FO RE ST FI NL AN D 2013 Finnish Forest Research Institute IN BRIEF 2 FOREST FINLAND IN BRIEF Editor: Yrjö Sevola Language consultant: Peter Ovell Lay-out, graphs: Sari Elomaa Maps: Spatio Oy Photos: Erkki Oksanen Kopijyvä 2013 Forest Finland in Brief is a biennial publication that provides concise information on forestry and the forest industry in Finland. It is based on statistical data and includes international comparisons. For a more detailed description, the reader is referred to the Finnish Statisti- cal Yearbook of Forestry, which includes some 250 tables and 100 figures. Ideal growing conditions for conifers, easily workable and valuable tree species, good harvesting conditions and infrastructure, and accessibility to major European markets all combine to make forests a major source of prosperity and well-being in Finland. Over 60% of Finland’s commercial forests are held by non-industrial private forest owners. These small- scale family forest holdings number about 320 000. The annual stumpage income of about EUR 1.4 billion is therefore widely distributed, benefiting a considerable number of forest owners. This is particularly important for rural areas, where alternative sources of income are few. Vantaa, September 2013 Martti Aarne Head of Statistics Forest Statistics Information Service Compiled at The Finnish Forest Research Institute Forest Statistics Information Service Jokiniemenkuja 1 FIN-01370 Vantaa, Finland Tel. +358 29 532 2111 E-mail: yrjo.sevola@metla.fi Website: www.metla.fi/hanke/3006/index-en.htm ISBN 978-951-40-2435-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-40-2436-8 (PDF) ISSN 1455-7045 http://www.metla.fi/hanke/3006 3 International context.......................................... 4 Major producers and traders................................ 4 Eurasian boreal forest zone................................. 6 The European Union............................................ 11 Finnish forestry and forest industry................. 16 National economy, forestry and forest industry.... 16 Forest industries: production and exports............ 17 Wood consumption............................................... 20 Labour force......................................................... 24 Roundwood markets............................................ 25 Silvicultural and forest improvement work............ 29 Forest resources.................................................. 31 Key contacts in Finnish forest research.......... 42 Other useful contacts......................................... 46 4 INTERNATIONAL context Major producers and traders Finland, with its 23 million forest hectares, is an important supplier of forest products to global markets. Its boreal coniferous forests, which include a significant proportion of broad-leaved species, would permit annual removals of over 60 million m³ (u.b.) on a sustain- able basis. Moreover, the infrastructure for roundwood procurement is good. The Finnish forest industry is also highly export-oriented, and in most sectors of the indus- try, 65% to 90% of production goes abroad. Finland is a major exporter of sawn softwood and paper, particularly graphic papers. Global roundwood production in 2011 (million m³ under bark): Industrial wood 1 578 Softwood 1 171 Fuelwood & charcoal 1 891 Hardwood 2 298 3 469 3 469 The total value of the global export trade of forest prod- ucts amounted to USD 246 billion (f.o.b) in 2011, of which Finland’s share was 5.7%. In the following tables, the Russian Federation is included in Europe. World production of softwood, 2011 World 1 171 mill. m³ u.b. Europe 464 USA 198 Russia 142 China 141 Canada 119 Sweden 65 Brazil 53 Germany 42 Finland 40 World imports of roundwood and wood chips, 2011 World 187.5 mill. m³ u.b. Europe 75.2 China 55.9 Japan 25.6 Austria 9.7 Finland 9.2 Sweden 9.0 Korea Rep. 8.7 Germany 8.5 Canada 6.4 5 World production of sawn softwood, 2011 World 290.1 mill. m³ Europe 130.1 USA 45.4 Canada 38.0 Russia 29.1 Germany 21.6 China 17.9 Sweden 16.7 India 9.9 Finland 9.7 Austria 9.5 Japan 9.3 Brazil 9.1 World exports of paper and paperboard, 2011 World 112.0 mill. tonnes Europe 66.9 USA 13.9 Germany 13.3 Finland 10.5 Sweden 10.5 Canada 9.1 China 5.6 France 4.6 Austria 4.0 Indonesia 3.7 Belgium 3.2 Italy 3.1 World production of paper and paperboard, 2011 World 403.2 mill. tonnes Europe 106.6 China 103.1 USA 77.4 Japan 26.6 Germany 22.7 Canada 12.1 Indonesia 11.5 Korea Rep. 11.5 Finland 11.3 Sweden 11.3 India 10.9 Brazil 10.2 Source: FAO Yearbook. Forest Products 2011 World exports of sawn softwood, 2011 World 99.4 mill. m³ Europe 66.0 Canada 23.8 Russia 18.8 Sweden 11.7 Germany 6.7 Finland 6.1 Austria 5.6 Czech Rep. 3.1 USA 3.0 Chile 2.7 Romania 2.3 Latvia 1.9 6 Value of global exports of forest industry products, 2011 USD billion USD per capita World 245.9 36 Europe 128.7 174 USA 26.1 84 Canada 22.7 666 Germany 21.9 268 Sweden 17.3 1 845 Finland 14.1 2 643 China 12.9 10 Russia 9.7 68 Source: FAO Yearbook. Forest Products 2011 Eurasian boreal forest zone The Eurasian boreal forest zone extends from the Atlantic coast of Norway to the Russian Pacific coast, a distance of about 9 000 km. In the Nordic countries, the width of the zone is about 1 000 km (60°–70° N); in the east it gradually extends southwards, reaching 50° N in eastern Siberia. This huge coniferous forest zone of about 900 mil- lion hectares is one of the most important providers of roundwood in the world. Scots pine and Norway spruce dominate in the zone’s European and western Siberian sections. The most important species in eastern Siberia is the Siberian larch, and in the Russian Far East the Dahurian larch. In the mountainous Far East, the forests are mostly inaccessible. About 80% of the forests of Norway and Sweden, and almost all the forests of Finland and the Russian Federation belong to the boreal coniferous forest zone. Due to the limited availability of comparable regional forestry information solely on boreal forests, the figures in the next table are national figures. 