International Union of Forest Research Organizations Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Forestières Internationaler Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten Unión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación Forestal IUFRO World Series Vol. 19 ISSN 1016-3263 ISBN 3-901347-61-5 IUFRO, Vienna 2006 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Globale Forstliche Dezimal- Klassifikation (GFDK) Editors: Barbara Holder Jarmo Saarikko Daryoush Voshmgir Prepared by IUFRO Working Party 6.03.03 Global Forest Decimal Classification Published by: IUFRO Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, 2006 © 2006 IUFRO IUFRO Headquarters c/o Mariabrunn (BFW) Hauptstrasse 7, A-1140 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1-877 01 51-0; Fax: +43-1-877 01 51 -50 E-Mail: office@iufro.org; Internet: www.iufro.org Available from: IUFRO Headquarters (see above), and Library Austria Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape. Unit: Documentation, Publication & Library, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1-87838-1216; Fax: +43-1-87838-1215 E-Mail: gudrun.csikos@bfw.gv.at; Web: http://bfw.ac.at/ ISBN 3-901347-61-5 Price 35 Euro plus mailing costs Printed by: Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) GFDC website: http://iufro.andornot.com/GFDCDefault.aspx Recommended catalogue entry: Holder, B., Saarikko, J. and Voshmgir, D. 2006. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC). IUFRO World Series Vol. 19. Vienna. 338 p. Classification: GFDC: 0--014, UDC: 025.45 Editors Barbara Holder - Forintek Canada - holder@van.forintek.ca Jarmo Saarikko - Metla - jarmo.saarikko@metla.fi Daryoush Voshmgir - BFW - daryoush.voshmgir@bfw.gv.at Steering group Barbara Holder - Forintek Canada Roger Mills - Plant Sciences Library, Oxford University Library Services Gillian Petrokofsky - CAB International Renate Prüller - IUFRO Alan Reid - MAF Policy, New Zealand Jarmo Saarikko - Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla Daryoush Voshmgir - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Expert contributors James Brooks - CAB International Reinhard Fromm - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Oscar Fugalli - Food and Agriculture Organization Alfred Fürst - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Berthold Heinze - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Peter Höller- Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Carolus Holzschuh - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Alois Kempf - Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL) Ferdinand Kristöfel - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Roland Luzian - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Markus Neuman - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Frank Perzl - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Lambert Rammer - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Jarmo Saarikko - Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla Rudolf Sailer - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Heinrich Schmutzenhofer - IUFRO Stefan Smidt - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Daryoush Voshmgir - Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) andornotCAB International UDC CONSORTIUM Institutional Contributors Andornot Consulting (Vancouver, B.C., Canada) Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) CAB International Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla Forintek Canada Plant Sciences Library, Oxford University Library Services UDC Consortium (The Hague) Editorial Contributors Bridget Biggs, CAB International German Translations Margarete Khorchidi, Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Renate Prüller, IUFRO Headquarters Vienna Daryoush Voshmgir, Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Layout Johanna Kohl, Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) Database Design Kathy Bryce, Principal, Andornot Consulting Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................I/1 History ......................................................................................................................................I/1 Background to this edition........................................................................................................I/1 History of the Decimal Classification (from the 1953 edition) ..................................................I/3 Introducton to the classification................................................................................................I/5 Global Forest Decimal Classification Schedules 0 Forests, forestry and the utilization of forest products ....................................................I/15 1 Factors of the environment. Biology ................................................................................I/15 2 Silviculture..........................................................................................................................I/27 3 Work Science (work studies). Harvesting of wood: logging and transport. Forest engineering ............................................................................................................I/35 4 Forest injuries and protection............................................................................................I/41 5 Forest mensuration. Increment; Development and structure of stands. Surveying and mapping ....................................................................................................I/47 6 Forest management. Business economics of forestry. Administration and Organization of Forest enterprises ....................................................I/53 7 Marketing of forest products. Economics of forest transport and the wood industries ..................................................I/59 8 Forest products and their utilization..................................................................................I/63 9 Forests and forestry from the national point of view. Social economics of forestry ............................................................................................I/77 Auxiliaries Appendix A Subject auxiliaries ............................................................................................I/81 Appendix B Auxiliaries of form and place (reproduced with kind permission of the UDC Consortium)............................I/87 Appendix C Selection of insects with special interest to forest science ..........................I/101 Appendix D Selection of trees of special interest to European and North American forestry ................................................................................I/117 Alphabetical indexes ....................................................................................................I/121 Topical subject index ............................................................................................................I/123 Geographic index..................................................................................................................I/167 In memory of Oscar Fugalli A Special Farewell to Special Oscar (from IUFRO News no. 10) “Sadly, we announce that Oscar Fugalli died on Saturday, 15 October 2005 in Rome. Those who had the privilege to work with him will always remember him as a dedicated forester, gen- erous mentor and special person. To give an appreciation of his outstanding personality to all who did not have the opportunity to know him personally, we would like to share our memories of him: Oscar Fugalli was special in many ways to IUFRO and the staff at IUFRO Headquarters. During his work at FAO, he developed a global perspective on forestry, established personal friendships with forestry leaders in many countries, and especially came to a deep understand- ing of the forester’s problems in developing countries. These work experiences and his ability to relate effectively and affably with foresters and scientists at all levels in all parts of the world eminently qualified him to be selected as the first Coordinator of the IUFRO Special Program for Developing Countries (SPDC) in 1983. As Coordinator of SPDC, he conceived and brought to fruition many activities - workshops, training courses, the ‘SPDC Information Bulletin for Developing Countries’ - that benefited forestry research managers and scientists in developing countries. With his activities he laid the basis for subsequent projects of SPDC in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Following his retirement as SPDC Coordinator in 1990, he continued to volunteer services to SPDC and IUFRO in Vienna and Rome. With his rich experience he would comment upon IUFRO’s activities with indulgence and foresight. Among many anecdotes, we remember his affection for a little black typewriter that he would not remove from his office although he ably manipulated computers and email services. Oscar was modest and untiring in his work but even during the busiest time his warmth and sense of humor came through. He was extremely talented in playing with words and it was a delight to listen to him. For the reception of his Honorary Membership in 1995 he conveyed the following message: ‘More than honored I am “everwhelmed”. But if I confront myself with the Honorary Members of the past …. I cannot help feeling like a pygmy. But I may still have time to grow!” To Oscar with wishes from the tribe.” Oscar made a huge contribution to this edition of the classification, contributing almost 100 suggestions for additions and extensions (clarifications). Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/VII Introduction History The Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) is a “tool for organizing and retrieving electronic and paper format forestry related information resources”. First conceived in 1903, the “Flury” version of the forestry classification was adopted by the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) in 1933, updated and published in English by the Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux (now CABI) in 1954, and updated and published by IUFRO in German in 1992. A trilingual short version (English - French - German) was published in 1990. The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is used in parallel with GFDC to cover non-forestry topics. Similarly, GFDC is used with UDC to provide in-depth coverage for forestry topics - so the classifications have a historic symbiotic relationship. This edition was prepared by the Global Forest Decimal Classification unit of IUFRO (6.03.03) over a period of three years using collaborative web technology to bring together members from Europe, North America and Australasia. The unit has initiated a database that produced this edition and will provide a future Master Reference File for future updates. The success of the initiative is a tribute to the spirit of collaboration and professionalism found among IUFRO members and supporters. Background to this edition IUFRO aims to encourage “more efficient use of resources by forest research at regional and global lev- els” and attempts to ensure “scientists and others have access to the best available information”. In 2002 an international group of forestry information professionals, working as part of IUFRO’s Division 6, Social, Economic, Information and Policy Sciences, formed a steering committee to revitalize and update the classification to reflect current reality in our discipline. The steering group went through a planning exercise to set up values and goals. One of the steering group’s values is to use web technology to overcome distance. Microsoft Livemeeting (a web-conferenc- ing tool) proved an effective means of holding “virtual” meetings with participants from Canada, England, Austria, Switzerland and Finland. Goals for 2003-2005 were: • Create and foster a dynamic community of contributing stakeholders • Update the classification with assistance from forest researchers worldwide • Publish updated versions in paper and electronic formats • Work in parallel with allied IUFRO and non-IUFRO groups. To ensure that the initiative made sense the steering group initiated a survey of classifications used for forestry collections worldwide. The survey showed that ODC/FDK were still widely used, with stakehold- ers welcoming the updating effort. Volunteers set up a database to manage the updating effort, using Inmagic software and modelling the database structure on UDC’s Master Reference File, with additional fields to accommodate the English 1954 edition and the German 1992 edition of the forestry classification. The 1954 edition of the classifi- cation was scanned, checked by a professional editor and uploaded into the database. The German edi- tion was uploaded from its original electronic file. A database consultant (Andornot Consulting of Vancouver, British Columbia) developed web-based forms to allow input of suggested changes to the database from anywhere in the World, and generously hosted the database on their server free of charge. The editorial committee displayed suggested changes with the original structure to facilitate discussion and decision-making. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/1 The GFDC database is part of a toolkit for volunteer contributors. The toolkit includes: • A statement of our mission, vision, values and goals • A roadmap for the consultation process • The GFDC classification database • The scanned 1954 edition of the classification in pdf format • The 1990 German edition in pdf format • GFDC schedules with proposed amendments in pdf format • A password protected area for viewing the UDC Master Reference File database • A link to a discussion area in GoogleGroups. One of the steering group’s stated goals is to “work in parallel with allied IUFRO and non-IUFRO groups”. With this in mind we invite IUFRO groups to participate in the continued updating of the classifi- cation. We also approached the UDC Consortium to revive and consolidate our historic cooperation and received generous encouragement, advice and support, including free associate membership of the Consortium. The current reality is that with web technology and printing on demand it is practical to update the clas- sification schedules on a rolling annual basis so we are happy to receive new suggestions via the website, or by any other method of communication. We are proud to publish this revised edition of the Global Forest Decimal Classification with generous financial support from Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW). I/2 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) History of the Decimal Classification (from the 1953 edition) The International Association of Forest Research Institutes - in 1929 renamed the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) - put the creation of a universal classification system and an international forest bibliography on its programme as early as 1903. This task was entrusted to the Bibliographical Committee. The work was conducted under the chairmanship of Prof. A. Bühler (Tübingen), Prof. A. Opperman (Copenhagen), and Prof. R. S. Troup (Oxford), and in 1933 the Committee presented a complete classifi- cation for forest literature which was adopted in Congress. The ‘Forest Bibliography’ came to be widely known as the Flury System, because most of the creative work had been done by the Swiss forester Dr. Philipp Flury. Its main purpose was to promote the regular exchange of internationally important references between the member countries of IUFRO. The System was assigned the decimal signature 634.9F to dis- tinguish it from the head 634.9 Forestry in the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which differs in the details of its subdivision. Meanwhile, the rapid developments in forest research necessitated a revision almost at once. At a meeting in Zurich in 1948 under the chairmanship of Prof. H. Burger, F.C. Ford Robertson, Director of the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau (CFB), Oxford, presented a completely revised system which had been prepared by his Bureau with the Research Station of the U.K. Forestry Commission (Alice Holt) and the Forest Products Research Laboratory of the Department cf Scientific and Industrial Research (Princes Risborough). Much of the credit for this new, creative work belongs to P. G. Beak, then Assistant Director of the CFB. Later on, the International Council of IUFRO proposed to the FAO that they appoint a joint bibliograph- ical committee to study the new classification and make appropriate recommendations, the IUFRO repre- sentatives being A. Oudin, Director of the Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts, Nancy; F.C. Ford Robertson, Director of the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oxford; and E. Saari, Professor of Forest Economics, University of Helsinki. The FAO welcomed the suggestion, and appointed J.D.B. Harrison and R.G. Fontaine as its representatives. J.D.B. Harrison was subsequently succeeded by I. T. Haig and R.G. Fontaine by E. Moerath. From time to time, various other specialists were brought in for consultation, as shown below. This Joint FAO/IUFRO Committee on Forest Bibliography, which superseded the former Bibliographical Committee as Section 01 of the newly organized IUFRO Research Sections, held its first meeting in Helsinki in 1949 under the chairmanship of J.D.B. Harrison. Subsequent meetings, under the chairmanship of E. Saari were held as folIows: Date Place Consultants 30 Jan.