumption and feed conversion of control and Pekilo-groups are in Table 7. Experiment 1. Results in Table 7 indicate no åignificant differences between Pekilo and control groups. Daily gain of both groups was rather low perhaps due to early veaning and poor palatability of dry starter. Feces of calves in both group were quite soft but there was however no scours present. Experiments 2 and 3. Results in Table 7 show, that in both)experiments 2 and 3)Pekilo groups gained significantly less weight and utilized 153 significantly more DM, FU and DCP per kg gain than control groups. Pekilo calves had more scours than controls. Blood and serum composition of controls was quite similar to that of Pekilo groups (Table 8), controls tended to hade somewhat higher Hb but lower urea (P.=0.01) and urate levels than Pekilo animals. Post experimental growth. After Pekilo-experiments, animals were taken into further feeding experiments. Previous feeding was taken into account also when animals were regrouped for new experiments. Post experimental growth performance of calves of the experiments 1, 2 and 3 is shown in Table 9. There is not much differences in the rate of gain between control and Pekilo calves during 56 - 156 days of age. Conclusions Results indicate that Pekilo protein cannot fully repläce skim milk powder in the diet of calves during the 4 first weeks of life. On the other hand after 4 weeks of age Pekilo + whey powder , which contains lactose, can replace at leastpart of the skim milk powder in calf diet, Similar findings were obtained when bacterial protein was fed to calves (KIISKINEN & KOSSILA 1976). Relatively high incidence of scours suggests that small calves do not tolerate very well Pekilo-product. Microbial proteins contain some nucld_c acids, when they are m~olized in the body, uric acid is formed. Some uric acid is oxidized into allantoin which, in turn, is excreted from the body with urine. Pekilo fed calves had significantly more urea in their serum than controls. Compared to the studies of LAMPILA et al. (1971,1972) the calves of the present experiments gained less and received much less milk proteins and also their starter feeding was finished earlier eg, 56 days vs. 84 days of age . Therefore in our study Pekilo protein was less promising compared to earlier results. However it seem3 that Pekilo can be used in dry starters quite satis- factorily after 4 weeks of age. Moreover, growth during post starter period seemed not to be affected by the. fact whether calves received Pekilo protein or did not receive it. 154 References FORSS, K. & JOKINEN, K. 1972. Chemical composition and feeding experiments with "Pekilo" protein. Rep. Finnish pulp. & paper instit. Helsinki HEIKKILÄ, T. 1973. Pekilo-proteiinin hyväksikäyttö pikkuvasikoilla. (Utilization of Pekilo-protein by little calves). Pro gradu 79 pp in Finnish. HOLMILA, H. 1976 Pekilo-proteiinin sulavuus ja hyväksikäyttö sekä sen vaikutus veriarvoihin nuorella vasikalla. Pro gradu työ 58 s. 5 liitettä in Finnish KIISKINEN,T. & KOSSILA,V. 1976. Koe bakteerivalkuaisella vasikoiden juottorehussa. Karjantuote 4:18-20. KIISKINEN,T. & KOSSILA, V. 1977. Pekilo pikkuvasikoiden valkuaisrehuna. MTIK KHL:n tiedote no. 11 LAMPILA, M., KORHONEN,I. & PARTANEN, I. 1971. Proteiinin valmistus sulfiittiprosessin yhteydessä. Pekilo- proteiinituotteella Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksessa suoritetut eläinkokeet. Oy Keskuslaboratorio Ab, raportti 37 s. 11-22. LAMPILA, M., POUTIAINEN, E. & KORHONEN,I, 1972. Use of Pekilo-protein in the feeding of calves. Rep. Finnish pulp. and paper instit. Helsinki. STEEL, G.D. & TORRIE, J.H. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics, London XVI 481 pp. 155 Table 1. Gain, feed consumption and feed conversion of contral and Pekilo fed Ay-male calves during 9 - 84 days of age. (Nautela 4) Feed consumption Group N Live weight Gain kg/animal FU/kg at end g/day WM SKM PEK B H gain 1 12 107 899 62 36 - 53 26 1.84 2 12 96 761 62 22 9 52 25 1.98 3 12 88 649 62 12 17 50 22 2.16 12 85 606 62 5 21 44 22 2.08 WM = whole milk SKM = skim milk powler PEK = Pekilo-protein barley meal = hay, kg Ay = Ayrshire number of animals FU = feed unit = 0.7 Starch equivalent Table 2. Gain, feed consumption and feed conversion of control and Pekilo fed Ay-male calves during 12 - 84 days of age. (Tikkurila 1) Group N Live weight Gain at end g/day Feed consumption kg/animal Eq SKM PEK1) B H FU/kg gain 1 9 98 843 52 36 _ 62 18 2.21 2 9 99 847 54 18 24 53 19 2.10 32) 9 98 839 52 - 46 53 19 2.26 Pekilo + whey powder-mixture (1:2) Few calves in group 3 received on the average 5 liters sour milk during experiment Table 3 . Feeding schedule of calves Experiment 1. Dry control Age days Whole milk Maito—i) Water or Tekilo Hay liters/day Maikki' liters/ starter g/day day 1-6 7— 9 2 30- 0 2 ad lib. ad lib. 10-28 600 4 Maito—Maikki is an.industrial calf starter which is mixed with water. Its composition is: Skim milk powder 50, whey powder 10, fodderyeast 3, åoymeal 6, linseed meal 1, fat 16, grass meal 11,5, dicalcium phosphate 0,8, NaC1 0j8, vitamin premix 1,5 % plus traCe element salts. Experiments 2 and 3. ) Age weeks Whole milk Control1)Pek 1 ilo Water Silage Oat liters/day starter starter liters (Grass) meal g/day g/day 1. 2.-7. 600 630(621- 2) 4 a- d a- d 8. 300 315(310 2 lib. lib. DP kg 5.3 5.4 (5.4) DE Mcal 128.2 129.4 (131.0) .1) Dilzted with water (Experiment 3) 156 157 Tåble 4. Composition of dry starter mixtures in experiment 1. Component Control Pekilo Skim milk powder 25 - Whey powder 10 25 Pekilo protein 1) - 17 Soymeal 15 15 Barley 25 20 Oat 12 10 Molasses beetpulp„ 10 10 Mineral mixture ' 2.5 2.1 Vitamin " 3) 0.5 0.5 DCP, % 19.1 18.2 Ground through 1 mm 0 sieve. Chemical carli,,ositim of Pekilo: DM 93.8, CP 47.2, CF 1.4, NFE 31.7, CFiber 8.1> ash 5.4%. Viher-Terki: P 9.0, Ca 13.5, NaC1 24, Mg 5. % plus trace-elements and vitamin D3 40 000 iu/kg. ' DEB-KARJAVITA: Vitamin A 1.6 mill. iu/kg,vitardx D3 600 000 iu/kg, vitamin E 1000 mg/kg. Abbrevations: FU = feed unit = 0.7 starch equivalent DM = dry matter CP = crude protein DCP = digestible crude protein, CF = crude fat CFiber = crude fiber DE = digestible energy NFE = nitrogen free extract 158 Table 5. Composition of the starters diluted with waer in experiments 2 and 3. Component Experiment 2 Experiment Control Pekilo Control 3 Pekilo Skim