40 ° 20° 70° 70° 60° 60° 50° 60 ° 80 ° 10 0° 12 0° 14 0° 160° So ur ce : S . R . E yr e: V eg et at io n an d so ils (1 96 8) M os co w 1 00 0 km R U SS IA K A ZA K H ST A N M O N G O LI A C H IN A N O RW AY FI NL AN D SW ED EN N ov os ib irs k Ural M ountains Ir ku ts k Ve rh oj an sk V la di vo st ok 7 E ur as ia n bo re al fo re st z on e 8 Forest resources of the countries within the Eurasian boreal forest zone, 2010 Forests, total Forests available for wood supply Forest land, mill. ha % of land area Norway 10.1 34 6.4 Sweden 28.6 70 20.6 Finland 22.1 73 19.9 Russia 809.1 49 677.2 Total 870.1 50 724.1 Growing stock on forest land, mill. m³ over bark Norway 997 797 Sweden 3 243 2 651 Finland 2 207 2 024 Russia 81 523 68 234 Total 87 970 73 706 Net annual increment on forest land, mill. m³ o.b. Norway 21.9 Sweden 96.5 Finland 91.0 Russia 852.9 Total 1062.3 Fellings1, mill. m³ o.b/yr Norway 11.0 Sweden 80.9 Finland 59.4 Russia 170.0 Total 321.3 1 total of stemwood cut, incl. pre-commercial thinnings Source: State of Europe’s Forests 2011 (UNECE/ FAO) 9 Northern limits of selected tree species in Finland and western limit of Siberian larch Helsinki Stockholm Copenhagen Vilnius Riga Tallinn Oslo St. Petersburg Sources: Finnish Meteorological Institute, EMEP / MSC-West The depositions are combined as equivalent in relation to their potentially acidifying effect. For example, 500 eq/ha/yr is equivalent to 8 kg (S)/ha/yr. 250 1250 100 250 750 750 1000 1000 500 750 100 100 500 100 750 750 10 Combined deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in the Nordic and the Baltic countries in 2010, in eq/ha/yr 11 Forests available for wood supply in the European Union, 2010 Country Forest area mill. ha Growing stock mill. m³ o.b. Net increment mill. m³ o.b. Fellings1 mill. m³o.b. Austria 3.3 1 107 25.1 23.5 Belgium 0.7 164 5.3 3.9 Bulgaria 2.9 435 14.7 7.8 Cyprus 0.0 3 0.0 0.0 Czech Republic 2.3 738 23.1 17.9 Denmark 0.6 112 5.8 2.4 Estonia 2.0 398 11.2 5.7 Finland 19.9 2 024 91.0 59.4 France 15.1 2 453 94.4 64.3 Germany 10.6 3 466 107.0 59.6 Greece 3.6 170 3.8 1.8 Hungary 1.7 259 11.1 6.9 Ireland 0.7 74 5.2 2.8 Italy 8.1 1 285 32.5 12.8 Latvia 3.1 584 16.5 12.4 Lithuania 1.9 408 10.8 8.6 Luxembourg 0.1 15 0.7 0.2 Malta 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 Netherlands 0.3 56 2.3 1.6 Poland 8.5 2 092 67.6 40.7 Portugal 1.8 154 18.9 14.2 Romania 5.2 1 100 34.6 17.2 Slovakia 1.8 478 13.2 10.4 Slovenia 1.2 390 9.2 3.4 Spain 14.9 784 45.8 16.6 Sweden 20.6 2 651 96.5 80.9 United Kingdom 2.4 340 20.7 10.5 EU total 133.3 21 740 767.0 485.5 1 total of stemwood cut, incl. pre-commercial thinnings Source: State of Europe’s Forests 2011 (UNECE, FAO) The European Union The European Union, which Finland joined in 1995, is the most important customer region for Finnish forest- industry products, accounting for 40–50% of Finland’s sawnwood exports and 60–65% of paper and paperboard exports. A strong focus on customers and markets has also led to considerable Finnish investments in forest-product manufacturing in Europe (see p. 14). The EU’s eastward enlargements in 2004 and 2007 brought an additional 30 million hectares of commercial forests into the Union. 500 kmSource: Finnish Meterological Institute Average periods in days (1961–90) during which daily mean temperatures are above +5 °C 12 Duration of the growing season in Europe So ur ce : E ur op ea n Fo re st In st itu te (2 00 2) Pr op or tio n of fo re st > 5 0% at 1 k m × 1 k m re so lu tio n 13 Fo re st M ap o f E ur op e St or a En so K ab el , G er m an y (S to ra E ns o) (e xc l. Sw ed en ) 13 ne w sp rin t 8.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10 .9. 11 . 13 .C ze ch R ep ub lic (S to ra E ns o) G er m an y (U PM -K ym m en e) G er m an y (S to ra E ns o) G er m an y (S to ra E ns o) G er m an y (U PM -K ym m en e) A us tri a (U PM -K ym m en e) St or a En so W oo d Pr od uc ts , St or a En so M ax au , U PM S ch on ga u, U PM S te yr er m üh l, M D P la ttl in g, St or a En so L an ge rb ru gg e, St or a En so S ac hs en , St or a En so W oo d Pr od uc ts , U PM N or dl an d Pa pi er , U PM A ug sb ur g, B el gi um (S to ra E ns o) A us tri a (S to ra E ns o) G er m an y (U PM -K ym m en e) G er m an y (U PM -K ym m en e) sa w n tim be r ne w sp rin t, sa w n tim be r fin e pa pe r m ag az in e pa pe r m ag az in e pa pe r m ag az in e pa pe r m ag az in e pa pe r ne w sp rin t, So ur ce s: W eb si te s o f S to ra E ns o an d U PM -K ym m en e (M ay 2 01 3) 39 6 5 4 10 St or a En so is a F in ni sh -S w ed is h co m pa ny .m ag az in e pa pe r de in ke d pu lp , de in ke d pu lp , ne w sp rin t m ag az in e pa pe r 2 11 Fi nl an d m ag az in e pa pe r Po la nd (S to ra E ns o) St or a En so O st ro le ka , bo ar d, pa ck ag in g pa pe r 8 12 .U PM S ho tto n Pa pe r, G re at B rit ai n (U PM -K ym m en e) ne w sp rin t 1 7 12 14 So m e m aj or F in ni sh -o w ne d fo re st in du st ri es in o th er E U c ou nt ri es 15 Finnish exports of forest-industry products to the European Union, 2012 Sawn goods