-4 Feb.1950 Oxford Beak, Kitchingman, Laurie, McCracken, Varossieau 5-8 Jun. 1950 The Hague Beak, Donker Duyvis, Van Heurn, Van Vloten, Varossieau 30 Aug.-4 Sept. 1951 Wageningen None 8-10 Jun. 1953 Oxford Beak, Hilf 18-25 Sept. 1953 Rome Abetz, Beak, Hilf, Holmstrom, Varossieau The new classification was carefully examined at these and other special meetings and at the same time circulated for criticism among IUFRO members and other forestry research bodies. The classification of Forest Economics in the broadest sense heads 6, 7, and 9 was completely reorganized according to proposals from Saari, Abetz, and Mantel, while heads 30, 35, and 36 were also entirely revised according to proposals submitted by the FAO Pilot Committee on Logging Techniques, and collated by Hilf (Reinbeck-Hamburg) and Gläser (Hann. Münden). Further, the Committee had established early contact with the International Federation of Documentation (FID) with a view to incorporating the new system into the UDC. The definitive English text of the new system - the Oxford System of Decimal Classification for Forestry, was finally presented to the IUFRO Congress in Rome in September 1953, and unanimously adopted with the following recommendations: 1. In view of the high importance to forestry science of using a single up-to-date system of classification, the Congress urges all its members to adopt the Oxford System of Decimal Classification for Forestry to the level of subdivisions that they require and also to conform to such authorized applications and developments of system as may from time to time be prescribed. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/3 2. The original text of the Oxford System being English, it is desirable that authorized translations be pub- lished in at least French, German and Spanish. Two months later the Conference of FAO, at its 7th Session in Rome, approved the System through the following resolution: THE CONFERENCE- Notes with satisfaction the completion by the Joint FAO/IUFRO Committee on Bibliography of a defin- itive English text of the Oxford System of Decimal Classification for Forestry, shortly to be published. Notes, also, that translations into the official languages of both FAO and IUFRO are in hand. Commends this system of classification for adoption by forest libraries, institutes and documentation cen- ters in member countries. Requests the Joint FAO/IUFRO Committee on Bibliography to review from time to time the classifica- tion as now established and to formulate recommendations for the application and development of the Oxford System, as may appear desirable. by Eino Saari, Helsinki, 1953; revised by Regina Schenker and Margaret Joyce Sieber, Zurich, 1989. The Classification from 1954 to 1990 In the 1980’s the forestry classification was out of date. It had not been updated for more than 10 years, although progress in forestry research was enormous in those 10 years. Consequently, foresters readily believed that the Oxford System (ODC) was antiquated and no longer useful, particularly for computer applications. The users of the card catalogues at the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau in Oxford were in favour of changing the system. S. Schrader’s article in Forstarchiv, 50, 1979, 3: 51-53 then caused a complete change in the documentation situation. The few large documen- tation centres would use a different classification language than the many small libraries. However, at a meeting of IUFRO Subject Group 6.03 in Hamburg in 1979, forestry librarians from England, Finland, France, Yugoslavia, Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Switzerland refused to abandon the system. Most of the libraries concerned were established over 100 years ago, and the adoption of a new system would have complicated their work needlessly. So it was in 1979 that the forest classification reached another turning point, as it had in 1953. In 1980, with the agreement of Prof. Lars Strand, Leader of Division 6, and O.N. Blatchford, first leader of our group, an ad hoc Working Party undertook a worldwide survey of the use of the ODC. This survey showed clear- ly its importance for forestry. At the 17th World Congress in Kyoto in 1981, on the initiative of Dr. Walter Bosshard, Birmensdorf, the Executive Board approved the foundation of Project Group P6.01-00 “Revision of the Oxford System of Decimal Classification for Forestry”, in order to resume responsibility for its control, maintenance, and development. All session papers published between 1949 and 1973 by the Joint FAO/IUFRO Committee on Bibliography and Terminology were studied so as to establish a background based on previous traditions and experience. As the Oxford System comprises part of the UDC, the “Principles of the Universal Decimal Classification and Rules for its Revision and Publication” were consulted. At the 18th IUFRO World Congress in Ljubljana in 1986, it was a pleasure to see how many ODC users were interested in an updated forest classification. From 1983 to 1989, the Project Group P6.01-00 pub- lished 8 amendments to the system. Regina Schenker I/4 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Introduction to the classification The classification was designed to be precise, flexible, and capable of extension. Users should study these notes carefully. Since the classification technique remains the same for the full and the short ver- sion, the examples are the same for both versions. (1) THE PRINCIPLES OF DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (a) The decimal point In a decimal system, all subdivisions are preceded by a decimal point, i.e., are represented as dec- imal fractions of a number signifying a particular subject. In the Forest Decimal Classification the ten primary heads run from .0 Forests, forestry, and the utilization of forest products to .9 Forests and forestry from the national point of view. Social economics of forestry. By convention, the decimal point is omitted in writing, but must be remembered in filing, so that, e.g., 239 precedes 24. It fol- lows that the decimal points which are written after every third figure are purely conventional, serv- ing merely to make long figures easier to read. For instance, 23232521 becomes 232.325.21. (b) Meaning of the digits .9 and .0 It is extremely important for the user that the general and the particular are not mixed and that gen- eral heads are not cumbered with fractions. In this system the digit .9 is exclusively reserved for ‘miscellaneous’. Even where it does actually appear it is deemed to exist for every subdivision. Precisely defined, .9 means ‘Miscellaneous topics belonging to the head of next higher rank but not classifiable under any of the subdivisions .0 to .8’. Thus 819 signifies ‘Any property of wood which cannot be classified under any the heads 810-818’, and excludes all preceding individual topics but includes any topics relevant to the next higher head, 81. This appears to be the only satisfactory means of guaranteeing accommodation for rare or new topics, and leaving the digits .91 to .98 avail- able should such topics become so numerous or important as to require a subdivision of their own. In that case, ‘miscellaneous’ is classed under .99 [cf. (c) (ii)]. Sole exception: The primary head 9 (q.v.) At the other end of the scale, the digit .0 has, as far as possible, been left open for subdivisions of more general import than the heads .1/.9. It should be borne in mind that .0 is not identical with its preceding head; for instance, 114.30 is more restricted than 114.3. (c) Occasional deviations from strict decimal subordination In principle, subdivisions ought to receive numbers decimally subordinate to the number for the sub- ject. This, however is an ideal which is not always possible, but obviously there is no automatic con- nection between the way in which knowledge is conventionally subdivided and the decimal scale, nor any absolute relation between the length of a decimal number and importance of the subject. Departures from strict decimal ranking consequently occur where: (i) the subdivisions of a subject are logically exhausted when only two or three digits of the decimal scale have been used; (ii) the subdivisions are too numerous to fit the decimal scale and difficult to form into convenient groups for this purpose. For instance, under 83 Timber manufacturing industries and products. Uses of wood as such, the numbers 831 to 838 are inadequate for the subdivision required. Therefore 9 ‘Miscellaneous’ was subdivided into 8 subheads, 839.1 to 839.8, which still left 839.9 open for ‘Miscellaneous’. With this procedure, any head can theoretically be expanded ad infinitum. The departure from strict decimal ranking is unimportant in practice, and the various subdivisions can be distin- guished through italics, bold type, insetting, etc. (d) Alphabetical subdivision The system allows for alphabetical subdivision of heads, e.g., under names of species, persons, etc. 174.7 Pinus sylvestris; 902.1 Leibundgut, H. wherever suitable and desirable. Users classifying plant or animal families are advised to do so under heads 14 or 17 in parallel with the relevant UDC numbers. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/5 (2) MAIN AND AUXILIARY NUMBERS. SIMPLE AND COMPOUND NUMBERS. The decimal numbers of the subject classification are called main numbers. Any main number stand- ing alone, with no further symbols or numbers is a simple number. Finer classification is achieved through auxiliary numbers of three kinds: (i) auxiliary numbers of sub- ject; (ii) auxiliary numbers of form; and (iii) auxiliary numbers of place (geographical numbers). The num- bers of (i) are listed in Appendix A, those of (ii) and (iii) in Appendix B. To express combinations of ideas a main number may be combined with other main or auxiliary num- bers or both, connected by standard symbols. The result is a compound number and - according to the connecting symbols used - some or all of its components may be separately registered, i.e., cross- referenced. The first component is then termed the key number. Compound numbers require special rules for filing, as they are filed under both key and cross-reference numbers. These rules are described in the next section, assuming the use of citations, together with suggestions for the use of auxiliary numbers and cross-references. These rules should also apply to a computer database. Programs should be written for search strategies according to these rules, with citations stored as database records. (3) SYMBOLS USED TO FORM COMPOUND NUMBERS AND ORDER OF PRECEDENCE IN FILING Symbol Meaning / The stroke links two or more consecutive numbers, e.g., 172.6/.9 means ALL the heads from 172.6 through 172.9. Such a number constitutes a single collective number and thus should be registered as a single citation. + A plus sign between two numbers means that each number has to be filed individually, e.g., 174.7 + 175.2 needs one citation under 174.7 and another under 175.2. (0/9) Round brackets indicate UDC auxiliary numbers of form (0) and place (1/9). Citations are not made for these unless they are written as key numbers or are preceded by a colon. : The colon means “in relation to”. As in the UDC it implies that each of the numbers so joined receives a separate citation. If desirable for a big collection, 174.7 : 811 could be filed under 174 preceding 174.7 : 811.1 and under 811 the reverse form 811 : 174.7 could precede 811 : 174.9. -- The double hyphen is peculiar to this system, and has two functions: (i) it denotes the aux- iliary numbers --01 to --09; (ii) when it precedes a main number, to show that this is not reg- istered in a cross-reference. In fact, it is used as an ‘auxiliary number’ with a more specific sense than the true auxiliary numbers. In filing under key numbers it has the same function as the colon, i.e., 174.7--811 is treated exactly as if it were written 174.7: 811, the only dif- ference being that the former receives no citation under 811 (cf. example below). Thus any number preceded by + or : must be given a separate citation. Otherwise, only the key num- ber has a citation, the second number with () or -- serving merely to define the subject more precisely and ensure that it is filed correctly. Order of citations under a key number (I) Numbers connected by / to consecutive numbers. Note that, e.g., 172.6/.9 precedes 172.6/.7 because it includes more. (II) Simple numbers or numbers preceded by + have equal rank. (III) Compounds in which the key number is followed by UDC numbers of form and place (0/9); a colon makes no difference in the filing order. (IV) Compounds in which the key number is followed by another main number connected by either a colon or a double hyphen. (V) Alphabetical subdivisions of a key number (VI) The next decimal subdivisions, i.e., .1/.9 of the relevant number. I/6 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Sequence of numbers and their meanings: Example 1 174.6/.7 Ginkgoales and Coniferae as a group 174.6 Ginkgoales 174.7 or Coniferae; the second case is one 174.7 + 175.2 where conifers and monocots are treated separately in the same work, the + sign indicating that one reference will be filed here and the other under 175.2 Monocotyledoneae; 174.7: (021) Handbook of the Coniferae, with or without a cross-reference under (021) Handbooks; 174.7(021) identical for filing purposes 174.7: (51) The Coniferae of China, with or without a cross-reference under (51) China; 174.7(51) identical for filing purposes. 174.7--011.1 Nomenclature of the Coniferae 174.7: 181.5 Reproductive behaviour of the Coniferae, with or without a cross-reference under 181.5 Reproductive behaviour; 174.7--181.5 identical for filing purposes. 174.7 : 811 Wood structure of the Coniferae, with or without a cross-reference under 811 Wood structure; 174.7--811 identical for filing purposes. Coniferae subdivided alphabetically according to genus and species if this is desired 174.7 Abies alba 174.7 Abies amabilis 174.7 Picea abies 174.7 Tsuga yunnanensis Example 2 847/848 Drying, handling, and storage of timber 847 and/or Drying of timber, in the second instance 847 + 854 the subject “grading” is treated separately in one and the same work and refer- enced as an entirely distinct bibliographical entity 847.2 Kiln drying 847.2 : (048.1) Bibliography on kiln drying, with or without a reference for bibliographies 847.2(048.1) 847.2 : (43) Kiln drying in Germany, with or without a reference tor Germany 847.2(43) 847.2--01 Research on kiln drying 847.2--090.2 History of kiln drying 847.2 : 174.7 Kiln drying of conifers, with or without a reference for conifers 847.2--174.7 (4) AUXILIARY NUMBERS AND CROSS-REFERENCES (a) The auxiliary numbers of form (0) refer only to the form for a given subject, e.g., encyclopaedia, text- book, etc. Like the geographical numbers (1/9), they are pure UDC numbers. Other auxiliary num- bers of form can be borrowed as the user desires. (b) The auxiliary numbers of subject --01/--09 are peculiar to this forest classification and must only be used within it. Their function is to allow a useful subdivision of numbers where these are likely to accumulate rapidly and form large masses difficult to consult. They classify general notions and are of wide application throughout the heads 1 to 9, but have little significance unless related to a par- ticular subject. Cross-references to particular heads could not achieve the same effect, as the meaning of subject heads is restricted by the section to which they belong. EXAMPLE: --090.2 means ‘history’, so that we can, for instance, write 841--090.2 for ‘history of wood preservation’ or 114--090.2 for ‘history of soil science’. Neither of these concepts demands an independent main head, such as that at 902 for ‘forest history’. It would be improper to use 902 as a cross-reference under 841 or 114 unless the meaning were ‘in relation to forest history’. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/7 The auxiliary subject numbers were designed: (1) to allow more detailed classification of notions; (2) to possess as much mnemonic value as possible by: (a) using common mental associations of numbers and ideas, as between the main subdivisions --01/--09 and the main divisions 1/9, and reserving certain digits for particular senses, e.g., 4 for ‘protection’; (b) furnishing numbers easily memorized and widely applicable to give certain kinds of subdivision involving a frequently recurring set of ideas; (3) to render possible a readily understandable sequence of information under the various heads. Such auxiliary numbers are obviously only useful in large collections of documents. Where they are used, the following rules apply: Only cross-reference if the cross-reference gives the right sense. Only use an auxiliary subject number if a cross-reference cannot give the right sense. (c) Subject cross-references express relationships between different heads and make it possible to deal with complex subjects analytically. They provide the most rational means of effecting cer- tain types of subdivision. For example, the classification gives only a single head, 443.3, for fun- gal and bacterial diseases of adult trees, with no explicit subdivision. However, it is practical to cross-reference in one of the several possible standard sequences, e.g., fungus species, type of control, geographical region, or host species. Not all of these cross-references need be regis- tered separately (see below), but all will be taken into account in filing. The resulting combination would be: 443.3: 172.8 Ceratostomella ulmi: 414: (73) : 176.1 Ulmus, meaning ‘fungal disease : caused by C. ulmi: its chemical control : in the USA: on Ulmus’. If all these numbers are made it is possible to find under 172.8 Ceratostomella ulmi all aspects of this fungus as a pathogen, under 414 all information on the chemical control of tree diseases, under (73) all tree diseases in the USA, and under 176.1 Ulmus all diseases of that genus. This is clearly an ideal which can seldom be fully achieved. The user can apply the principle according to his needs and econom- ic situation. Many unsubdivided heads can be similarly treated, e.g., 242 Thinnings can be effec- tively subdivided by using auxiliary numbers, cross-references to tree species, to increment, etc. In many cases the full set of cross-references is unnecessary. Consider two decimal numbers, A and B; it will often happen that information of the type A: B is not considered of direct interest under, say, B. In this case; we may write A--B, which defines the subject and ensures a proper filing order under A without necessitating a reverse entry under B : A. It may well be that the combination A: B is of direct interest under both heads but occurs so frequently as to involve needless duplication, since a single citation at B : A will suffice. As the symbols -- and : are equivalent in filing, the combinations A--B and A : B appear in the same place under ‘A’. This is important, because special cases may occasionally require the combination A : B. Continuing the example above, it is clear that if the standard order is adopted for tree diseases, the second term is always a subdivision according to fungal species, and many citations can be saved by writing 443.3--172.8 Ceratostomella ulmi, etc. There are no universal rules for the sequence of components in compound numbers. The user must decide for himself what the key number is to be and in what sequence any auxiliary numbers and cross-references should fol- low. The filing rules described above automatically apply to the compound number selected. This question should be carefully considered to ensure that the choice accords with the relevant needs. (5) FILING ORDER OF CROSS-REFERENCES For those who still use catalogue cards, a compound number will appear in identical form on all cards. To show the filing order of cross-references, it is then convenient to mark in colour the number that has to be read first. A compound of the type A : B + C : D would be marked thus: - 1st card A : B + C : D - 2nd card A : B + C : D - 3rd card A : B + C : D - 4th card A : B + C : D Long compound numbers, very rarely used in practice for big collections but theoretically possible, can be resolved by using the + sign, e.g., ‘Seed research in Sweden on Scots pine and Norway spruce’ will be read as: FDC : 232.31--010: (485) + 174.7 Pinus sylvestris + 174.7 Picea abies and could be divided I/8 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) as follows: - 1st card 232.31--010 - 2nd card (485) + - 3rd card 174.7 Pinus sylvestris --232.31--010 + - 4th card 174.7 Picea abies --232.31--010 A simplified and more used version will be this without addition of the -- numbers. (6) MISCELLANEOUS (a) Alphabetical index: This was compiled to facilitate the use of the system, and also assist those wish- ing to construct a concordance with another system. Users should not rely on this index alone but should consult the number in the systematical part. Only with adequate experience can it be ensured that a number is being used in the right sense. (b) Domestic subdivision: Until subdivisions are authorized, any undivided main number may be subdi- vided provided the subdivision remains entirely domestic and unofficial, as in the subdivisions *325 or 326. An asterisk denotes that no one method of subdivision has gained international acceptance. Users should not take the vacant numbers of a partly subdivided head and fill them domestically. These vacancies are reserved for new heads. Under 31, for example, the only numbers that may be used are 311, 312, and 319. If domestic subdivisions are wanted they must be applied to these three heads, the heads 313 to 318 being left vacant. When a number is domestically subdivided the sym- bol x should be inserted between the approved head and its domestic subdivisions, e.g., 319x1, 319x2, etc. This symbol does not affect the filing order. If it coincides with the conventional decimal point, the latter is best omitted, 319x1 being read for filing as 319.1. It is undesirable that domestic numbers appear at all in printed literature. In case it is absolutely necessary that they should, they must be clearly designated as such with the x symbol. by F. C. Ford Robertson, Oxford, 1953; completely revised by Regina Schenker, Marja Zorn-Pogorelc, and Margaret Joyce Sieber, Zurich, 1989. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/9 Global Forest Decimal Classification Schedules Primary heads 0 Forests, forestry and the utilization of forests products 1 Factors of the environment. Biology 2 Silviculture 3 Work science (work studies). Harvesting of wood: Logging and transport. Forest engineering 4 Forest injuries and protection 5 Forest mensuration. Increment; Development and structure of stands. Surveying and mapping 6 Forest management. Business economics of forestry. Administration and organization of forest enterprises 7 Marketing of forest products. Economics of forest transport and the wood industries 8 Forest products and their utilization 9 Forests and forestry from the national point of view. Social economics of forestry 0 FORESTS, FORESTRY AND THE UTILIZATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS [For general regional accounts of forests and forestry see 904] N.B. The cipher 0 is the most general head of the scheme: it must on no account be subdivided except by means of auxiliary numbers or cross-references, i.e. the heads 01/09 are prohibited, but combinations such as 0--011 (= forest terminology) and 0(031) (= encyclopaedia of forestry) are allowed. For the auxil- iary numbers of subject --01/--09 see Appendix A (p.81) For auxiliary numbers of form and place the UDC numbers (0/9) are adopted. A selection of these is given in Appendix B (p. 87) For general monographs of individual species or other taxonomic groups see comment at 17. 1 FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT. BIOLOGY Primary subheads 10 General 11 Climate, situation, soil, hydrology (water conservation, soil conservation and erosion) 12 General biology 13 General zoology 14 Systematic zoology 15 Animal ecology. Game and fish management. Hunting, shooting and fishing 16 General botany 17 Systematic botany 18 Plant ecology 19 Miscellaneous 10 GENERAL 101 Site studies and site surveys in the broadest sense [For particular aspects, see the appropri- ate sub-divisions of the system, e.g. for soil surveys see 114.7] 11 SITE FACTORS: CLIMATE, SITUATION, SOIL, HYDROLOGY (WATER CONSERVATION, SOIL CONSERVATION AND EROSION) 111 The atmosphere. Meteorology. Climate and microclimate (Subdivided in parallel with UDC 551.5, which see for more detailed subdivisions if needed) [For damage by atmospheric factors see subheads of 42; for atmospheric factors contributing to for- est fire danger see 431] 111.0 Practical meteorology (methods, data, forecasts, etc.) 111.1 Composition, structure, mechanics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere in general 111.104 Composition 111.105 General structure 111.11 Mechanics, thermodynamics 111.13 General circulation 111.15 Atmospheric formations and disturbances. Changes. [Subdivide in parallel with UDC 551.5] 111.2 Radiation and temperature 111.21 Radiation 111.211 Solar 111.212 Terrestrial 111.213 Absorption, scattering and transmission in the atmosphere 111.216 Radiation of particular wavelengths 111.219 Other radiations 111.24 Air temperature 111.4 Atmospheric pressure 111.5 Wind 111.7 Humidity, evaporation. Clouds etc. Precipitation. [For hydrological aspects see 116] 111.71 Humidity Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/15 111.73 Evaporation 111.74 Condensation and deposits 111.744 On the earth’s surface 111.744.1 Liquid (dew) 111.744.2 Solid (rime, glazed ice etc.) 111.747 On objects in the upper atmosphere 111.75 Fog and mist 111.76 Clouds 111.77 Precipitation in general 111.771 Structure, formation and dissolution, classification 111.772 Distribution at the earth’s surface 111.773 Variations 111.78 Particular kinds of precipitation 111.781 Rain, drizzle 111.783 Mixed snow and rain 111.784 Snow, granular snow, sleet, ice needles 111.787 Hail 111.789 Other kinds of precipitation 111.8 Climatology 111.81 Solar climate. Climatic zones. Influence of latitude 111.82 Climate of particular places and regions. Climatological monographs 111.83 Climatic changes. Palaeoclimatology 111.84 Microclimate. Microclimatology 111.85 Climatic types 111.86 Biometeorology. Bioclimatology 111.87 Monographs on the upper atmosphere 111.88 Influence of environment 111.9 Various influences and phenomena 111.902 Cosmic influences 111.91 Visibility 111.93 Optical phenomena 111.94 Electrical phenomena 111.96 Acoustic phenomena 113 Situation 113.1 Longitude and latitude 113.2 Altitude 113.3 Gradient and aspect 113.4 Configuration of ground. Topography 113.9 Miscellaneous 114 Soil. Soil science 114.1 Soil physics (Arranged in parallel with UDC 631.43) 114.11 Specific gravity. Density. Compaction 114.12 Moisture. Soil water. Permeability. Absorption. Hygroscopicity. [For hydrological aspects see 116.2] 114.122 Moisture content 114.123 Permeability. Filtration. [Infiltration capacity] 114.124 Absorption. Water-retaining capacity 114.125 Hygroscopicity 114.129 Miscellaneous [including Groundwater] 114.13 Air and gases in the soil; soil atmosphere; soil respiration 114.14 Soil structure and consistence. Homogeneity 114.15 Soil texture. Analysis 114.16 Soil temperature 114.17 Electrical properties of the soil 114.19 Miscellaneous 114.2 Soil chemistry. Analysis (Arranged in parallel with UDC 631.41) 114.22 Physico-chemical properties in general 114.23 Electro-chemical soil properties. Exchange of ions. I/16 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 114.231 Buffering, buffer capacity 114.234 Base exchange 114.239 Miscellaneous 114.24 Colloidal properties 114.242 Colloidal state 114.243 Absorption 114.249 Miscellaneous 114.25 Soil reaction; acidity, pH; soil acidification 114.26 Inorganic chemistry of soils 114.261 Nitrogen and nitrogen compounds 114.262 Phosphorus and phosphorus compounds 114.263 Other non-metals and their compounds 114.264 Potassium and potassium compounds 114.265 Sodium and sodium compounds 114.267 Calcium and calcium compounds 114.268 Other metals and their compounds 114.269 Miscellaneous 114.27 Organic chemistry of soils 114.28 The soil solution 114.29 Miscellaneous 114.3 Soil formation. The soil profile and its development 114.30 Soil-forming processes in general 114.31 Relation to climate. Effects of water movement (general), leaching etc. 114.32 Geological considerations. Weathering. Influence of parent material 114.33 Relation to vegetative cover 114.34 Relation to other factors 114.35/.36 The horizons of the profile 114.35 Litter and humus layers 114.351 Litter 114.354 Humus layers in general 114.355 Mor. Raw humus 114.356 Mull. Mild humus 114.359 Miscellaneous 114.36 “Mineral soil” in general. A-C horizons 114.361 A horizons, eluvial horizons. Surface pans and concretions 114.362 B horizons, illuvial horizons. Pans and concretions below the surface 114.363 C horizons 114.364 Gley horizons 114.369 Miscellaneous 114.38 Depth of soil 114.39 Miscellaneous 114.4 Soil classification. Soil types 114.41 General matters 114.411 Spatial disposition (catenas etc.) 114.44 Genetic classification of soil types 114.441 Zonal soils of humid climates 114.441.1 Tundra soils 114.441.2 Podzols 114.441.3 Brown earths 114.441.4 Grey-brown podzolic soils 114.441.5 Degraded chernozems 114.441.6 Prairie soils 114.441.7 Subtropical and tropical analogues. Lateritic and laterite soils. Red and yellow earths. Terra rossa 114.441.9 Miscellaneous earth 114.442 Zonal soils of semi-arid and arid climates 114.442.1 Chernozems 114.442.2 Chestnut earths 114.442.3 Brown semi-desert soils Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/17 114.442.4 Grey semi-desert soils 114.442.5 Desert soils (temperate) 114.442.7 Subtropical and tropical analogues. Tropical chernozems to red desert soils 114.442.9 Miscellaneous 114.443 Non-peaty groundwater soils 114.443.1 Gleys. Meadow soils 114.443.7 Vlei soils 114.443.9 Miscellaneous 114.444 Peat soils. Fenny soils [See also 232.23 for peatland forestry] 114.445 Saline and alkali soils 114.445.1 Saline soils (solonchak) 114.445.2 Alkali soils (solonetz. szik soils) 114.445.3 Degraded alkali soils (soloti) 114.445.9 Miscellaneous 114.446 Other intrazonal soils 114.446.1 Rendzinas 114.446.9 Miscellaneous 114.447 Alluvium 114.448 Skeletal soils 114.449 Miscellaneous 114.449.8 Industrial tips. Spoil mounds 114.449.9 Miscellaneous 114.46 Traditional (mainly textural) soil classification 114.461 Humus soils 114.462 Sandy soils 114.463 Clay and silt soils 114.464 Loam soils 114.465 Calcareous soils 114.466 Stony soils 114.467 Moraine soils 114.468 Loess soils 114.469 Miscellaneous 114.49 Miscellaneous 114.5 Soil fertility. Soil toxicity 114.52 Soil fertility. Nutrients [For fertilizers etc. see subheads of 2, especially 237.4; forest men- surational aspects see 54] 114.521 Determination of soil fertility 114.521.2 Physical methods 114.521.3 Chemical methods 114.521.4 Biological methods 114.521.5 Plant analysis 114.521.6 Indicator plants (bioindicators) 114.521.7 Vegetation as an indicator; plant communities (e.g. Cajander’s ‘forest types’) [See also 182.3 for units of vegetation (associations etc.): theory and 182.4 for layer communi- ties] 114.521.9 Miscellaneous 114.529 Miscellaneous 114.53 Soil toxicity 114.54 Fertilizer requirements 114.58 Soil depletion and exhaustion 114.59 Miscellaneous 114.6 Soil biology (Arranged in parallel with UDC 631.46) 114.61 Fermenting bacteria. Nitrification, denitrification etc. 114.66 Other microflora 114.67 Microfauna 114.68 Macrobiology 114.69 Miscellaneous 114.7 Soil surveys and surveying 114.9 Miscellaneous I/18 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 116 Hydrology. Water conservation, soil conservation and erosion. Watershed management 116.1 Effects of vegetation on precipitation, evaporation (including transpiration) and atmospheric humidity etc. 116.11 Canopy interception of rain; drip, stemflow etc. 116.12 Storage and distribution of snow (including effects on soil temperature etc.) 116.121 Snow pack 116.121.1 Formation and deposition of snow, meteorological and morphological factors of snow cover development 116.121.2 Snowdrift 116.121.3 Evolution of the snow cover, physics and properties of snow 116.121.31 Classification of snow, properties of snow 116.121.32 Metamorphism of snow 116.121.33 Energy balance, radiation, heat exchange 116.121.4 Mechanics of snow, stress and forces 116.122 Avalanche 116.122.1 Avalanche formation (release) and types of avalanches (classification) 116.122.2 Avalanche dynamics, avalanche forces and track characteristics 116.123 Safety measures and risk management 116.123.1 Permanent control of avalanches and snow 116.123.12 Avalanche control by vegetation - forest control. Avalanche protection forest (including influences of vegetation on snow deposit, snow cover and avalanche dynamics) 116.123.121 Forest and vegetation control (protection against avalanche release and snow gliding) 116.123.122 Protection against erosion and minimising damage on vegetation and forest 116.123.13 Avalanche control: Engineering works 116.123.131 Engineering works, starting zone 116.123.132 Engineering works: avalanche track, runout zone 116.123.14 Hazard mapping 116.123.2 Temporary control of avalanches and snow 116.123.21 Avalanche warning 116.123.22 Release of avalanches by explosives 116.123.23 Temporary closures of roads 116.123.24 Evacuation of buildings during hazardous times 116.129 Miscellaneous 116.13 Evaporation, transpiration, humidity and temperature 116.14 Amount of local precipitation (fog-drip etc.) 116.19 Miscellaneous 116.2 Studies of infiltration, run-off and water erosion 116.21 Effects of meteorological factors 116.23 Effects of topography 116.24 Effects of soil factors and geological formation 116.25 Effects of vegetation 116.26 Effects of pastoral use 116.27 Effects of cropping practices 116.28 Effects of forestry practices (polluted water) (See also UDC 628.19 for pollution of water sources and supply (causes, prevention and removal) 116.29 Miscellaneous 116.3 Studies on stream-flow and bank erosion [Subdivide if necessary as 116.2] 116.4 Special studies of wind erosion [Subdivide if necessary as 116.2] 116.5 Erosion along roads, railways and canals 116.6 General accounts of erosion and practical erosion control 116.61 Control on pastured land 116.62 Contouring. Control by special methods of soil cultivation 116.63 Control by farm cropping practices 116.64 Control by forestry practices. [Use chiefly as a cross-reference from 266 (Shelterbelts) and 233 (Afforestation)] 116.65 Control on burnt or otherwise prepared areas, roadsides etc. by special cover. 