milk powder 53.0 30.0 53.0 40.0 Whey powder 25.4 30.4 25.3 28.0 Pekilo protein 1) 18.0 10.0 Fat mixture 2) 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.3 Calculated values: 3) DE kcal/kg 4715 4510 4715 4615 DCP, % 19.6 18.9 19.6 19.1 Pekilo, & of total irP - 32.5 - 18.0 Each mixture contained 1:0 % dicalciumphosphate, 0.2 S NaC1 and 0.4 % trace-element salts and vi,tamines (Premix of Vaasan Höy- rymylly). Pekilo was ground through 0.5 mm .93 sieve. Cd~cal canposition of Pekilo was: DM 95.3, CP 46.7, CF 46.7, CF 1.2, NFE 33.3, .CFiber 9.2, ash 4.9 % Mainly animal fat, mixed by Vaasan Höyrymylly Following values were used in the calculätions: DP, % DE, kcal/kg Skim milk powder 32.0 3850 Whey powder 10.4 3450 Pekilo protein 34.0 2800 Fat mixture 9000 159 an d 3 a s d il u te d w it h w a t e r ul 0 '0 N (0 ii') cn ..4- iin .- 01 rn 0 LI-1 N1 CO ,--- Li-, N CO 0 .t- tr \ Ol 0.1 0 ,- .4- t4 H <1- <- N Nl cm ,--' 1.0 lIN 01 01 01 LI ", 1,-, 0'1 -P ca .--. til 0-, 0 N 0 on N ,t- crs N- 0, rn )- 0 01 01 La Cn N- tfl 1- va .--- 0 , „_. lic ä 01 0.1 -:1- ,- Nl 1- f-1 CO" ch cm o--1 0 0 0 0 H . .4". 0 kr) ‘-. 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O bo ho o 0 H H mmnn +' 0 EI 0.1 CO .4" 0 00 1.11 LC1 ['30 03 r-1 1.0 '- CM 03.0',-) '3C 'J be tw ee n 0- 5 6 da ys o f ag e. Ca lv es b et we en 0 -5 6 da ys o f ag e 03 -P 0) .-- .- o H ..-4 00) 3-1 0. k H -P 4-1 P 0 :' < ( o m 00) 03 00 Ex pe ri me nt of c on tr ol . a nd Pe ki lo g ro up s of e al ve s in t he ra te , fe ed Ta bl e 7 . G ro wt h 10 10 C11 N 101 11.1 Co nt ro l 17 1.0 0 .14 cu 2-1 00 O'45 .3431 010'\ 4-1 H-N 1'D " CM 1 100-- 03 '0',) +' n n 0 0-I d. t<1 C- 0 3=3 130 nn co .010 K1 0 al 001• 00 H CM 00 .0 d CIN 110 rt;51 .41- 41- 0-- 141 4. 0 E-1 1.11 IIN H 0 033 on 0103 10' .,-- .t r-o .311 .1,j4 -...1- Nl ..- H --...„ ta .. H.: 0) 0') IC'El. .-4 a) o", -0)04 0- 00 IGE1. .41- •- .1-- 1- 0 .r-1 54 0 4. 0 14 04 4' 0 LIN CO k Ul -P 4-1 0-'. .el- 0 ta . 01 CM 0 0 e:t •,- 0.1 0 t• --I CO 0 .0 .1-1 ••• ••• r:1 rr, 010 ,., 01 01 010.0 H H H oa -0)01 0 .1-1 0403 (3. 00 03,0 010 0) 03 10 1-- ,C1 .14 0410 0 04110 0 11-4 +4 0 +' ›-a N 44- 0 ‘.0 a:1 H 110 00000 .340 cs 4-1 1- ON N ('3 0.3 10 P4 11 0 161 Table 8. Composition of - blood (serum) of calves in experiments 2 and 3. Cornponent ' Experiment 2 13:, periment3 Control Pekilo Control Pekilo (N=10) (b10) (W10) (N=10) , Blood: lib g/100 ml 10,5 + 1,3 9,9 + 2,1 9,8 + 1,6 9,5 + 1,1 Hc, % 32,2 + 3,1 34,8 + 3,9 35,8 + 5,5 33,7 + 3,2 Serum: Tbt. prot. g/1 Albumin g/1 Uraa mmo1/1 Urate mmo1/1 ASAT m/1 (37°C) ALAT m1/1 (37°C) 54,8+ 2,1 53,1± 4,2 31,0 +. 2,2 29,0 + 2,1 2,43+ 0,69a 3,71+ 0,85b 38,0 4 114 44,5 + 12,1 66,3 + 11,2 62,5 + 14,1 16,5 + 2,6 17,4 + 4,3 a< b = P.0,01 Table 9. Post experimental growth performance of control and Pekilo calves. Control Pekilo Exp. 1. Live wt at 56 days of age 156 Gain g/day between 56-156 days Exp. 2. Live wt at 56 days of age 156 " " " Gain g/day between 56-156 days Exp. 3. Live wt at 56 days of age " " " 156 " " " Gain g/day between 56-156 days (N=14) (N=13) 58,3 60,9 145,0 156,0 867,0 951,0 (N=17) (N=14) 76,1 66,7 180,4 168,0 1043 1013 (N=14) (N=12) 70,7 63,6 157,6 149,0 369 854 ISSN 0356-7591