Plywood and veneer Particle board Fibre board Wood pulp Paper and paperboard 1 000 m³ 1 000 m.t. Austria 88 14 - - 42 56 Belgium 113 13 - 0 38 664 Bulgaria 1 0 0 - - 12 Cyprus 11 0 - - - 8 Czech Republic 5 5 - - 1 17 Denmark 105 44 0 2 0 87 Estonia 117 3 11 1 15 58 France 570 56 - 0 108 273 Germany 457 183 0 0 515 1 975 Greece 24 1 - - 22 60 Hungary 13 8 0 - - 64 Ireland 14 0 - - 0 25 Italy 120 41 - 0 215 205 Latvia 13 1 0 - 0 24 Lithuania 10 7 0 0 23 33 Luxembourg 0 0 - - - 4 Malta - - - - - 1 Netherlands 216 107 - 1 112 141 Poland 43 21 0 - 76 446 Portugal 9 1 - - 44 8 Romania 0 0 - - 11 16 Slovakia 5 1 - - 17 15 Slovenia 0 0 - - 2 2 Spain 67 18 - - 94 534 Sweden 32 79 9 16 133 295 United Kingdom 662 150 0 16 92 1 129 EU, total 2 695 750 21 36 1 560 6 151 % of total exports 42 83 81 88 54 60 Source: National Board of Customs 16 In order to achieve economic growth in post-war Finland, major investment was made in the pulp and paper indus- try, leading to a doubling of production between 1955 and 1965. While growth has continued in the forest industry, there has also been substantial growth in the metal and en- gineering industries and, later, in the high-tech electronics industry. In 1980, roundwood and forest-industry products repre- sented 43% of the total value of goods exported from Fin- land; the corresponding figure in 2012 was 19%. The same diversification of production is also seen in the structure of the gross domestic product: in 1980, forestry accounted for 4.6% of GDP and primary forest-industry production for 6.7%, while in 2012 the respective figures were 1.7% and 2.4%. In employment, forestry accounted for 2.7% and the forest industry for 5.2% of the active workforce in 1980. In 2012, the corresponding figures were 0.9% and 1.7%. Flourishing engineering and service industries have also developed around forestry and the forest industry. Strong mutual connections have contributed to the suc- cess of the sector. Finnish engineering and service indus- try companies are in a strong position globally, e.g. in the manufacture of timber harvesters and paper machines and in providing consultancy services. FINNISH FORESTRY AND FOREST INDUSTRY National economy, forestry and the forest industry Forestry and the forest industry in the Finnish national economy, 2012 Gross domestic product at market prices EUR 192.5 billion at basic prices EUR 165.5 billion of which forestry 1.7 % forest industry 2.4 % Total employment 2.48 million persons of which forestry 0.9 % forest industry 1.7 % Total exports of goods EUR 56.9 billion of which forestry 0.2 % forest industry 19.3 % Source: Statistics Finland 17 Production of Finnish forest industry, 2010–2012 Product Unit 1 000 2010 2011 2012 Sawn goods m³ 9 473 9 750 9 350 Plywood ” 980 1 035 1 020 Particle board ” 220 170 100 Fibreboard m.t. 57 60 60 Mechanical pulp ” 3 775 3 614 3 404 Chemical pulp ” 6 733 6 748 6 826 Pulp, total ” 10 508 10 362 10 230 Newsprint, magazine paper ” 4 685 4 705 } 6 616Fine paper ” 2 781 2 618 Kraft and other paper ” 1 462 1 280 1 321 Paper, total ” 8 929 8 602 7 936 Paperboard ” 2 830 2 726 2 758 Paper and paperboard ” 11 759 11 329 10 694 Forest industry: production and exports Source: Finnish Forest Industries Federation Finland is among the major suppliers of forest-related products to the world market, particularly printing and writing papers, and one of the biggest importers of roundwood. In 2012, the total export value of Finnish forest-industry products amounted to EUR 11.0 billion. Germany and the United Kingdom are the foremost importers of Finnish forest-industry products, together accounting for 27% of the total. 18 Finnish forest industry exports, 2010–2012 Product Unit 2010 2011 2012 1 000 Sawn goods m³ 5 838 6 115 6 451 Plywood ” 834 863 855 Particle board ” 92 86 26 Fibreboard m.t. 35 41 41 Mechanical pulp ” 165 125 228 Chemical pulp ” 1 994 2 350 2 387 Newsprint ” 180 223 225 Magazine paper ” 4 358 4 205 3 721 Fine paper ” 3 013 2 884 2 793 Kraft paper ” 377 355 335 Other paper ” 330 304 303 Paper, total ” 8 259 7 971 7 377 Paperboard ” 2 545 2 529 2 555 Converted paper products ” 349 333 300 Total paper and paperboard ” 11 153 10 833 10 232 Source: National Board of Customs 19 Value of Finnish forest industry exports, 2012 EUR mill. Country Sawn goods Wood-based panels, other wood products Pulp Paper, paper- board, converted products Total Austria 19 10 18 40 87 Belgium 21 10 17 427 475 Bulgaria 0 0 - 9 9 Cyprus 2 1 - 5 8 Czech Republic 1 5 1 15 22 Denmark 26 27 0 76 129 Estonia 23 15 6 53 97 France 110 64 54 200 428 Germany 92 135 247 1 376 1 850 Greece 5 4 10 38 57 Hungary 3 3 - 49 55 Ireland 3 1 0 21 25 Italy 26 21 116 151 314 Latvia 3 1 0 24 28 Lithuania 2 5 10 23 40 Luxembourg 0 0 - 5 5 Malta - 0 - 1 1 Netherlands 40 49 59 121 269 Poland 10 14 42 343 409 Portugal 2 1 20 6 29 Romania 0 2 5 11 18 Slovakia 1 2 8 11 22 Slovenia 0 1 1 2 4 Spain 13 15 53 332 413 Sweden 11 102 33 260 406 United Kingdom 139 89 49 818 1 095 EU total 552 576 748 4 417 6 293 Other Europe 33 166 71 961 1 231 Europe total 585 742 819 5 378 7 524 Asia 345 150 498 791 1 784 Africa 308 7 40 185 540 North America 1 19 5 563 588 Latin America 0 2 13 310 325 Oceania 4 3 0 184 191 Grand total 1 243 924 1 375 7 411 10 953 Source: National Board of Customs mill.m³ o.b. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Total consumption of roundwood, including exports and imports Industrial consumption ot domestic roundwood Non-industrial consumption 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20 Despite a multiple increase in wood pulp production, total roundwood consumption in Finland remained at approximately the same level throughout the 30-year period from 1960. Many structural changes, such as reductions in fuelwood consumption and in roundwood exports, together with an increase in the use of industri- al wood residues, contributed to rather modest increases in total wood consumption until the year 1993. The years 1994 to 1996 were the first in which annual wood consumption exceeded 60 million m³, and since 1997 this has risen to more than 70 million m³ (except in 2009). Industrial wood consumption has shown a continuous strong upward trend but it is now levelling off due to capacity cuts particularly in paper industries. In 2012, total roundwood consumption reached 71.9 million m³ (including imports and exports), of which industrial wood consumption accounted for 61.5 million m³. Imported roundwood (8.5 mill. m³) accounted for 14% of industrial wood consumption. Wood consumption Roundwood consumption in Finland, 1920–2012 Non-industrial consumption does not include exports of roundwood. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 21 Roundwood consumption during 5-year periods, 2000–2012 mill. m³ o.b./yr Consumption category 2000–04 2005–09 2010–12 Exports 0.8 1.1 1.1 Industrial roundwood 56.2 52.3 53.0 sawmills and wood-based panels 29.0 25.7 23.8 pulp industries 27.2 26.6 29.2 Fuelwood 5.5 6.5 8.9 Domestic roundwood total 62.5 59.9 63.0 Imported wood (industries) 15.3 15.0 8.9 Total consumption 77.8 74.9 71.9 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Note. In addition, pulp industries use wood residues which originate mainly from the sawmilling indus- try. See p. 23 22 Roundwood consumption and roundwood exports, 2010–2012 mill. m³ o.b. Consumption category 2010 2011 2012 Total consumption in Finland 70.8 70.5 70.9 Pine 27.8 27.0 26.5 Spruce 22.0 22.0 21.8 Hardwood 15.1 15.0 15.9 Unspecified 5.9 6.5 6.7 Domestic roundwood 61.5 61.7 62.4 Pine 26.6 25.7 25.9 Spruce 20.8 20.7 20.8 Hardwood 11.1 11.7 11.7 Unspecified (energy wood)1 3.0 3.6 4.0 Imported wood 9.3 8.8 8.5 Pine 1.2 1.3 0.6 Spruce 1.2 1.3 1.0 Hardwood 4.0 3.3 4.2 Unspecified (wood chips) 2.9 2.9 2.7 Exports, incl. poles 0.9 1.2 1.0 Pine 0.8 0.9 0.8 Spruce 0.1 0.2 0.2 Hardwood 0.0 0.1 0.1 Pine: Pinus sylvestris Spruce: Picea abies Hardwood: mainly Betula sp. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 1 stemwood used in heating and power plants 23 Wood consumption in sawmilling, plywood and pulp industries, 2010–2012 mill. m³ o.b. Year Domestic roundwood Imported Sawmill Total Conif. Hardwood wood chips Sawmilling 2010 21.2 0.2 0.5 – 21.9 2011 20.8 0.1 0.4 – 21.3 2012 20.9 0.1 0.2 – 21.2 Plywood and veneer industry 2010 1.5 0.8 0.1 – 2.3 2011 1.7 0.8 0.1 – 2.6 2012 1.7 0.8 0.1 – 2.6 Mechanical pulp industry 2010 6.4 1.4 0.8 1.8 10.4 2011 5.9 1.4 1.0 1.6 10.0 2012 5.7 1.4 0.9 1.7 9.7 Chemical pulp industry 2010 16.0 5.4 8.0 5.4 34.9 2011 15.7 6.0 7.3 5.7 34.7 2012 16.1 6.2 7.2 5.5 35.0 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 24 Employment in forestry and forest industry, 2010–2012 1 000 persons 2010 2011 2012 Forestry 22 23 23 Forest industries 47 47 42 Forest sector, total 69 69 65 Employment, total 2 447 2 474 2 483 Unemployed, total 224 209 207 Unemployment rate, % 8.4 7.8 7.7 Source: Statistics Finland During the peak season for roundwood harvesting, i.e. the autumn-winter season from September to March, over 6 000 professional forest workers are fully employed in this work. The machinery used includes about 2 100 efficient, multi-function timber harvesters and 2 200 forwarders. During the other half of the year the labour and machinery inputs are about two thirds of those of the peak season. This seasonal variation in the demand for labour in forestry work is to an extent counterbalanced by the silvicultural work undertaken from May to September in particular. The annual labour input of non-industrial private forest owners is equivalent to about 4 000 man-years, of which about half relates to roundwood harvesting and half to silvicultural work. In total, forestry employed 23 000 people in 2012, compared with 63 000 in 1980. This sharp contraction in employment occurred in the period up to 1996, after which employment in forestry has remained at about the same level. While mechanisation in roundwood harvest- ing has decreased the demand of labour, new areas of work have also emerged, for instance the harvesting and chipping of felling residues and small-sized trees for en- ergy purposes. A similar downward trend in employment has also occurred in primary forest-industry production, which employed 120 000 people in 1980, but only 42 000 in 2012. Paper production which has decreased in recent years is, however, almost twice as much as in 1980. Labour force 25 Employment in forest industry, 2010–2012 1 000 persons Branch of industry 2010 2011 2012 Sawmilling 9 8 8 Wood-based panels 4 4 2 Other wood-products industry¹ 14 13 12 Pulp and paper industry 17 18 16 Converted paper products 3 4 3 Forest industry, total 47 47 42 ¹ including carpentry products and pre-fabricated wooden houses Source: Statistics Finland Commercial roundwood removals in 2012 amounted to 51.5 million m³ o.b., of which 77% came from non- industrial private forests. Removals have been at a high level since 1997 (except in 2009) but there has not been much increase since then. Instead, the growing need for industrial wood was met by imported roundwood. However, recently the situation