116.69 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/19 116.7 Special measures for the correction and maintenance of water channels 116.8 Coast erosion and protection. Special measures for sand fixation (on the coast or inland) 116.81 Coast erosion and protection in general 116.82 Sand fixation (on the coast or inland) 116.89 Miscellaneous 116.9 Miscellaneous (e.g. water resources.) 116.91 Water quality 12 GENERAL BIOLOGY 120 General ecology. General ecosystems 121 Biodiversity [See also 188 Forest communities; 152 Animal sociology, animal communities; 182 Synecology. Plant sociology (general, principles and methods); 907 Indirect significance of forests, conservation and environment protection; UDC 574.1 Biodiversity] 13 GENERAL ZOOLOGY 130 Animal biochemistry 131 Physiology 131.1 Blood, blood circulation 131.2 Respiration 131.3 Nutrition. Digestion. Senescence 131.4 Secretion. Excretion. Lymph; glands in general 131.6 Physiology of reproduction. Pregnancy 131.7 Movement. Locomotion 131.8 Function of the nervous system 131.9 Miscellaneous 132 Pathology. Teratology. Deformities 133 Embryology. Ontogeny 134 Organology. Anatomy 134.1 Circulatory system 134.2 Respiratory system 134.3 Alimentary system. Organs of nutrition 134.4 Lymph system 134.6 Reproductive organs. Urogenital system. Mammae 134.7 Organs of movement. Locomotory organs 134.8 Nervous system 134.9 Miscellaneous 135 Phylogeny, evolution. Heredity, genetics and breeding, variation 136 Economic zoology (general) 136.0 Wild animals 136.1 Useful animals 136.5 Harmful animals [See preferably subheads of 45] 136.6 Endangered animals [cf. also 907.13] 138 Histology 139 Miscellaneous 14 SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY [It is recommended that the heads 142/149 be subdivided in parallel with UDC 592/599. A skeleton guide to the main divisions is given below, but users requiring numbers for individual families should consult the UDC for detail. See also comment at 17] 142 Invertebrata 143 Plasmodroma (Protozoa, coelenterates, sponges etc.) 144 Protostomata. Mollusca I/20 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 145 Articulata 145.1 Vermes, e.g. nematodes 145.2 Arthropoda 145.3 Branchiata. Crustacea 145.4 Arachnida 145.42 Acarina 145.5 Onychophora. Protracheata 145.6 Myriapoda 145.7 Insecta [See appendix C] 147/149 Vertebrata 147.2/.5 Pisces 147.6 Amphibia 148.1 Reptilia 148.2 Aves 149 Mammalia 149.1 Monotremata 149.2 Marsupialia 149.3 Eutheria 149.31 Edentata 149.32 Rodentia. Lagomorpha. 149.36 Insectivora 149.38 Macroscelididae 149.39 Dermoptera. Cynocephalidae. Colugos. 149.4 Chiroptera 149.5 Cetacea. Sirenia 149.6 Proboscidea. Elephantidae. Hyracoidea. Procaviidae. Tubulidentata. Orycteropodidae. Aardvark. 149.72 Perissodactyla 149.73 Artiodactyla 149.74 Carnivora 149.78 Scandentia, Tupaiidae 149.8 Primates 149.9 Miscellaneous 15 ANIMAL ECOLOGY. GAME AND FISH MANAGEMENT; HUNTING, SHOOTING AND FISHING 150 Ecosystems 151 Mode of life, autecology, habits, adaptability 151.1 Climatic (meteorological) requirements 151.2 Dispersion 151.21 Change of locality, Migration, Orientation 151.22 Hibernation etc. 151.3 Nutrition 151.35 Special modes of nutrition 151.351 Symbiosis 151.352 Parasitism 151.359 Miscellaneous 151.4 Natural enemies 151.41 Predators 151.42 Parasites 151.5 Social and reproductive behaviour within the species or group [For sociology see 152] 151.6 Psychology. Instinct etc. 151.7 Protective devices 151.8 Production of sound 151.9 Miscellaneous 152 Animal sociology, animal communities 153 Fluctuations and cycles of population Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/21 153.1 Regular population cycles 153.2 Irregular population cycles 153.3 Other fluctuations of populations 153.4 Control of population cycles 156 Game management. Hunting and shooting 156.1 Fundamental game science (natural history, diseases, pests etc. of game) [With cross-refer- ences as appropriate to sections 12 to 15] 156.2 Management of game populations (game surveys, management plans; protection of game and hunting; game reserves etc.) [Cross-reference, if necessary, to 907] 156.3 Hunting and shooting (technique, weapons, hounds etc.) 156.4 Products of hunting and shooting and their utilization [Cross-reference, if necessary, to 893] 156.41 Venison 156.42 Antlers, heads, pelts, skins, hides etc. 156.5 Game damage and protection against game damage [Cross-reference, if necessary, to 451.2/.4] 156.6 Game policy and legislation (economic, administrative and social aspects) 156.7 History of game management and hunting 156.9 Miscellaneous (including statistics) 157 Fish management. Fishing 159 Miscellaneous 16 GENERAL BOTANY 160 Plant chemistry (Subdivided in parallel with UDC 581.192/.198) 160.2 Chemical composition. Analysis 160.201 Foliage 160.202 Bark 160.203 Roots etc. 160.204 Wood 160.21 Ash constituents. Mineral constituents 160.22 Organic constituents 160.24 Elements and compounds essential to the plant 160.241 Carbon, carbon compounds 160.242 Water 160.243 Macro nutrients (N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg) 160.244 Micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Cu) 160.25 Elements and compounds not essential to the plant 160.26 Elements and compounds which are harmful or poisonous to the plant 160.27 Stimulants 160.28 Mutual influence of constituents. Protective action of salts 160.29 Miscellaneous 161 Physiology (Subdivided, except .5 and .9. in parallel with UDC 581.1) 161.1 Circulation of water and gases. Absorption. Exudation. Transpiration. (Only the mechanism of these processes is considered here) 161.11 Absorption (uptake) of liquids and solutes 161.12 Circulation of liquids and solutes. Sap flow 161.13 Exudation of water and solutes 161.14 Absorption of gases 161.15 Circulation of gases 161.16 Transpiration. Emission of gases 161.19 Miscellaneous 161.2 Catabolic processes. Respiration 161.3 Assimilation. Reserves. Secretion 161.31 Assimilation in autotrophic plants: general 161.32 Carbon assimilation. Photosynthesis 161.33 Assimilation of other substances by autotrophic plants 161.34 Reserves: formation, translocation, mobilization and digestion 161.35 Secretion, excretion 161.36 Partial resorption of degenerated parts 161.37 Assimilation in heterotrophic plants I/22 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 161.38 Symbiosis, metabiosis. [Physiological aspects only: for ecological aspects see 181.351] 161.39 Miscellaneous 161.4 Physiology of development, physiology of growth, including growth regulators 161.41 Dormancy 161.6 Physiology of reproduction. [See preferably 165 or 181.5] 161.7 Cell physiology 161.8 Movements; irritability; sensitivity to stimuli, tropisms etc. 161.9 Miscellaneous 162 Pathology and teratology [See preferably the subheads of 4] 163 Embryology 164 Morphology. (Subdivided in parallel with UDC 581.4) 164.2 Thallus. Organs of lower plants 164.3 Roots. Nutritional organs 164.4 Stems (trunk), shoots, branches, twigs, buds 164.5 Leaves, needles 164.6 Flowers and inflorescences, (including flower buds). Pollen 164.7 Fruits 164.8 Seeds 164.9 Miscellaneous 165 Phylogeny, evolution. Heredity, genetics and breeding, variation 165.1 Phylogeny, evolution 165.2 Molecular genetics, Molecular biology, Genomics, Genetic mapping 165.3 Heredity, genetics and breeding, variation: general [For practical applications see 232.13 and 232.311.3] 165.4 Basic methods of breeding. Cytogenetics; chromosomes and genes 165.41 Breeding by selfing and crossing (including cytogenetics) 165.42 Chromosomes of taxonomic groups 165.43 Breeding by using mutations 165.44 Breeding by asexual reproduction, clones (Cf. also 181.51) 165.441 Breeding by clones 165.442 Breeding by tissue culture 165.45 Quantitative genetics 165.46 Breeding strategies 165.49 Miscellaneous 165.5 Natural variation 165.51 Morphological 165.52 Geographical 165.53 Physiological 165.55 Conservation genetics; ex-situ & in-situ conservation 165.59 Miscellaneous 165.6 Selection 165.61 Natural 165.62 Artificial; plus trees 165.69 Miscellaneous 165.7 Hybrids (taxonomic aspects) 165.71 Natural 165.72 Artificial 165.73 Chimaeras, graft hybrids 165.79 Miscellaneous 165.8 Biotechnology 165.9 Miscellaneous 166 Economic botany (general) 166.1 Useful plants. [See preferably Forest Products under 8 and its subheads] 166.5 Harmful plants. [See preferably Weeds, Diseases, etc., under 4 and its subheads] 166.6 Endangered plants [cf. also 907.12] 168 Cytology and histology 169 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/23 17 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [It is recommended that the heads 172/179 be subdivided in parallel with UDC 582.2/.9. A skeleton guide to the main subdivisions is given below, but users requiring numbers for individual families should consult the UDC for detail. Note that numbers are provided in the UDC for families, genera and many individual species of wood under the head 674.03, in parallel with UDC 582.2/.9. Alternatively, under the rule at (1d) in the Introductory Note, the numbers given below may be subdivided alphabetically to genus and species, e.g. 174.7 Picea abies. The numbers that follow, with their further subdivisions (alphabetical or numerical) can serve, by using cross-references, as an index to any other information on the plants concerned, as well as pure taxonomy. The procedure is explained by examples in sec- tion (3) of the Introduction.Two further examples: (a) General monographs on individual taxonomic units (chiefly species) may be referenced as 0 : 17..., or 0-- 17..., or 17...--0; (b) their general silviculture is treated similarly as 2 : 17..., or 2--17..., or 17...--2. If only one card can be allowed, the third method has the advantage of collecting all the information on e.g. a species in a single place in the catalogue viz. at 17...--. If desired, the same procedure may be used for animals, under 14.] 170.1 Herbaria 172 Bacteria, algae and fungi 172.1 Cryptogams 172.2 Thallophyta 172.3 Schizophyta, Schizomycetes, Schizophyceae (bacteria and blue-green algae) 172.4 Phytosarcodina, Myxothallophyta, Myxomycetes (slime fungi) 172.5 Flagellates 172.6 Algae 172.8 Eumycetes (true fungi) 172.9 Lichens 173.1 Archegoniatae. Asiphonogamous embryophyta 173.2 Bryophyta (liverworts and mosses) 173.5 Pteridophyta, vascular cryptogams (horsetails, ferns etc.) 174 Embryophyta. Siphonogamia. Spermatophyta. Phanerogams. Seed-plants in general. Dendrology 174.2 Gymnospermae 174.4 Cycadales 174.6 Ginkgoales 174.7 Coniferae 174.9 Gnetales 175 Angiospermae 175.2 Monocotyledoneae 176.1 Dicotyledoneae 18 PLANT ECOLOGY 180 Ecosystems 181 Mode of life, autecology. Silvicultural characters of trees 181.1 Distribution, natural range 181.2 Atmospheric relations. Acclimatization. [Where possible, refer for preference to subheads of 4: influence of environmental pollution see 181.45] 181.21 Light relations 181.211 Light requirements and tolerance in general 181.212 Seasonal light requirements and tolerance; photoperiodic behaviour 181.213 Effect of light in the environment 181.219 Miscellaneous 181.22 Temperature relations 181.221 Temperature requirements and tolerance in general 181.221.1 Reaction to cold 181.221.2 Reaction to heat [Reaction to drought see 181.31; reaction to fire see 181.43] 181.221.9 Miscellaneous 181.222 Seasonal temperature requirements and tolerance; thermoperiodic behaviour I/24 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 181.223 Effect of temperature in the environment 181.229 Miscellaneous 181.23 Relations to wind and other air movements 181.231 Wind tolerance in general 181.232 Reaction to particular types of wind 181.233 Effects of wind and other air movements 181.24 Reaction to precipitations (e.g. snow, hail) [Cf. also Water relations 181.31] 181.26 Relation to electrical phenomena (lightning etc.) 181.28 Acclimatization 181.29 Miscellaneous 181.3 Water, soil and root relations 181.31 Water relations 181.311 Water requirements 181.312 Role in the water cycle 181.319 Miscellaneous 181.32 Soil and nutrient relations (general) 181.33 Physical soil relations 181.34 Soil nutrient and chemical soil relations 181.341 Nutrient requirements 181.342 Chemical factors affecting nutrient uptake (pH, Eh, aeration etc.) 181.343 Effect on the soil 181.349 Miscellaneous 181.35 Special modes of nutrition 181.351 Symbiotic relationships (bacterial and mycorrhizal symbiosis etc.) 181.352 Parasitism 181.359 Miscellaneous 181.36 Root relations and root development etc. 181.37 Desertification 181.39 Miscellaneous 181.4 Reaction including resistance to biotic influences, fire and environmental pollution [Where possible, refer for preference to subheads of 4] 181.41 Plant competition, allelopathy, etc. 181.42 Influence of animals 181.43 Influence of fire 181.45 Influence of environmental pollution 181.48 Influence of man (e.g. recreation) 181.49 Miscellaneous 181.5 Reproductive behaviour 181.51 Asexual (vegetative) reproduction, clones. [Cf. also 165.44] 181.52 Sexual reproduction 181.521 Flowering and pollination 181.522 Fruiting 181.523 Seed dispersal 181.524 Seed longevity, dormancy etc. 181.525 Germination and seedling development 181.526 Pollen: Viability, Dispersion 181.529 Miscellaneous 181.59 Miscellaneous 181.6 Life form, habit. Post-seedling development and form 181.61 Life form. Habit. (General) 181.62 Crown form and crown relations 181.63 Persistence or shedding of branches. Self-pruning. Epicormics 181.64 Stem form [For mensurational aspects see 524.1] 181.65 Growth (increment) as influenced by environment (including silvicultural treatment) 181.66 Lammas shoot 181.69 Miscellaneous 181.7 Duration, longevity; stature; records of exceptional age or size. Effects of age on behaviour 181.71 Duration, longevity; stature; records of exceptional age or size Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/25 181.75 Effects of age on behaviour 181.76 Dead trees (including the ecological role after death of plants or parts of plants, e.g. stand- ing dead trees, slumps, fallen logs) [for litter proper see 114.351] 181.79 Miscellaneous 181.8 Phenology 181.9 Miscellaneous 182 Synecology. Plant sociology (general, principles and methods) 182.1 Palaeoecology. Palaeobotany. History of vegetation. Pollen analysis [See also 561.24 for vari- ations and trends, dendrochronology] 182.2 Succession, alternation and periodicity in vegetation 182.21 Succession. Seral communities and seres 182.22 Climaxes