has changed as forest industries have cut their production capacities. Domestic roundwood procurement, however, was not so much affected as roundwood imports dropped in 2009. Harvesting in non-industrial private forests is mainly carried out by the forest industry or by its wood- procurement organisations. In 2012, the amount of harvesting carried out or organised by the forest owners themselves totalled 7.3 million m³, or 18% of the com- mercial roundwood removed from their forests. Roundwood prices (excl. spruce logs) were fall- ing in real terms between 1999 and spring 2006, after which they began to rise quickly. In summer 2007 the prices for coniferous logs were at their highest for 30 years. But the prices also came down quickly. For other types of roundwood the variation in prices was less marked. During the years the position of spruce logs has strengthened and that of birch logs weakened. The latter applies also to spruce pulpwood (see p. 28). Roundwood markets 26 Roundwood procurement and consumption in Finland, 2012 Sources mill. m³ o.b. Commercial roundwood from private-owned forests 39.7 from industry-owned forests 5.7 from state-owned forests 6.1 Other wood (mostly priv. for.)1 9.7 Domestic roundwood, total 61.2 Imported wood 10.0 Roundwood procurement, total 71.2 Consumption Sawmilling 21.2 Wood-based panels 2.6 Other wood-based products 0.2 Mechanical pulp industry 8.0 Chemical pulp industry 29.4 Industry, total 61.5 Household and other fuelwood1 9.3 Exports of roundwood 1.0 Roundwood consumption, total 71.8 1 including stemwood used in heating and power plants About 65% of imported wood comes from Rus- sia. In addition, sawmills furnished the pulp industry with 7.2 mill. m³ of wood chips and other residues. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 27 Roundwood removals by ownership category, 2010–2012 mill. m³ Ownership category 2010 2011 2012 Private forests¹ 40.7 41.0 39.7 Forest industries 5.2 5.4 5.7 State forests 6.1 6.0 6.1 Commercial removals, total 52.0 52.4 51.5 Other removals (mostly priv.)2 9.3 9.3 9.7 Grand total 61.3 61.7 61.2 ¹ including municipalities and parishes ² mostly for energy use Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Removals by roundwood type, 2010–2012 mill. m³ Roundwood type 2010 2011 2012 Sawlogs 21.6 21.8 21.4 pine logs 9.5 9.6 9.4 spruce logs 11.2 11.3 11.2 hardwood logs 0.9 1.0 0.9 Pulpwood 30.4 30.6 30.1 pine pulpwood 14.2 14.4 14.4 spruce pulpwood 8.4 8.3 8.0 hardwood pulpwood 7.8 8.0 7.6 Commercial removals, total 52.0 52.4 51.5 Other removals 9.3 9.3 9.7 Grand total 61.3 61.7 61.2 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute €/m ³ in A pr il 2 01 3 p ric es 0102030405060708090 Sp ru ce lo gs Bi rch lo gs Pi ne pu lpw oo d Sp ru ce pu lpw oo d Pi ne lo gs Bi rch pu lpw oo d 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08 20 10 20 12 28 Re al s tu m pa ge p ric es in n on -in du st ria l p riv at e fo re st ry , 1 98 6– 20 13 St um pa ge p ric es a re u nit p ric es p aid fo r d iffe re nt ki nd s o f s ta nd ing (u nc ut ) t im be r. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 29Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Currently, about 110 000 hectares of Finnish forest land are planted or seeded annually for forestry after clear felling. The species chosen are almost exclusively native tree species. Seed-tree or shelterwood fellings conducted to encourage natural regeneration account for about 20 000 hectares annually. Silvicultural measures are applied to about 230 000 hectares of seedling stands annually. About half of Fin- land’s mires (wetlands) have been drained for forestry, but forest ditching has ceased and efforts are concentrat- ed instead on cleaning existing ditches. Forest fertilizers are applied to some 50 000 hectares annually. The total cost of silvicultural and forest improvement work was EUR 297 million in 2012. Some 70% of the EUR 213 million spent in non-industrial private forestry was accounted for by self-financing or own work input of the forest owners themselves, and the rest was financed through state grants. In addition, state subsidies were given for harvesting and chipping small-sized trees for energy purposes (EUR 23 mill.). Silvicultural and forest improvement work Felling activities, 2010–2012 1 000 ha Type of felling 2010 2011 2012 Thinnings 480 417 479 Clear fellings 145 109 122 Seed tree and shelterwood fellings 24 18 20 Removal of seed trees and shelterwood 53 40 49 Other fellings 27 15 17 Total 729 600 688 % of forest area 3.2 2.6 3.0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 State subsidies Own input State loans Total costs € mill. in 2012 monetary value 30 Silvicultural and forest improvement work, 2010–2012 Type of work 2010 2011 2012 Clearing of regeneration areas 1 000 ha 49 47 49 Soil preparation ” 98 114 109 Artificial regeneration ” 109 100 108 Seedling stand improvement ” 230 235 219 Forest fertilization ” 45 49 32 Maintenance of drainage ” 59 58 52 Construction of forest roads km 740 652 705 Improvement of forest roads ” 3 324 3 753 2 943 Total costs EUR mill. 289 300 297 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Financing of silvicultural and forest improvement work in non-industrial, private forests, 1963–2012 31 Forest resources Information on Finland’s forest resources is collected through surveys carried out by the Finnish Forest Re- search Institute. Systematic ground sampling has been used. The periods during which the national forest inven- tory has been undertaken are as follows: I 1921–24 V 1964–70 IX 1996–2003 II 1936–38 VI 1971–76 X 2004–2008 III 1951–53 VII 1977–84 XI 2009–2012 IV 1960–63 VIII 1986–94 Despite the 13% reduction in Finland’s forest area in the 1940s due to the territory lost in the Second World War, Finland’s wood resources are currently more plentiful than in the pre-war years. According to the first national forest inventory, the total growing stock volume was 1 588 million m³ over bark. The latest estimate is 2 332 million m³ o.b. In recent years, the annual volume increment has exceeded the drain by about 30 million m³ (see p. 39). The structure of Finnish forests has changed signifi- cantly over the past 90 years. The forests now have a more even age structure. Scots pine accounts for 50% of the growing stock, Norway spruce for 30% and broad-leaved species (mostly birch) for 20%. This distribution has been a stable one but during the last 20 years the share of Norway spruce has been getting smaller. Scots pine is the dominant species on 64% of Finland’s forest land area. The area of productive forest land (i.e. land capable of yielding at least 1 m³/ha/yr) is 20.3 million hectares, and that of low productive forest land 2.5 million hectares. Thus, the total wood-growing area is 22.8 million hectares. The amount of this set aside for conservation purposes is 1.53 million hectares (6.7%). This land, on which all forestry activities are prohibited, lies almost entirely in the northern part of the country. According to the internation- ally defined concept of forest land, which sets a canopy cover of 10% as the threshold between forest land and other land, the forested land area is 22.1 million hectares. The following tables are based on the 11th national forest inventory except the last one. Nature conservation areas are included. 32 1 treeless hills and mires Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Principal land use categories in Finland, 2009–2012 mill. ha Total area 33.8 Inland watercourses 3.4 Land area 30.4 Arable land 2.7 Built-up areas 1.0 Transport routes 0.5 Forest land 20.3 Low productive forest land 2.5 Unproductive land¹ 3.2 Roads, depots 0.2 Forestry land, total 26.2 (of which nature conservation areas 2.8) Mineral soils and mires and their drainage, 2009–2012 mill. ha Mineral soils 17.2 Mires 8.8 Roads, depots 0.2 Forestry land, total 26.2 Spruce mires 2.1 Pine mires 5.1 Treeless mires 1.5 Total 8.8 Undrained mires 4.1 Recently drained mires 0.2 Transforming mires 1.7 Transformed mires 2.8 Total 8.8 A site is recorded as mire if it is peat- covered or mire plants account for more than three quarters of the field layer flora. In transforming mires the effect of drainage is perceptible in the growing stock. Transformed mires have reached full post-drainage productivity. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 33 Forest resources in Finland, 2009–2012 Forest and low prod. for. land mill. ha 22.8 Growing stock volume mill. m³ 2 332 Scots pine ” 1 157 Norway spruce ” 703 Birch ” 391 Other broadleaves ” 82 Volume increment mill.m³/year 104.3 Scots pine ” 47.3 Norway spruce ” 32.6 Birch 19.8 Other broadleaves ” 4.6 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute ¹ on forest land area Note that of volume, share of the broad-leaved species is much greater. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Dominant tree species of forest stands, 2009–2012 %¹ Temporarily non-stocked 1.3 Scots pine Pinus sylvestris 63.9 Norway spruce Picea abies 24.8 Other conifers 0.1 Silver birch Betula pendula 2.8 Downy birch Betula pubescens 6.3 Aspen Populus tremula 0.4 Alder Alnus sp. 0.4 Other broadleaves 0.1 Total 100.0 Forest land area (mill. ha) 20.3 Age class 0 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150+ % of forest land area 0 5 10 15 20 25 Age class 0 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150+ % of forest land area 0 5 10 15 20 25 Age class 0 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150+ % 0 5 10 15 20 25 Age class 0 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150+ % 0 5 10 15 20 25 I National inventory 1921–24 III National inventory 1951–53 VII National inventory 1977–84 XI National inventory 2009–12 34 Age structure development of the Finnish forests Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Year 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 mill.m³ o.b. 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Pine Spruce Broad- leaves Bar width indicates time period of inventory undertaking 2010 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI 35 Growing stock volumes according to 11 national forest inventories Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Forest ownership in Finland, 2009–2012 Ownership category Forest land Forestry land mill. ha mill. ha % Non-industrial private 12.4 14.0 53.3 Industrial private 1.7 1.9 7.4 State 5.1 9.0 34.4 Other public 1.1 1.3 5.0 Total 20.3 26.2 100.0 Note. Finland lost 13% of its forested area in 1944 due to the war. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 36 The figures apply forest holdings with 5+ ha of for- est land, of which there are about 320 000, and their corresponding forest land area is 12.0 million ha. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Non-industrial, private ownership of forests, 2009 % Ownership group Of holdings/ owners Of forest land area Family ownership 76 75 Group ownership 12 14 Heirs ownership 12 11 Wage earners 30 26 Farmers 16 26 Other entrepreneurs 7 8 Pensioners 45 39 Others 2 2 Age < 40 years 6 8 Age 40–59 years 37 40 Age 60+ years 56 53 Reside on holding 42 52 Reside in the same municipality 22 19 Reside elsewhere 36 29 Rural place of residence 55 64 Semi-urban place of residence 19 15 Urban place of residence 26 21 37 Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Growing stock volume by ownership category, 2009–2012 mill. m³ o.b. Ownership category Scots pine Norway spruce Broad- leaves Total % Non-industrial private 677 508 329 1 514 64.9 Industrial private 117 57 36 210 9.0 State 295 103 79 477 20.5 Other public 69 35 27 131 5.6 Total 1 157 703 472 2 332 100.0 Annual volume increment by ownership category, 2009–2012 mill. m³ o.b./yr Ownership category Scots pine Norway spruce Broad- leaves Total % Non-industrial private 28.4 24.6 17.9 70.9 68.0 Industrial private 5.5 3.1 1.9 10.5 10.1 State 10.6 3.4 3.2 17.2 16.5 Other public 2.8 1.5 1.4 5.7 5.5 Total 47.3 32.6 24.4 104.3 100.0 38 Increment (I) and drain (D) in 5-year periods mill. m³ o.b./yr 2000–04 2005–09 2010–12 Scots pine I 46.1 47.4 47.3 D 27.8 27.3 28.2 Norway spruce I 28.6 31.7 32.6 D 28.5 24.4 23.2 Broadleaves I 21.7 23.6 24.4 D 13.4 15.2 19.4 Total I 96.4 102.6 104.3 D 69.7 66.8 70.8 Drain refers to losses in growing stock due to fell- ings, silvicultural measures and natural mortality. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute Mean growing stock volume and annual increment by ownership category, 2009– 2012 Ownership category Mean volume Increment Increment m³/ha m³/ha/yr % Non-industrial private 120 5.6 4.7 Industrial private 121 6.1 5.0 State 87 3.1 3.6 Other public 118 5.2 4.4 Total 112 5.1 4.5 The data refer to stands on forest land. State forests are located mainly in northern Finland where the climate is less favourable. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute mill. m³ o.b. Drain 0 20 40 60 80 100 20101930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1995 2000 Increment (smoothed) 39 Increment and drain of the growing stock, 1923–2012 Multiple production of forests, 2010–2012 Product 2010 2011 2012 Commercial roundwood (ind.), mill. m³ o.b. 52 52 52 Other roundwood (energy), mill. m³ o.b. 9 10 10 Harvested logging residues¹, mill. m³ o.b. 3 3 4 Commercial forest berries, t² 9 097 11 797 15 651 Commercial forest mushrooms, t² 855 693 226 Lichen picked for exporting, t 194 173 186 Deer venison, t 10 351 8 913 6 364 Hare venison, t 501 500 442 Forest game birds, t 204 348 216 Fur-bearing animals, 1000 indiv. 331 324 276 Reindeer meat production, t 2 400 2 400 2 000 ¹ for energy production ² purchased by enterprises Sources: Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute Note. Finland lost 13% of its forested area in 1944 due to the war. Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 40 Forest condition in Finland, 2004–2008 Forest land area, total 20.1 mill. ha Extent of damage affecting stand quality % forest land Totally damaged 0.2 Severely damaged 4.2 Moderately damaged 23.9 Total 28.3 Damage agents Natural competition 0.7 Abiotic factors 8.4 Human interference 1.1 Moose 3.2 Insects 0.4 Fungi 5.3 Unidentified 9.3 Total 28.3 In two-storeyed stands only dam- age affecting the dominant storey is taken into account. Source: Finnish Forest Reserch Institute 69°N 19°E 100 km 61°N 30°E Nature protection areas include - strict nature reserves - national parks - mire conservation areas - wilderness areas - special protected areas These areas consist of forest land (23 %), low productive forest land (31 %) and unproductive land (46 %). Land area in hectares, in total 2 835 000 ha. As percent of forestry land, in total 10.8 %. Vegetation zones: Arch. Soc. "Vanamo" 16 suppl. (1961) northern boreal 2 510 000 ha 28.0 % middle boreal 262 000 ha 2.9 % southern boreal 55 600 ha 0.7 % hemiboreal 7 300 ha 1.1 % Source: Finnish Environment Institute (2013) 41 Nature protection areas by vegetation zone 42 Key contacts in Finnish forest research Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metsäntutkimuslaitos, Metla) Headquarters Jokiniemenkuja 1, FI-01370 Vantaa Tel. +358 29 532 2111, fax +358 29 532 2103 Website: www.metla.fi (Management, Administration) Vantaa Unit Jokiniemenkuja 1, FI-01370 Vantaa Tel. +358 29 532 2111, fax +358 29 532 2103 Website: www.metla.fi/va/ (Forest Resources and Economics, Forest Ecology and Production) Haapastensyrjä Unit Haapastensyrjäntie 34, FI-12600 Läyliäinen (Forest tree breeding) Joensuu Unit Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu Tel. +358 29 532 2111, fax +358 29 532 3113 Website: www.metla.fi/jo/ (Silviculture and Forest Management, Wood Products) Kannus Unit Silmäjärventie 2, FI-69100 Kannus Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/ka/ (Peatland Forestry, Bioenergy) Kolari Unit Muoniontie 21 A, FI-95900 Kolari Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/ko/ (Timberline forest research) Oulu Unit Paavo Havaksen tie 3, FI-90570 Oulu Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/mu/ (Forest condition, Forest regeneration) http://www.metla.fi Kolari Rovaniemi Oulu Kannus Joensuu Suonenjoki Parkano Vantaa Punkaharju Haapastensyrjä 43 Parkano Unit Kaironiementie 15, FI-39700 Parkano Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/pa/ (Peatland Forestry, Forest Regeneration) Punkaharju Unit Finlandiantie 18, FI-58450 Punkaharju Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/pu/ (Forest Genetics) Rovaniemi Unit Eteläranta 55, FI-96300 Rovaniemi Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/ro/ (Silviculture in northern Finland) Suonenjoki Unit Juntintie 154, FI-77600 