and proclimaxes 182.23 Ecotones 182.24 Spatial alternation. Alternes 182.25 Temporal alternation (e.g. alternation of dominants) 182.28 Seasonal aspects 182.29 Miscellaneous 182.3 Units of vegetation (associations etc.): theory 182.4 Layer communities 182.41 Dominant tree layer 182.42 Understorey tree layers 182.43 Lianes 182.44 Epiphytes (stem and branch) 182.45 Epiphyllous plants 182.46 Shrub layers [See also 289.5] 182.47/.48 Ground layers 182.47 Herbaceous layers 182.48 Moss or lichen layers [See also 289.6] 182.49 Miscellaneous 182.5 Synecological measurements and methods 182.51 Statistical expression of structure. Measures of density, frequency, constancy etc. 182.52 Detailed analysis by quadrats, transects etc. 182.53 Manipulation of vegetation as an experimental method 182.54 Manipulation of biotic factors as an experimental method 182.55 Manipulation of (abiotic) site factors as an experimental method 182.58 Methods of general vegetational survey and mapping 182.59 Miscellaneous 182.8 Ecology of artificial (cultivated) plant communities etc. 182.9 Miscellaneous 187* Vegetation types, ecotypes [See 114.521 for soil fertility] 188* Forest communities 189* Miscellaneous 19 MISCELLANEOUS I/26 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 2 SILVICULTURE Primary subheads 22 Silvicultural systems. Constitution and composition of stands; forms of stand 23 Regeneration and formation of stands 24 Tending of stands or trees 25 Treatment of defective, derelict or very open stands 26 Combinations of forestry with agriculture and pastoral husbandry, (agroforestry). Irrigated and floodland forests, shelterbelts etc., and their treatment 27 Arboreta. Arboriculture for ornamental purposes. Hedges and hedge plants 28 Husbandry (growing and collection) of forest products other than wood 29 Miscellaneous 22 SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS. CONSTITUTION AND COMPOSITION OF STANDS; FORMS OF STAND 221 High forest systems 221.0 The basic types of felling (‘Hiebsarten’) 221.01 Clear felling 221.02 Shelterwood felling 221.03 Fellings affording marginal shelter (‘Randhieb’) 221.04 Selection felling 221.09 Miscellaneous 221.1 Clear-felling system. [Clear-strip systems see 221.221 and 221.222] 221.2 Systems of successive regeneration fellings 221.21 Uniform system. ‘Seed-tree method’ 221.22 Strip systems 221.221 Progressive clear-strip system 221.222 Alternate clear-strip system 221.223 Shelterwood strip system 221.224 Wagner’s Blendersaumschlag 221.225 Wedge system 221.226 Strip-and-group system 221.229 Miscellaneous 221.23 Group system. Irregular shelterwood system, Femelschlag (Swiss etc.) 221.29 Miscellaneous 221.4 Selection systems 221.41 Selection system proper 221.411 Group selection system 221.42 “Selective logging” 221.49 Miscellaneous 221.5 Accessory systems 221.51 High forest with reserves (standards) 221.52 Two-storeyed high forest 221.59 Miscellaneous 221.6 Dauerwald, continuous forest 221.9 Miscellaneous 222 Coppice, pollarding and lopping systems 222.1 Coppice with standards 222.2 Simple and shelterwood coppice 222.21 Simple coppice 222.22 Selection coppice 222.23 Shelterwood coppice Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/27 222.29 Miscellaneous 222.3 Pollarding and lopping systems 222.9 Miscellaneous 223 Protection forest 226 Changes of silvicultural system. Conversion (by system or species) 228 Constitution and composition of stands; forms of stand 228.0 Choice of species and form of mixture 228.1 Density. Dominance and suppression. Tree classes 228.11 Overhead cover and density. [For branchiness, epicormics etc. see 181.63] 228.12 Dominance and suppression 228.125 Tree classes 228.129 Miscellaneous 228.2/.3 Pure and mixed stands 228.2 Pure stands 228.3 Mixed stands 228.5/.6 Even-aged and uneven-aged stands 228.5 Even-aged stands 228.6 Uneven-aged stands 228.7/.8 Artificial and natural stands 228.7 Artificial stands. Plantations 228.8 Natural stands 228.81 Virgin stands 228.82 Natural stands obtained after cutting. “Second-growth” stands [For forest management of second growth forests combine with 63] 228.9 Miscellaneous e.g border trees and shrubs as a protective surround 23 REGENERATION AND FORMATION OF STANDS 230 Forms of regeneration 230.1 Regeneration over large areas 230.2 Regeneration by groups 230.3 Regeneration by strips 230.9 Miscellaneous 231 Natural regeneration 231.1 Natural regeneration obtained from advance growth. [For planting in advance see 235.2] 231.3 Preparatory measures for securing natural regeneration 231.31 Manipulation of canopy 231.32 Manipulation of undergrowth and ground vegetation 231.321 By cutting, scraping etc. 231.322 By burning 231.323 By grazing 231.324 By poisoning 231.329 Miscellaneous 231.33 Manipulation of soil 231.331 Soil cultivation 231.332 Fertilizing 231.339 Miscellaneous 231.39 Miscellaneous 231.4 Natural regeneration from coppice. [Cf. also 222] 231.41 Effect of season of cutting 231.42 Effect of height of cutting 231.43 Effect of age or size of trees cut 231.44 Effect of trimming stumps 231.49 Miscellaneous 231.5 Natural regeneration from root suckers 231.9 Miscellaneous I/28 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 232 Artificial regeneration 232.1 Choice and trial of species, races etc. 232.11 Species trials (including forest gardens, trials of exotics etc.) 232.12 Races and provenance trials 232.13 Trials of hybrids and other products of tree breeding. [Cf. also 165 and 232.311.3] 232.19 Miscellaneous 232.2 Preparatory work, auxiliary measures 232.21 Pretreatment and preparation of site 232.211 Clearing the ground 232.212 Grazing 232.213 Burning 232.214 Other herbage control 232.215 Draining 232.216 Soil preparation, including ploughing 232.217 Irrigation (before sowing or planting) 232.219 Miscellaneous. [For pre-cropping with trees or shrubs as nurses see 235.2] 232.22 Artificial regeneration combined with agriculture. [Cf. also 261] 232.23 Peatland forestry [See also 114.444 Peat soils] 232.29 Miscellaneous 232.3 Seed, nursery practice, direct sowing 232.31 Seed 232.311 Seed production (seed years, seed crops etc.) 232.311.1 Seed years, seed crops 232.311.2 From elite trees and stands 232.311.3 Seed orchards, dwarf grafts, etc., including methods of inducing seed production 232.311.4 Preventing seed production (e.g. transgenic experiments) 232.311.9 Miscellaneous 232.312 Seed collection, extraction and grading (processing) 232.312.1 Collection 232.312.2 Extraction 232.312.3 Sorting and grading (including effect on germination and subsequent growth) 232.312.31 Seed weights 232.312.4 Processing 232.312.9 Miscellaneous 232.314 Seed purchase, trade and transport (including seed certification and legislation for this purpose)(phytosanitary problems)(exchange of germplasm). Intellectual property rights 232.315 Seed storage and treatment 232.315.1 Disinfection and disinfestation of seed. Fumigation 232.315.2 Methods of storage. [For longevity of seed see 181.524] 232.315.3 Seed pretreatment, including stratification and vernalization 232.315.4 Seed dressings 232.315.9 Miscellaneous 232.318 Seed testing. Germination tests. Seed quality 232.319 Miscellaneous 232.32 Plant rearing. Nursery practice 232.320 Nurseries 232.321 Nursery sites, including factors affecting selection of sites for nurseries 232.322 Preparation and treatment of soil, including maintenance of fertility 232.322.1 Nursery rotations, including fallowing, green manuring, leys and crop rotations 232.322.2 Sterilization 232.322.3 Acidification 232.322.4 Use of manures, fertilizers, composts, etc. (including general information on fertilizers) 232.322.41 Inorganic fertilizers 232.322.411 Nitrogen fertilizers 232.322.412 Phosphate fertilizers 232.322.414 Potassium fertilizers 232.322.417 Calcium fertilizers; lime 232.322.419 Miscellaneous 232.322.42 Trace elements Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/29 232.322.43 Organic manures, except composts (e.g. sewage sludge) 232.322.44 Composts and composting, including use of litter and household refuse 232.322.45 Inoculation 232.322.49 Miscellaneous, including soil conditioners, e.g. Krilium 232.322.5 Cultivation and soil working; tilth conditions 232.322.6 Formation of beds 232.322.9 Miscellaneous 232.323 Sowing and covering 232.323.1 Methods of sowing (drilling, broadcasting, etc., including mechanical methods) 232.323.2 Density of sowing and quantity of seed 232.323.3 Date and season of sowing 232.323.4 Weather and soil conditions at time of sowing 232.323.5 Covering media and depth of covering 232.323.6 Rolling and compacting seedbeds 232.323.7 Special intensive methods (e.g. use of glass, soil heating etc.) 232.323.9 Miscellaneous 232.324 Transplanting and lining out 232.324.1 Lifting of seedlings, including methods and equipment 232.324.2 Grading of seedlings for lining out. Effect of seedling size and quality on subsequent growth 232.324.3 Lining-out density 232.324.4 Season and date of lining out 232.324.9 Miscellaneous 232.325 Tending (in both seedbeds and transplant beds) 232.325.1 Watering and irrigation 232.325.2 Weeding, weed control and cultivation 232.325.21 Hand weeding and hoeing 232.325.22 Mechanical methods 232.325.23 Flame gun, flame hoe, torches 232.325.24 Weed killers 232.325.29 Miscellaneous 232.325.3 Mulching 232.325.4 Thinning out of seedlings 232.325.5 Acclimatization and “hardening off” of nursery plants 232.325.9 Miscellaneous 232.326 Salvage of overgrown seedlings and transplants. Root or shoot pruning etc. 232.326.1 Root pruning 232.326.2 Wrenching and undercutting 232.326.3 Shoot pruning 232.326.9 Miscellaneous 232.327 Protection measures in nurseries 232.327.1 Against inorganic agencies 232.327.11 Sheltering from wind and rain 232.327.12 Shading (against insolation) 232.327.13 Protection from frost 232.327.19 Miscellaneous 232.327.2 Against fungus and virus diseases 232.327.3 Against mammals and birds 232.327.4 Against insects and other animals 232.327.9 Miscellaneous 232.328 Vegetative propagation 232.328.1 By stem cuttings 232.328.2 By root cuttings 232.328.3 By root suckers 232.328.4 By layering 232.328.5 By budding and grafting 232.328.6 Tissue culture 232.328.9 Miscellaneous 232.329 Miscellaneous I/30 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 232.329.1 Greenhouses 232.329.2 Heated frames 232.329.3 Cold frames 232.329.4 Phytotron 232.329.6 Raising in pots, tubes, containers etc. 232.329.9 Miscellaneous 232.33 Formation of stands by direct sowing. [For spacing see 232.43] 232.331 Type of sowing (patch, line etc) 232.332 Use of compost and fertilizer (including mulching, soil inoculation etc.) 232.333 Density of sowing and quantity of seed 232.334 Method of covering 232.335 Date and season of sowing 232.336 Protective measures 232.337 Tools and equipment, including mechanical methods 232.338 Air seeding 232.339 Miscellaneous 232.4 Formation of stands by planting 232.41 Planting stock 232.411 Sources of stock. Plant acquisition and trade. Kind of stock 232.411.1 Sources of stock: plant acquisition and trade (including certification of planting stock and legislation for this purpose) 232.411.2 Age and type 232.411.3 Grading and size 232.411.4 Vegetatively propagated stock; clonal forestry 232.411.5 Stock produced by different nursery treatments 232.411.6 Use of natural forest (wilding) stock 232.411.9 Miscellaneous 232.412 Handling and treatment of stock 232.412.1 Lifting 232.412.2 Root pruning, shoot pruning, stumping 232.412.3 Heeling in (including early lifting, burying etc.) 232.412.4 Exposure of plants before planting (including transport, methods of packing, etc.) 232.412.5 Puddling 232.412.6 Root and plant dressings (protective) 232.412.7 Cold storage 232.412.9 Miscellaneous 232.42 Methods of planting. Fertilizers etc. 232.421 Notching, pitting, mounding etc. 232.422 Position of plant on turf, furrow etc. (including slant planting) 232.423 Depth of planting 232.424 Care in planting (including effect, if any, of careless planting methods) 232.425 Manuring, mulching and soil inoculation at time of planting 232.425.1 Inorganic fertilizers (including trace elements) 232.425.2 Organic manures e.g. sewage sludge, composts, green manuring, etc. 232.425.3 Mulching 232.425.4 Soil inoculation 232.425.9 Miscellaneous 232.427 Planting tools and mechanical methods of planting 232.429 Miscellaneous methods of planting, including ball planting, bunch planting etc. 232.43 Spacing and arrangement in plantations 232.44 Season and time of planting 232.49 Miscellaneous 232.5 Artificial formation of stands by vegetative propagation (e.g. direct planting of unrooted cut- tings) 233* Afforestation (of particular types of land). [Cross-reference, as appropriate, to subdivisions of 114.4, 116, or 187. For afforestation policy see 913/914] 234* Formation of forest by natural succession. [Cf. 182.21] Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/31 235 Underplanting, advance planting etc. Nurses and formation of mixtures 235.1 Underplanting 235.2 Planting in advance, shelterwoods and pioneer crops 235.4 Nurses and auxiliary species 235.41 Trees 235.42 Shrubs and cover crops 235.5 Formation of (“long-term”) mixture 235.6 Interplanting (“enrichment”) of inferior growth with more valuable species 235.9 Miscellaneous 236 Care of regeneration or plantations in the initial stages of establishment 236.1 Weeding 236.2 Tending of the young crop itself, respacing (removal of plants or cutting back to improve growth and form, or for the regulation of mixtures etc. [Cf. also 241] 236.3 Sheltering and shading 236.4 Supervision (including inspection paths). Regeneration surveys 236.5 Filling blanks (beating up) 236.6 Treatment of failed or partially failed plantations 236.9 Miscellaneous 237 Amelioration of forest sites. [For engineering aspects see 385, and for economic aspects see 651.7] 237.1 Ploughing or soil working 237.2 Draining 237.3 Mounding and mulching 237.4 Use of fertilizers, manures e.g. sewage sludge, composts of soil inoculations [Subdivide, if necessary, as 232.322.4] 237.5 Interplanting 237.51 With substitute species 237.52 With nurses 237.6 Irrigation 237.7 Tools and equipment incl. mechanical methods 237.9 Miscellaneous (including turf lifting) 238 Timber plantation crops requiring special treatment. Biomass (e.g. Poplar plantations, rootwood of Erica arborea etc.) [including intensive silviculture of plan- tations for extra rapid growth on short rotations, and information on species suitable for this pur- pose. (Use for general matter on this topic, but reference individual operations under the appro- priate heads, e.g.pruning under 245.1)] 239 Miscellaneous 24 TENDING OF STANDS AND TREES 241 Cleanings, precommercial thinning(s) and respacing. [Cf. also 236.2] 242* Thinnings 243* Opening of the canopy (increment fellings, overhead release and improvement fellings) 243.8 Girdling and poisoning 243.9 Miscellaneous 244 Climber cutting etc. 245 Tending of trees 245.1 Pruning and brashing. Tree surgery 245.11 Brashing 245.12 Dry pruning 245.13 Green pruning 245.14 Bud pruning 245.17 Pruning tools and equipment 245.18 Tree surgery 245.19 Miscellaneous 245.9 Miscellaneous 249 Miscellaneous e.g. control of undesirable undergrowth (including shrubs and coppice) I/32 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 25 TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE, DERELICT OR VERY OPEN STANDS 26 COMBINATIONS OF FORESTRY WITH AGRICULTURE AND PASTORAL HUS- BANDRY, (AGROFORESTRY). IRRIGATED AND FLOODLAND FORESTS, SHELTERBELTS ETC., AND THEIR TREATMENT 261 Alternate forestry and agriculture, periodic or temporary agricultural use of forest land 261.1 High forest with field crops (traditional European forms) 261.2 Coppice with field crops (traditional European forms) 261.3 Shifting cultivation. [For taungya method of plantation establishment alone see 232.22] 261.9 Miscellaneous 262 Fuel and fodder forests. Energy forests (short rotation plantations) 263 Irrigated forests. Forests subject to flooding or seepage (Auewald) 264 Farm forests 265 Strips or lines at road, rail and canal sides etc.; hedgerow trees (see 274); alley cropping 266 Shelterbelts, windbreaks 267 Border, fringe of a forest 268 Pastured forests. Grazing on forest and open ranges 268.1 Forest grazing; forest pastures 268.2 Grazing on open ranges; open pastures 268.3 Forage plants. [Cf. also 268.44] 268.4 Maintenance and improvement of pastures 268.41 Revegetation 268.43 Control of animal pests 268.44 Undesirable plants and their eradication 268.49 Miscellaneous 268.5 Forage types and yields 268.6 Organization and control of grazing 268.9 Miscellaneous 269 Miscellaneous 27 ARBORETA, ARBORICULTURE FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES. HEDGES AND HEDGE PLANTS 270 Urban