Suonenjoki Tel. +358 29 532 2111 Website: www.metla.fi/su/ (Ecophysiology, Regeneration Research) European Forest Institute (Euroopan Metsäinstituutti) Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu Tel. +358 10 773 4300 , fax +358 10 773 4377 Website: www.efi.int (Independent, Non-governmental Research Institute) Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos) Viikinkaari 4, FI-00710 Helsinki, Finland Tel. +358 295 301 000, fax +358 205 751 201 Website: www.rktl.fi http://www.efi.int http://www.rktl.fi 44 Finnish Society of Forest Science (Suomen Metsätieteellinen Seura) Jokiniemenkuja 1, FI-01370 Vantaa Tel. +358 40 801 5596 Website: www.metsatieteellinenseura.fi The Finnish Society of Forest Science and the Finn- ish Forest Research Institute jointly publish Silva Fennica (online only since 2013). Silva Fennica is a peer-reviewed international journal of forest science. It covers all aspects of forest research. In addition to original research articles, the journal publishes review articles, research notes, discussion papers, book reviews, and information on forthcoming events. Editorial office: METLA/ Editorial Office Jokiniemenkuja 1, FI-01370 Vantaa Tel. +358 29 532 2070 Website: www.metla.fi/silvafennica/ KCL (Keskuslaboratorio) Tekniikantie 2, FI-02150 Espoo Tel. +358 20 7477 100, fax +358 9 464 305 Website: www.kcl.fi (R&D, pilot services for pulp and paper making) Metsäteho Vernissakatu 4, FI-01300 Vantaa Tel. +358 40 582 5511 Website: www.metsateho.fi (R&D Unit for Wood Procurement and Production, mainly owned by Forest Industries) MTT Agrifood Research Finland (Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus MTT) Humppilantie 14, FI-31600 Jokioinen Tel. +358 29 5300 700, fax +358 20 772 040 Website: www.mtt.fi http://www.kcl.fi http://www.metsateho.fi 45 Pellervo Economic Research PTT (Pellervon taloustutkimus PTT) Eerikinkatu 28 A, FI-00180 Helsinki Tel. +358 9 348 8844, fax +358 9 3488 8500 Website: www.ptt.fi (Agricultural and forestry economics; PTT is backed by the Finnish cooperative movement) TTS Institute (TTS-Työtehoseura) Kiljavantie 6, FI-05200 Rajamäki Tel. +358 9 2904 1200, fax +358 9 5129 0720 Website: www.tts.fi (Small-scale forestry, Forest work) University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopisto) Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forest Sciences Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00710 Helsinki Tel. +358 9 191 58113, fax +358 9 1915 8100 Website: www.helsinki.fi/forestsciences/ Viikki Campus Library of Helsinki University (Viikin kampuskirjasto) Viikinkaari 11 A, FI-00710 Helsinki Tel. +358 9 1915 8040 Website: www. helsinki.fi/library/ University of Eastern Finland (Itä-Suomen yliopisto) School of Forest Sciences Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100 Joensuu Tel. +358 294 45 1111, fax +358 294 457 316 Website: www.uef.fi/metsa VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Tekniikantie 4 A, FI-02150 Espoo Tel. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7001 Website: www.vtt.fi (Forest industry, VTT operates as a R&D partner) http://www.ptt.fi http://www.tts.fi http://www.vtt.fi 46 Other useful contacts Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö) Hallituskatu 3 A, FI-00170 Helsinki Tel. +358 295 16001, fax +358 9 16054 202 Website: www.mmm.fi Ministry of Employment and the Economy (Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö) Aleksanterinkatu 4, FI-00170 Helsinki Tel. +358 29 506 0000, fax +358 9 1606 2166 Website: www.tem.fi Ministry of the Environment (Ympäristöministeriö) Kasarmikatu 25, FI-00130 Helsinki Tel. +358 20 610 100, fax +358 9 1603 9320 Website: www.ym.fi Finnish Environment Institute (Suomen ympäristökeskus, SYKE) Mechelininkatu 34 a, FI-00260 Helsinki Tel. +358 20 610 123, fax +358 9 5490 2190 Website: www.syke.fi (Governmental expert management of environment) Finnish Forest Association (Suomen Metsäyhdistys) Salomonkatu 17 A, FI-00100 Helsinki Tel. +358 9 6850 880 Website: www.smy.fi (Joint association for those related to forestry and forest industries) Finnish Forest Centre (Suomen metsäkeskus) Aleksanterinkatu 18 A, FI-15140 Lahti Tel. 358 29 432 400 Website: www.metsakeskus.fi (Government-funded organisation promoting sustain- able forestry) http://www.tem.fi http://www.vyh.fi http://www.smy.fi http://www.metsakeskus.fi 47 Finnish Forest Industries Federation (Metsäteollisuus ry) Snellmaninkatu13, FI-00170 Helsinki Tel. +358 9 132 61, fax +358 9 132 4445 Website: www.forestindustries.fi Finnish Meteorological Institute (Ilmatieteen laitos) Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki Tel. +358 29 539 1000 Website: www.fmi.fi Forestry Development Centre Tapio (Metsätalouden kehittämiskeskus Tapio) Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21 B, FI-00100 Helsinki Tel. +358 29 432 6000, fax +358 29 432 6001 Website: www.tapio.fi (Provides expertise particularly for private forestry) Metsähallitus Vernissakatu 4, FI-01300 Vantaa Tel. +358 205 64 100 Website: www.metsa.fi (State-owned enterprise managing state forests) MTK Forestry Group (MTK, Metsäryhmä) Simonkatu 6, FI-00100 Helsinki Tel. +358 20 4131, fax +358 20 413 2403 Website: www.mtk.fi (MTK is the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners) Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus) Työpajankatu 13, FI-00580 Helsinki Tel. +358 9 17 341 Website: www.stat.fi Source: Finnish Forest Association http://www.tapio.fi http://www.metsa.fi http://www.mtk.fi Young spruce plant pushes up. _GoBack