forestry 270.9 Damage by plants, e.g. trees to buildings 271 Arboreta 272 Parks 273 Ornamental street and roadside trees 273.1 Trees for seaside planting 274 Hedges and hedge plants 278 Dwarf trees e.g. bonsai 279 Miscellaneous 28 HUSBANDRY [GROWING AND COLLECTION] OF FOREST PRODUCTS OTHER THAN WOOD 281 Christmas trees 282 Bark crops 282.1 Tanbark 282.2 Cork Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/33 282.3 Medicinal barks 282.4 Bark for fibre products 282.9 Miscellaneous 283 Fruit and seed crops (from trees) 283.1 Fruit crops 283.2 Nut crops 283.3 Seed crops 283.4 Seed fibres 283.9 Miscellaneous 284 Crops tapped for exudations 284.1 Resin crops 284.2 Gum crops 284.3 Latex crops 284.4 Sap-sugar crops 284.9 Miscellaneous 285 Leaf crops. [For leaf fodder see 262] 286 Osier-growing 287 Bamboo- and cane-growing 288 Crops grown for animal products (e.g. lac, silkworms) 289 Husbandry (growing) of other non-wood products 289.1 Mushrooms 289.4 Shade trees for crops 289.5 Berries from undergrowth [See also 182.46/182.47] 289.6 Lichens [See also 182.44 and 182.48] 289.61 Lichens for food (reindeer) 289.62 Lichens for decoration 289.9 Miscellaneous 29 MISCELLANEOUS I/34 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 3 WORK SCIENCE (WORK STUDIES). HARVESTING OF WOOD: LOG- GING AND TRANSPORT. FOREST ENGINEERING Primary subheads 30 Work science (work studies): general 31 Logging and transport: general 32 Felling and related operations 33 Degree of utilization and waste. Clearing the felling site 34 Storage of wood in the forest and at log dumps (landings) 35 Performance measurements for determining piece rates in felling and related operations 36 Tools, machines and equipment for felling and related operations 37 Transport 38 Forest engineering 39 Miscellaneous 30 WORK SCIENCE (WORK STUDIES): GENERAL [The numbers in this section may be cross-referenced, as appropriate, to any others in the sys- tem that deal with operations, e.g. especially the subdivisions of 2-Silviculture, 38- Forest Engineering, 4-Forest Protection and 5-Mensuration and Survey (q.v.)] (This subject is dealt with on a broader basis at UDC 658) 300 General 301 Methods of study 302 Man and work (physiology and psychology). Ergonomics [For social problems see 96] 303 Training in work science and efficiency 304 Hygiene. Safety. Accidents and their prevention. [For workers’ insurance see 964] 305 Sequence of work and performance. Calculation of wages based on performance measurements (time and performance tables, evaluation of work) 306 Conditions affecting work (climate, site, stand etc.) 307 Mechanization: tools, equipment, machines. Working animals 308 Planning (organization) of work. [For administrative aspects see 684] 309 Miscellaneous 31 LOGGING AND TRANSPORT: GENERAL 311 Planning of logging operations 312 Descriptions of individual logging operations [as distinct from the individual phases of logging, for which see 32] 319 Miscellaneous 32 FELLING AND RELATED OPERATIONS [For performance measurements see 35; equipment etc. see 36] 321 Marking 322 Preparatory measures other than marking. Felling season 322.1 Felling season 322.2 Measures to reduce moisture content of the wood Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/35 322.3 Measures to facilitate barking. Chemical barking 322.4 Measures to reduce fungus and insect attack 322.5 Lopping and topping in advance of felling; removal of buttresses etc. 322.6 Clearing felling areas of obstacles; “pre-logging” 322.9 Miscellaneous 323 Felling and subsequent primary conversion 323.1 Felling 323.11 With axe and hand saw 323.12 With machine saws 323.13 With other machines 323.19 Miscellaneous 323.2 Trimming (“limbing”) 323.3 Marking for cross-cutting. Measurement. [For mensurational methods see 5] 323.4 Cross-cutting 323.5 Barking 323.6 Cleaving 323.7 “Nosing” logs for skidding 323.8 Rough hewing. Hand sawing 323.9 Miscellaneous 324 Stacking 325* Sorting and assortments of wood in the rough. [For purely industrial aspects the subheads of 8 may be used] 326 Sequence of operations (including, e.g., felling instructions, traditional order of operations, pri- mary conversion after extraction, composition of gangs, one-man work in logging) 327 Inventory and control of fellings and of work in felling and related operations 329 Miscellaneous 33 DEGREE OF UTILIZATION AND WASTE. CLEARING THE FELLING SITE 331 Degree of utilization and waste: general 331.1 Biomass (whole tree harvesting) 331.2 Crown wood 331.3 Branch wood 331.4 Bark 331.5 Litter 332 Clearing the felling site 332.1 Re-logging 332.2 Disposal of snags and stumps 332.3 Slash disposal (smaller material) 332.4 Clearing sites for uses other than forestry 332.9 Miscellaneous 333 Harvesting of small wood (e.g. from tending operations) 333.3 Chipping. Energy wood [outside the forest see 825.71 and 839.3] 334 Salvage fellings 339 Miscellaneous 34 STORAGE OF WOOD IN THE FOREST AND AT LOG DUMPS (“LANDINGS”) [At mills and timberyards see 848] I/36 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 35 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS FOR DETERMINING PIECE RATES IN FELLING AND RELATED OPERATIONS 352 Performance studies in felling and related operations 353 Performance tables, wage tariffs and piece rates 355 Statistics of performance and earnings; comparisons of performance 356 Conditions affecting work (weather, site, stand, type of wood etc.) 359 Miscellaneous 36 TOOLS, MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT FOR FELLING AND RELATED OPERATIONS 360 Felling and logging machines: general (harvesters, processors, etc.) 361 Barking tools and machines 361.0 General. Theory of bark removal 361.2 Barking irons or spuds 361.3 Draw-knives, draw-shaves 361.4 Tools for barking during the sap-flow period 361.7 Barking machines 361.8 Maintenance of barking tools and machines 361.9 Miscellaneous 362 Sawing tools and machines 362.0 General. Theory of sawing. Saw teeth 362.1 One-man saws in general 362.2 Bow-saws (including two-man bow-saws) 362.3 One-man cross-cut saws (Fuchsschwanzsägen) 362.4 Two-man cross-cut saws (Zugsägen) 362.5 Ripsaws, pitsaws 362.7 Power saws 362.8 Saw maintenance 362.9 Miscellaneous 363 Tools and machines for cutting (hewing) and cleaving 363.0 General. Theory of cutting and cleaving 363.1 Axes, adzes etc. 363.2 Billhooks, machetes, knives, thinning shears 363.3 Cleaving hammers 363.4 Wedges 363.5 Cleaving machines 363.7 Chipping machines and brushwood cutters (chippers) 363.8 Maintenance of cutters and cleavers 363.9 Miscellaneous 364 Tools and equipment for handling wood 364.1 Peavies, cant hooks 364.2 Pickaroons, “Sappi” (“Sapine”) 364.5 Log levers and jacks (to prevent saw pinching when cross-cutting) 364.6 Trestles 364.7 Auxiliary equipment for felling and bringing down lodged trees (“hang-ups”) 364.9 Miscellaneous 365 Measuring and marking tools and equipment 365.1 Paint guns etc. (for marking standing or felled trees) 365.2 Bark-blazers, scribes, rissers (for marking standing or felled trees) 365.3 Die-hammers, marking hammers etc. 365.5 Calipers and gauges 365.7 Measuring sticks, tree compasses, measuring strings and tapes etc. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/37 365.8 Measuring sticks combined with calipers 365.9 Miscellaneous 367 Stump-grubbing tools and equipment. [For technique see 332.2] 367.0 General. Vertical versus horizontal pulling or levering 367.2 Manually-operated tripod stump-pullers 367.3 Manually-operated windlass stump-pullers 367.4 Other stump-grubbing machines 367.5 Other devices. [For explosives cross-reference to 381.1] 367.6 Auxiliary stump-grubbing equipment 367.9 Miscellaneous 369 Miscellaneous (e.g. faggot-binders, ladders, climbing equipment) 37 TRANSPORT 371 Loading and unloading. [See 377.1 for equipment rather than methods] 372 Land and air transport: general. [See 377 and its subheads for literature on equipment rather than methods] 373 By chutes, slides, sledge-ways and flumes 373.0 General. Friction, gravity 373.2 Chutes and similar, but more or less improvised, installations: their construction and opera- tion 373.3 Slides and sledge-ways: their construction and operation 373.4 Flumes: their construction and operation 373.9 Miscellaneous 374 By man and animals 374.1 By man 374.2 By animals: general 374.3 By horses, mules, donkeys 374.4 By oxen, buffaloes 374.6 By elephants 374.9 Miscellaneous (e.g. camels) 375 By mechanical methods, other than aircraft 375.1 By cable methods 375.11 Ground line and winch 375.12 Overhead lines 375.13 Letting down wood by hand-controlled cable (Abseilen) 375.2 By sledge 375.4 By tractor (wheeled or caterpillar) 375.5 By lorry (truck) 375.7 By forest railways 375.8 By public railways 375.9 Miscellaneous (e.g. air cushion vehicles) 376 By aircraft (Helicopter logging) 377 Equipment for loading and unloading, skidding and hauling [See preferably 371/376 and use the following subheads only for equipment as such] 377.1 Loading and unloading equipment 377.2 Cables and winches etc. 377.21 Cables 377.22 Winches 377.23 Engines 377.29 Miscellaneous 377.3 Sledges 377.31 Supporting one end of the logs (including skidding pans) 377.32 Supporting both ends of the logs (including paired sledges for this purpose) 377.33 With racks or containers for small wood I/38 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 377.37 Motor sledges 377.39 Miscellaneous 377.4 Wheeled vehicles (including crawler tractors). [For railway vehicles see 377.72] 377.41 Logging arches and wheels (supporting one end of the logs) 377.42 Waggons and trailers for timber, supporting the logs at both ends (including semi-trailer vehicles) 377.43 Waggons and trailers for small wood (including handcarts, trolleys and barrows) 377.44 Tractors (wheeled or crawler) 377.45 Lorries (trucks) 377.49 Miscellaneous 377.7 Forest railways 377.71 Track 377.72 Rolling stock 377.73 Locomotives 377.79 Miscellaneous 377.8 Hand tools 377.9 Miscellaneous 378 Water transport 378.1 Getting wood into and out of the water 378.2 Bundling 378.3 Loose floating, driving and rafting of wood 378.31 Loose floating and driving 378.32 Loose floating and driving combined with rafting 378.33 Rafting: general 378.34 Rafting on inland waters 378.35 Rafting by sea 378.4 Problems of stranding, sinking etc. of timber 378.41/.43 Stranded timber 378.41 Measures to prevent stranding 378.42 Salvage of stranded timber 378.44/.46 Sunken timber 378.44 Measures to prevent sinking 378.45 Salvage of sunken timber 378.5 Sorting of timber floated jointly 378.7 Equipment, booms and installations in connection with floating and rafting. [For engineering structures see 386] 378.8 Transport by barges and boats; loading and unloading of barges and boats 378.9 Miscellaneous 379 Miscellaneous 38 FOREST ENGINEERING [For logging and transport methods and equipment see subheads of 37] 381 Materials 381.1 Explosives and their use 381.2 Constructional materials 381.9 Miscellaneous 382 Buildings 382.3 Logging camps. Huts and shelters for workers 382.4 Look-out towers 382.7 Staff and labour quarters 382.8 Stabling. Animal quarters 382.9 Miscellaneous 383 Roads and bridges. [For planning of road network see 686] 383.1 Permanent roads and their technical planning 383.2 Temporary roads and their technical planning (including snow and ice roads) 383.3 Grading 383.4 Road surfaces and their maintenance Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/39 383.6 Earth roads, mixed road surfaces and their maintenance 383.7 Machines and equipment 383.8 Bridges and culverts. Loading platforms etc. 383.9 Miscellaneous 384 Protective works, including torrent training [For other stream training, see 386] 384.1 Against avalanches, landslips etc. 384.2 Against erosion in general 384.3 Torrent training 384.9 Miscellaneous 385 Drainage, irrigation, sedimentation. Water supply [For silvicultural aspects see 237; for econom- ic aspects see 651.7] 385.1 Drainage 385.2 Irrigation 385.3 Sedimentation 385.6 Water supply (wells etc.) 385.9 Miscellaneous 386 Waterways, stream training: (Engineering aspects) [For torrent training see 384.3, for installations in connection with floating and rafting see prefer- ably 378 and subheads; other aspects see 116.7] 387 Telecommunications e.g. transmission lines [cf. also 917] 387.1 Mobile phones 387.2 Wireless equipment, computer networks 387.3 Global positioning systems (GPS) 389 Miscellaneous 39 MISCELLANEOUS I/40 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 4 FOREST INJURIES AND PROTECTION Primary subheads 41 General technique of forest protection. Types of injury 42 Injuries from inorganic agencies (excluding fire) 43 Forest fires 44 Damage by harmful plants. Virus diseases 45 Damage by animals 46 Damage to tree growth by man 48 Injuries due to unknown or complex causes (arranged by tree species) 49 Miscellaneous 41 GENERAL TECHNIQUE OF FOREST PROTECTION. TYPES OF INJURY [For cross-reference as required] 410 General methodology for diagnosis and monitoring of damage and damage factors (DNA and visual analysis, microscopy etc.). Phytosanitary inspections. 411 Natural and biological control 411.1 Natural enemies concerned in control 411.11 Lower invertebrates 411.12 Insects and other anthropods 411.13 Amphibia and reptiles 411.14 Birds 411.15 Mammals 411.16 Bacteria and fungi 411.18 Virus diseases 411.19 Miscellaneous 412 Silvicultural control 413 Physical and mechanical control 413.1 Trapping, with simultaneous or subsequent destruction 413.2 Direct destruction by shooting, picking, removal of plant or affected part etc. 413.3 Direct destruction by heat, fire etc. 413.4 Repulsion by physical or mechanical means; scaring 413.5 Impedance by barriers; screens, guards etc. [For simple fencing see 451.4] 413.9 Miscellaneous 414 Chemical control 414.1 Protective preparations classified by their mode of action 414.11 Poison baits (including attractants) 414.12 Pesticides 414.13 Growth regulators 414.14 Repellents 414.16 Auxiliary materials (diluents, adhesives etc.) 414.19 Miscellaneous 414.2 Application: methods and equipment 414.21 Dusting 414.22 Spraying 414.23 Fumigation, generation of aerosols and smokes 414.24 Surface coating (painting etc.) 414.26 Plant injection 414.27 Soil injection 414.29 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/41 414.4 Side effects of chemical treatments including toxicity (e.g. on soil, wild and domestic animals) 414.9 Miscellaneous 415 Other means of control 415.1 Integrated pest management 416 Types of injury 416.1 To buds, leaves and shoots 416.11 Defoliation 416.12 Mining 416.13 Galls 416.14 Curls, distortions 416.15 Spots, discolorations 416.16 Wilts, die-back 416.17 Witches’ brooms 416.19 Miscellaneous 416.2 To flowers, cones, fruits and seed 416.3 To roots and butt 416.4 To bark and cambium 416.5 To wood 416.9 Miscellaneous 419 Miscellaneous 42 INJURIES FROM INORGANIC AGENCIES (EXCLUDING FIRE) 421 Air currents 421.1 Storms 421.2 Constant winds 422 Temperature influences. Insolation 422.1 Frost and low temperature 422.11 Early frost 422.12 Late frost 422.13 Frost heaving 422.14 Soil freezing 422.15 Low winter temperature 422.18 Frost pockets etc. 422.19 Miscellaneous 422.2 Heat. Drought 422.3 Sun scorch 422.9 Miscellaneous 423 Precipitations 423.1 Rain 423.2 Hoar-frost. Rime 423.3 Glazed ice 423.4 Snow 423.5 Avalanches 423.6 Hail. Congealed snowflakes 423.9 Miscellaneous 424 Soil conditions; erosion effects 424.1 Erosion and deposition. Landslides etc. 424.2 Flooding. Waterlogging 424.4 Injuries due to salt 424.5 Injurious (e.g. toxic) constituents 424.6 Injuries due to fertilizers 424.7 Nutrient deficiencies. Chlorosis 424.9 Miscellaneous I/42 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 425 Chemical influences (atmospheric). Pollution (chemical impacts of air-born pollutants. Pollution, Depositions) 425.1 Gases and suspended matter 425.11 Acidic components 425.13 Photooxidants and organic components 425.19 Miscellaneous 425.2 Salt spray 425.3 Acid precipitation 425.4 Metals 425.9 Miscellaneous 426 Electrical and cosmic influences 426.1 Lightning 426.2 Volcanic ash. Solid particles in the atmosphere. Dust 426.4 Radioactivity 426.9 Miscellaneous 429 Miscellaneous 43 FOREST FIRES 430 Country reports incl. statistics 431 Predisposing factors and causes. Fire danger. Fire behaviour 431.1 Weather 431.2 Nature and condition of combustible material 431.3 Human agency and other causes 431.4 Seasonal and other periodic variations 431.5 Fire-danger rating. Current fire danger and forecasting of fire danger 431.6 Types and behaviour of fires 431.9 Miscellaneous 432 Prevention and control 432.0 General preparedness and organization (“pre-suppression,” general) 432.1 Advance measures (to prevent fires, reduce fire danger or restrict fire spread) 432.11 In regard to railways 432.12 In regard to logging installations 432.13 In regard to smokers and campers 432.14 In regard to incendiarism 432.15 In regard to other causes of fire 432.16 Reduction of fire danger. [For controlled burning see 436 : 432.16] 432.17 Use of permanent living firebreaks 432.18 Use of permanent cleared firebreaks 432.19 Miscellaneous 432.2 Detection and reporting 432.21 Look-out system [For construction of towers see 382.4] 432.22 Ground patrols 432.23 Aerial observation 432.24 Use of reports from outside observers 432.29 Miscellaneous 432.3 Suppression 432.31 Appraisal of situation and forces needed. Dispatch and transport of teams and supplies 432.32 Plans of operation: strategy and tactics 432.33 Basic methods of suppression 432.331 Use of water, liquids, foam 432.332 Use of soil and fire lines 432.333 Beating or raking out etc. 432.334 Counter-(back-)firing 432.339 Miscellaneous 432.34 Selection and mode of application of basic methods 432.35 Auxiliary dispositions (e.g. lighting at night) 432.36 Size, duties etc. of firefighting teams Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/43 432.37 Mopping up and patrolling 432.38 Analysis of action and results 432.39 Miscellaneous 432.9 Miscellaneous 433 Salvage and disposal of fire-damaged timber. [Cross-reference to other appropriate heads] 434 Revegetation etc. of burnt areas. [Cross-reference to other appropriate heads] 435 Benefits of fire control. Injurious effects of fire 435.1 Benefits of fire control: general 435.2 Fire losses, fire damage to timber stands from the economic point of view 435.3 Injuries to trees-types and effects 435.4 Injuries to human life and property 435.9 Miscellaneous. [Reference other injuries here, and cross-reference to appropriate subject] 436 Beneficial effects of fire. Uses of fire in silviculture and other forms of husbandry [These can best be subdivided by cross-reference, e.g. Burning in preparation for natural regener- ation 436 : 231.322 Burning in preparation for artificial regeneration 437 : 232.213 Burning (con- trolled) to reduce fire danger 436 : 432.16 Burning for control of fungus diseases 436 : 443 etc.] 437 Effects on environment and ecology (of forest fires) 439 Miscellaneous 44 DAMAGE BY HARMFUL PLANTS. VIRUS DISEASES 440 General matters. Predisposing factors and causes (including forecasting of outbreaks). [Cross-reference to other subdivisions of 44 as appropriate] 441 Forest weeds 442 Parasitic (higher) plants. Climbers and epiphytes 442.1 Parasites e.g. Mistletoe 442.2 Epiphytes 442.3 Climbers 443 Fungi and bacteria 443.2 Diseases of seed and seedlings; damping off etc. 443.3 Diseases of older stages 443.4 Mycoplasma 444 Virus diseases 449 Miscellaneous 45 DAMAGE BY ANIMALS 450 General matters. Predisposing factors and causes (including forecasting of outbreaks). [Cross-reference to other subdivisions of 45, as appropriate] 451 Mammals [to subdivide refer to families under 14 or alternatively (as described under Rule 1d in the Introduction) numbers may be subdivided alphabetically by genus and species] 451.1 Domestic mammals 451.2 Wild mammals 451.4 Fencing etc. 452 Birds 453 Insects [to subdivide refer to families under 14 or alternatively (as described under Rule 1d in the Introduction) numbers may be subdivided alphabetically by orders and families (Appendix C)] 454 Nematodes 459 Other animals I/44 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 46 DAMAGE TO TREE GROWTH BY MAN 461 Logging damage 462 Injurious removal of produce 463 Damage by road construction 468 Damage by recreation 469 Miscellaneous 48 INJURIES DUE TO UNKNOWN OR COMPLEX CAUSES (ARRANGED BY TREE SPECIES) 49 MISCELLANEOUS Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/45 5 FOREST MENSURATION. INCREMENT; DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF STANDS. SURVEYING AND MAPPING Primary subheads 51 Systems and units of measurement (including conversion tables) 52 Measurements of the stem dimensions and volume of trees, stands, forests and timber 53 Special measurements of trees and stands (crown dimensions, stand density, etc.) 54 Assessment of site quality 55 Age determination 56 Increment, Development of stand structure 57 Forest condition monitoring 58 Surveying and mapping. Aerial survey 59 Miscellaneous 51 SYSTEMS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (INCLUDING CONVERSION TABLES) 511 Metric system: general. [Reference general conversion tables to British and American systems as 511(083.5) : 512] 512 British and American systems: general 513 Other systems: general 514 Linear and area measures 514.1 Metric system 514.2 British and American measures 514.9 Miscellaneous 516 Solid volume 516.1 Metric system 516.11 True measure 516.15 Trade (nominal, customary) measure 516.19 Miscellaneous 516.2 British and American measures 516.21 True cu.-ft. measure etc. 516.22 True bd.-ft. (super-ft.) measure etc. 516.25 Hoppus (quarter-girth) measure 516.26 Bd.-ft. measure by log rules. [For application to scaling see 526.6] 516.29 Miscellaneous 516.9 Miscellaneous 517 Stacked volume. [For converting factors see 527] 517.1 Metric system 517.2 British and American measures 517.9 Miscellaneous 518 Weight 518.1 Metric system 518.2 British and American measures 518.9 Miscellaneous 519 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/47 52 MEASUREMENTS OF THE STEM DIMENSIONS AND VOLUME OF TREES, STANDS, FORESTS AND TIMBER 521 Diameter (girth) and sectional area 521.1 Diameter (girth): general 521.2 At breast height 521.21 Of single stems 521.22 Of groups or stands. Mean diameter 521.23 Effects of eccentricity of section 521.24 Effects of rounding off exact values to particular intervals 521.25 Effects of errors in actual measurement 521.26 Determination in presence of root swelling, buttresses etc. 521.27 Estimation from stump measurements 521.29 Miscellaneous 521.3 At other positions 521.32 Mid-diameter (mid-girth) 521.321 Tables 521.329 Miscellaneous 521.39 Miscellaneous 521.5 Sectional area: general 521.51 Tables 521.6 Basal area (sectional area at breast height) 521.61 Of single stems 521.62 Of groups or stands. Mean basal area. Angle count method (relascope). Point sam- pling. [Cf. also 524.63] 521.69 Miscellaneous 521.7 Sectional area at other positions 521.9 Miscellaneous 522 Height, length 522.1 Of felled trees 522.2 Of individual standing trees 522.3 Of groups and stands (mean height) 522.31 Height curves and tables 523 Bark (including bark increment) 523.1 Thickness 523.2 Form, variation in thickness with position on stem 523.3 Volume. Bark % 523.9 Miscellaneous 524 Determination of the volume of trees and stands 524.1 Principles of volume determination. Form (Taper) 524.11 Geometrical solids and volume formulae based on these. Mathematical, mechanical and other expressions of form. [Cf. also 524.314] 524.12 Form factors and form height 524.121 Tables 524.13 Form quotient and form classes. Form point 524.131 Tables 524.14 Taper expressed as a gradient 524.15 Form of particular portions of the stem (top, root swelling etc.) 524.18 Form of branches 524.19 Miscellaneous 524.2 Volume of single trees 524.3 Volume of tree groups and stands (e.g. sample plots) [Include under this head methods of finding the volume of individual sample areas, but for recording procedure and for arrangement, shape and size of sample areas etc. see under 524.4 and 524.6] 524.31 Principles. Formulae and tables etc. 524.311 Principles 524.314 Empirical volume formulae. [Cf. also 524.11] I/48 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 524.315 Volume tables and their construction 524.319 Miscellaneous 524.32 Volume as determined by felling 524.33 Volume based on all trees but without selection of sample trees 524.34 Volume based on all trees plus sample-tree data. Mean-tree methods 524.36 Volume based on area and past felling records 524.37 Volume based on area and yield-table data 524.38 Ocular estimation 524.39 Miscellaneous 524.4 Recording of data. Organization of measuring parties and their work 524.41 Methods of recording data (tallies etc.) 524.46 Organization of measuring parties and their work 524.6 General surveys of forests and tracts of forest. Partial enumeration surveys, timber cruising 524.61 Large-scale (regional) “forest surveys” (general descriptions and methods). [For aerial sur- veys and remote sensing see 585; for results see 905.2] 524.62 Enumeration surveys of smaller areas 524.63 Sampling methods including point sampling [Cf. also 521.62] 524.631 Intensity, % of area sampled 524.632 Surveys based on strips 524.633 Surveys based on both strips and plots 524.634 Surveys based on plots 524.635 Size of sampling units (plots) 524.636 Shape of sampling units (plots) 524.637 Accuracy, reliability 524.639 Miscellaneous 524.69 Miscellaneous 524.9 Miscellaneous 525 Volume by assortments. Merchantable volume 525.1 Volume by assortments. Probable outturn in terms of particular products. Assortment volume tables 525.5 Merchantable dimensions and volume. Actual versus nominal outturn (including Ernteverlust) Deductions for defect etc. 525.9 Miscellaneous 526 Log measurement. “Scaling” 526.1 Measurement by weight 526.11 Weight tables 526.2 Volume by displacement of water etc. 526.5 Volume by formula 526.51 Based on top diameter 526.52 Based on mid-diameter or mean of top and butt diameters 526.53 Based on butt diameter 526.54 Measurement by sections 526.59 Miscellaneous 526.6 Volume by log rules 526.7 Conversion from one method to another 526.9 Miscellaneous 527 Solid volume of stacked products (including converting factors). [For units of stacked vol- ume see 517] 529 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/49 53 SPECIAL MEASUREMENTS OF TREES AND STANDS (CROWN DIMENSIONS, STAND DENSITY ETC.) 531 Crown dimensions, crown area, crown volume, crown ratio 532 Quantity and area of foliage 533 Crown density of stands 535 Density of stocking (by number of trees, basal area, volume etc.; both relative and absolute) 536 Surface area of stem and/or branches 537 Measurement of biomass (dry matter production) 539 Miscellaneous 54 ASSESSMENT OF SITE QUALITY [For soil and biological aspects see 114.5] 541 Based on height, diameter, volume etc. 542 By ecological methods 546 Changes of site quality 547 Relation of forest site quality to the production of wood 548 Relation of forest site quality to total production of vegetable matter 549 Miscellaneous 55 AGE DETERMINATION 551 In single trees with annual rings 552 In groups and stands with annual rings 553 In species having irregular or no growth rings 559 Miscellaneous 56 INCREMENT; DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF STANDS [For biological aspects see 181.6 and 228] 560 General matters (including sampling methods in increment determination) 561 Increment in height, diameter, basal area, form and quality 561.1 Height increment 561.2 Diameter (girth) and basal-area increment 561.21 Diameter (girth) increment: general 561.22 Sampling with increment borers 561.23 Handling and examination of increment cores 561.24 Variations and trends. Dendrochronology 561.25 Basal-area increment 561.26 Stem analysis [Cf. 562.16] 561.27 Stump analysis [Cf. 562.17] 561.29 Miscellaneous 561.3 Form increment 561.5 Quality increment 561.6 Increment % 561.9 Miscellaneous 562 Volume increment 562.1 Of single trees 562.16 Stem analysis [Cf. 561.26] 562.17 Stump analysis [Cf. 561.27] 562.2 Of groups and stands 562.21 Gross increment and net change 562.22 Mortality and thinnings I/50 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 562.23 Recruitment 562.4 Of groups and stands: methods of determination 562.41 By single measurement of sample trees 562.42 Méthode du contrôle. [For use in yield regulation see 62] 562.45 Other methods involving direct measurement 562.46 Indirect assessment (e.g. from yield tables) 562.49 Miscellaneous 562.9 Miscellaneous 563 Increment determination in species having irregular or no growth rings 564 Forecasting increment 565 Sample-plot technique 566 Yield tables and their construction. Yield models [For money yield tables see 653; for assortment yield tables cross-reference to 525.1] 567 Stand tables 568 Other mensurational studies of stand constitution and changes therein. Distribution of growth by tree classes etc. 569 Miscellaneous 57 FOREST CONDITION MONITORING 571 Sampling design, selection criteria, representativity 572 Sample tree 572.1 Assessment of crown condition 572.2 Assessment of defoliation 572.3 Assessment of discolouration 572.4 Assessment of mortality 572.9 Miscellaneous 573 Assessment of stem and crown damage 573.1 Assessment of biotic damage 573.2 Assessment of abiotic damage 573.9 Miscellaneous 58 SURVEYING AND MAPPING. AERIAL SURVEY 581/584 Ground surveys 581 Field work 582 Mapping. Technique of drawing-office and subsequent work 583 Application of maps to special purposes 584 Miscellaneous 585 Aerial reconnaissance and survey: general. Remote sensing 586 Aircraft, crew, flying conditions etc. 587 Aerial photography and photogrammetry. Satellites. 587.1 Photographic technique and equipment 587.2 Interpretation of photographs: general 587.3 Preparation of mosaics and maps 587.5 Applications in forest mensuration. [Cross-reference to appropriate heads] 587.6 Application to other forestry purposes 587.7 Applications in vegetation and land-use surveys 587.9 Miscellaneous 588 Visual reconnaissance 589 Miscellaneous 59 MISCELLANEOUS Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/51 6 FOREST MANAGEMENT. BUSINESS ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY. ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREST ENTERPRISES Primary subheads 61 Forest management: general, theory and principles 62 Methods of management. Working plans (Short and long term). Annual or periodic yield. Yield regulation 63 Other forest management questions 64 Forestry as a business; general 65 Special business problems of timber-growing 66 Costing of logging operations 67 Assessment of financial results; book-keeping and accountancy; business statistics; short-term planning and financing 68 Administration and organization of forest enterprises 69 Miscellaneous 61 FOREST MANAGEMENT: GENERAL, THEORY AND PRINCIPLES 611 Theory; sustained yield; progressive yield; sustainable forest management 612 Theory of growing stock and its relation to increment and yield (modelling, forest models) 613 Exploitability and rotation; short rotation forestry [see also 238] 614 Constitution and spatial arrangement of crop; choice of species and silvicultural systems in this respect; area, location and sequence of fellings-felling series, cutting sections etc. 615 Division of the area: forest and non-forest land; working circles and compartments etc. 618 Reserves of timber 619 Miscellaneous 62 METHODS OF MANAGEMENT. WORKING PLANS (SHORT AND LONG TERM). ANNUAL OR PERIODIC YIELD, YIELD REGULATION 621 Preliminary reports and reconnaissance 622 General description. Description of site and stand 624 Methods of management. Planning 624.1 Assessment of annual or periodic yield; yield regulation including allowable cut [For Working plans see also 628] 624.2 Planning of growing stock (quantity and composition) 624.3 Planning of particular measures (regeneration, afforestation, tending, conversion etc.) 624.4 Planning to minimize injuries 624.5 Criteria and indicators (for sustainable forest management) 624.6 Participatory planning 624.9 Miscellaneous 625 Control 626 Revision 627 Working plans for special conditions 627.1 Protection forests 627.2 Demonstration and experimental forests Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/53 627.3 Recreational forests etc. 627.5 Ecosystem management 627.9 Miscellaneous 628 Actual, working plans 629 Miscellaneous 63 OTHER FOREST MANAGEMENT QUESTIONS [For forest surveying and mapping see 58] 631 Management of wilderness areas etc. 633 Forest certification 64 FORESTRY AS A BUSINESS: GENERAL [For economics of particular cases, e.g. Christmas trees, plant and seed production, shooting etc., cross-reference to appropriate heads elsewhere in the classification] 641 Theory, methods, systems, development 642 Business peculiarities of timber-growing and logging 643 Classification of forest enterprises, their basic economic units and types of economic management 644 Significance and influence of various features of the enterprise and its parts 644.1 Site quality 644.2 Growing stock (quantity, quality, structure) 644.3 Location (relation to demand for products, transport facilities, labour supply etc.) 644.4 Size of enterprise or working unit 644.5 Form of ownership; combination with other branches of husbandry or industry 644.6 Forms of enterprise (especially the relation of the forest owner to logging operations), con- tract systems 644.7 Prices and wages (their relative and absolute levels, variations and trends) 644.8 Economics of tree improvement 644.9 Miscellaneous, e.g. forest rights (servitutes) etc. [Cf. 935.5] 646 Interest and the calculation of interest 648 History and general accounts of forest businesses, forms of ownership, groups of busi- nesses etc. 649 Miscellaneous 65 SPECIAL BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF TIMBER-GROWING 651 Calculation of costs and profitability (i.e. cost benefit analysis) 651.1 Theory and methods; costs and returns 651.2 Soil rental (Bodenrente), forest rental (Waldrente), profitability, of the forest (Waldrentabilität) 651.3 Indicating % 651.4 Mean annual forest % 651.5 Calculations of rotation 651.6 Production costs of standing timber 651.7 Costs and profitability of particular measures 651.71 Economic choice of species 651.72 Different methods of regeneration 651.73 Brashing and pruning 651.74 Thinning 651.75 Other tending operations 651.76 Management for non-wood products 651.78 Drainage 651.79 Miscellaneous 651.9 Miscellaneous I/54 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 652 Forest valuation 652.1 Theory and methods, different categories of value 652.2 Value of the soil (land) in general 652.3 Value of the growing stock (stand) in general 652.4 Value of the forest in general 652.5 Valuation for particular purposes 652.51 For sale and purchase. Stumpage 652.52 For taxation purposes 652.53 In cases of expropriation 652.54 In cases of damage and compensation for damage 652.55 For balance-sheet purposes 652.56 For social purposes (e.g. recreation) 652.57 Nature conservation 652.58 Forest concessions 652.59 Miscellaneous 652.9 Miscellaneous 653 Value increment of the stem; development and structure of the stand as regards value 654 Determination of the objects of business management 655 Value of non-wood products 656 Value of cultural heritage, landscape. Conservation costs 659 Miscellaneous 66 COSTING OF LOGGING OPERATIONS 661 Theory and methods, costs and returns 662 Costs of different phases of work (cost items) 662.1 Overhead costs and their distribution 662.2 Felling costs 662.3 Extraction costs. [For longer-range transport see 78 and its subheads] 662.4 Costs of log dumps (“landings”), timber storage costs etc. 662.9 Miscellaneous 663 Different kinds of cost (of logging operations) 663.1 Wages and salaries 663.2 Depreciation and interest. Costs of the various capital installations and equipment for logging operations 663.21 Tools and implements 663.22 Draught animals 663.23 Sledges, carts etc. 663.24 Motor lorries (trucks) and tractors 663.25 Temporary roads for the transport of wood 663.26 Permanent roads and other transport installations 663.27 Buildings 663.29 Miscellaneous 663.4 Losses during transport and storage 663.9 Miscellaneous 664 Costs of particular assortments of wood 665 Influence of stem and log size on costs 666 Influence of particular forms of management and silvicultural systems on costs 667 Budgetting and reviewing of costs 669 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/55 67 ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL RESULTS; BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTANCY; BUSINESS STATISTICS; SHORT-TERM PLANNING AND FINANCING 671 Income, returns; expenditure, outlay; surplus, profit; costs of permanent administrative arrangements 672 Assessment of financial results; balancing 672.1 Capital assets and their valuation (money, bills; timber stocks; tools, implements, machines; installations for communication; transport installations and buildings; forest land; growing stock; soil improvements etc.) 672.2 Balance of growth or calculated yield with cutting and mortality 672.3 Reserve funds, sinking funds 672.9 Miscellaneous 673 Book-keeping 673.1 For the whole forest business in general 673.2 For logging operations 673.9 Miscellaneous 674 Business statistics 674.1 Theory and methods 674.2 Data 676 Financing 676.1 Of particular measures 676.11 Forest improvements 676.12 Provision etc. of machines, buildings, transport installations 676.13 Logging operations 676.19 Miscellaneous 676.2 Different methods of financing (out of income, savings, sinking funds, credit, subsidies) 676.4 Certification and conservation 676.9 Miscellaneous 677 Short-term planning and budgetting 679 Miscellaneous 68 ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION OF FOREST ENTERPRISES 681 National (federal, state) forest services and administration 681.1 Position among and relation to government departments 681.2 Structure. Administrative branches and units 681.3 Staff: establishment: ranks and categories 681.4 Staff: conditions of service, responsibilities etc. 681.7 Administrative procedure 681.9 Miscellaneous 682 Private forest administration. Staff questions in private forestry 683 Office organization 684 Labour management 685 Planning and organization of telecommunications. [For engineering aspects see under 387] 685.1 Telephonic and telegraphic 685.2 Radio 685.3 Visual 685.4 Computers, networks 685.9 Miscellaneous 686 Planning and organization of buildings, transport installations (roads etc.). [For engineering aspects see under 383] 686.2 Buildings 686.3 Roads etc. I/56 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 686.31 Permanent road system 686.32 Temporary roads 686.33 Extraction lanes, rides etc. 686.34 Inspection paths 686.39 Miscellaneous 686.9 Miscellaneous 687 Planning and organization of the transport of men, supplies and equipment 687.1 Land transport 687.2 Water transport 687.3 Air transport 687.9 Miscellaneous 689 Miscellaneous 69 MISCELLANEOUS Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/57 7 MARKETING OF FOREST PRODUCTS. ECONOMICS OF FOREST TRANSPORT AND THE WOOD INDUSTRIES [Including minor forest products, for which cross-reference, if desired, to the product concerned] Primary subheads 71 Marketing of forest products: general 72 The quantitative aspect of marketing; demand and supply 73 Prices 74 Trade policy (other than trade customs and usages) 75 Trade customs and usages 76 Accountancy; business planning and administration in marketing 77 Marketing; miscellaneous 78 Economics of forest transport 79 Economics of the forest products industries 71 MARKETING OF FOREST PRODUCTS: GENERAL 711 Theory, methods, systematics. Market research in general 712 History and general accounts of businesses, self-contained units of businesses and groups of businesses 713 Classification of markets geographically and by assortments 714 Organizations, businesses (firms, brokers etc.) 717 Reviews of individual markets 718 Influence of competition from other products 719 Miscellaneous 72 THE QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF MARKETING; DEMAND AND SUPPLY 721 Domestic markets 721.1 Demand, consumption; supplies (including potential supplies) and stocks 721.2 Seasonal variations 721.3 Business cycles 721.4 Trends 721.5 Other trade variations 721.9 Miscellaneous 722 International markets 722.1 Demand, consumption: supplies and stocks; imports and exports [For duties see 742.3] 722.2 Seasonal variations 722.3 Business cycles 722.4 Trends 722.5 Other trade variations 722.9 Miscellaneous 73 PRICES 731 General; theory etc. 732 Price levels of different regions 733 Seasonal variations Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/59 734 Business cycles 735 Trends 736 Other variations 737 Price structure in relation to species and assortments 738 Stumpage 739 Miscellaneous 74 TRADE POLICY (OTHER THAN TRADE CUSTOMS AND USAGES) 741 Trade policy, domestic 741.0 Socialization, nationalization 741.1 Demand and consumption, government and private regulation of 741.2 Supply, government and private regulation of 741.3 Prices, government and private regulation of 741.4 Demand and supply, organization of (cartels, trusts, mergers etc.) 741.5 Information services 741.9 Miscellaneous 742 Trade policy, international 742.1 Agreements 742.11 State 742.12 Private 742.2 Subsidies 742.3 Duties 742.31 Import duties 742.32 Export duties 742.33 Transit duties 742.4 Permits, bans, quotas and other restrictions 742.41 Forest certification 742.5 International organization 742.6 Information services 742.9 Miscellaneous 75 TRADE CUSTOMS AND USAGES [For grading see 85] 751 General 752 Blank forms 753 Methods of sale (e.g. auction, tender) 754 Quantities and measurement 755 Time of delivery 756 Form and place of delivery (e.g. sale standing or felled, c.i.f., f.o.b. etc.) 757 Payment 759 Miscellaneous 76 ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION IN MARKETING 761 Costs and costing 762 Assessment of financial results. Balancing. Balance sheets 763 Book-keeping 764 Business statistics 765 Pricing I/60 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 766 Financing 767 Planning, budgetting 768 Administration of businesses and firms 769 Miscellaneous 77 MARKETING: MISCELLANEOUS 78 ECONOMICS OF FOREST TRANSPORT [For economics of logging see 66/67; for different methods of transport cross-reference to subdivi- sions of 37; for business statistics of logging operations see 674] 781 General 781.1 Theory, methods, systematics 781.2 History, monographs and general accounts of businesses, firms and groups of businesses 781.3 Geographical considerations 781.4 Organizations: businesses, firms, cartels, associations etc. 781.9 Miscellaneous 782 Quantities transported; their variations and trends 783 Tariffs, freights 784 Transport policy and other aspects of social economics in transport (except those included in 782/783) 784.2 Ownership policy; socialization, nationalization 784.3 Public regulation and supervision. Legislation 784.4 Other methods of implementing policy 784.41 Subsidies 784.42 Credits 784.43 Insurance (including the business economics of insurance) 784.49 Miscellaneous 784.9 Miscellaneous 785 Business practices and usages in transport 785.1 Obligations of purchaser and vendor 785.2 Forwarding, forwarding agencies 785.3 Chartering, shipping documents. Shipbrokers 785.9 Miscellaneous 786 Accountancy, business planning and administration of transport 786.1 Costs and costing 786.2 Assessment of financial results. Balancing. Balance sheets 786.3 Book-keeping 786.4 Business statistics 786.6 Financing 786.7 Planning, budgetting 786.8 Administration of businesses and firms 786.9 Miscellaneous 788 Ports, harbours 788.1 General descriptions of ports and harbours 788.2 Port customs and usages 788.3 Stevedoring. Loading and unloading 788.4 Storage in ports 788.9 Miscellaneous 789 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/61 79 ECONOMICS OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES [For the different industries cross-reference to subdivisions of 8] 791 Economics of the forest products industries: General. [For general statistics use 791(083.4)] 791.1 Theory, methods, systematics 791.2 History. Monographs and general accounts of businesses, firms and groups of businesses 791.3 Geographical considerations 791.4 Organizations: businesses, firms, cartels, associations etc. 791.9 Miscellaneous 792 Output of the forest products industries; its variations and trends 794 Industrial policy and other aspects of social economics in the forest products industries (except those included in 792) 794.2 Ownership policy; socialization, nationalization 794.3 Public regulation and supervision. Legislation 794.4 Other methods of implementing policy 794.41 Subsidies 794.42 Credits 794.43 Insurance (including the business economics of insurance) 794.49 Miscellaneous 794.9 Miscellaneous 796 Accountancy, business planning and administration in the forest products industries 796.1 Costs and costing 796.2 Assessment of financial results. Balancing. Balance sheets 796.3 Book-keeping 796.4 Business statistics 796.5 Pricing 796.6 Financing 796.7 Planning, budgetting 796.8 Administration of businesses and firms 796.9 Miscellaneous 799 Miscellaneous I/62 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 8 FOREST PRODUCTS AND THEIR UTILIZATION Primary subheads 81 Wood and bark: structure and properties 82 Conversion, shaping, assembly and finishing of wood: general 83 Timber manufacturing industries and products. Uses of wood as such 84 Preservative and other treatments to improve the properties of wood. Damage by biologi- cal agencies and its control. Seasoning. Timberyard practice (handling and storage) 85 Grading of wood and wood products 86 Pulp industries. Composite materials made wholly or partly from woody matter. Chemical utilization of wood 88 Economy in the use of wood. Replacement by competitive materials 89 Other (minor) forest products 81 WOOD AND BARK: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES 810 General information on woods. [Including monographs of individual wood species or groups of species. Subdivide by geograph- ical numbers (1/9) and by species, under 174/176, as cross-references or as described under rule 1(d) in the introduction] 811 Structure. Identification 811.1 Anatomical elements and tissues 811.11 The cell 811.112 Shape, dimensions etc. 811.115 Cell contents 811.119 Miscellaneous 811.12 Cell wall 811.126 Pits 811.13 Cambium 811.14 Vessels 811.141 Perforation plates 811.142 Grouping and arrangement 811.143 Size and number, and length of segments 811.144 Contents 811.149 Miscellaneous 811.15 Tracheids and fibres 811.151 Tracheids 811.152 Shape, dimensions 811.153 Ray tracheids 811.154 Tracheids: miscellaneous 811.155 Fibres 811.156 Shape, dimensions 811.158 Gelatinous fibres 811.159 Fibres: miscellaneous 811.16 Rays and parenchyma 811.161 Rays 811.164 Parenchyma 811.169 Miscellaneous 811.17 Pith 811.18 Xylem 811.19 Miscellaneous 811.2 Special features and abnormal structure (anatomical aspects). [For grading aspects see 85 and its subheads] Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/63 811.21 Storeyed structure 811.22 Reaction wood 811.24 Secretory elements 811.25 Intercellular canals and spaces 811.27 Pith flecks 811.28 Phloem elements in wood 811.281 Included phloem 811.282 Internal phloem 811.29 Miscellaneous 811.4 Growth rings. [Cf. also 811.2 and 815.2. See 561.24 for dendrochronology] 811.41 Early (spring) wood 811.42 Late (summer) wood 811.49 Miscellaneous 811.5 Sapwood and heartwood 811.51 Sapwood 811.52 Heartwood 811.53 Juvenile wood 811.54 Adult wood 811.59 Miscellaneous 811.6 Texture, grain, figure 811.61 Texture 811.64 Grain 811.67 Figure 811.69 Miscellaneous 811.7 Phloem; bark [For bark products see 892.4] 811.71 Primary phloem 811.72 Secondary phloem 811.73 Dilatation 811.79 Miscellaneous 811.9 Miscellaneous 812 Physical and mechanical properties 812.1 Optical, acoustic, frictional, thermal and electrical properties 812.11 Optical properties 812.111 Colour 812.115 Lustre 812.119 Miscellaneous 812.12 Acoustic properties 812.13 Frictional properties 812.14 Thermal properties 812.141 Conductivity and diffusivity 812.142 Expansion and contraction 812.143 Ignition and combustion. Fire resistance. [For chemical aspects see 813.4; fireproofing see 843] 812.144 Calorific value 812.145 Specific heat 812.149 Miscellaneous 812.15 Electrical properties 812.151 Conductivity 812.152 Dielectric constant and loss 812.159 Miscellaneous 812.2 Behaviour with liquids and gases 812.21 Moisture relations [For seasoning see 847] 812.210 Moisture measurement (methods) 812.211 Moisture content 812.212 Fibre-saturation point 812.213 Equilibrium moisture content 812.214 Shrinkage and swelling 812.215 Seasoning stresses and sets. [Cf. also 847.8 Correction of seasoning defects and 852.3 Grading of seasoning defects] I/64 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 812.219 Miscellaneous 812.22 Sorption of liquids and vapours other than water 812.23 Permeability; flow of liquids and vapours 812.231 Water and aqueous solutions 812.235 Other liquids 812.237 Vapours, gases 812.239 Miscellaneous 812.3 Density. Specific gravity. Buoyancy 812.31 Density. Specific gravity 812.35 Buoyancy 812.39 Miscellaneous 812.7 Strength properties: general. [For strength of joints, structures, boxes etc. cross-reference to the appropriate heads] 812.701 Elasticity 812.702 Plasticity 812.71 Bending 812.711 Static 812.712 Impact (including “toughness”) 812.719 Miscellaneous 812.72 Compression 812.73 “Hardness” and abrasion 812.731 Resistance to indentation 812.732 Resistance to cutting 812.733 Resistance to abrasion 812.739 Miscellaneous 812.74 Shear 812.75 Cleavage 812.76 Tension 812.77 Torsion 812.78 Fatigue 812.79 Miscellaneous 812.791 Nail- and screw-holding properties 812.792 Bolt-bearing properties 812.799 Miscellaneous 812.8 Workability. Working properties. [For hardness see 812.73] 812.9 Miscellaneous 813 Wood chemistry 813.1 Chief organic constituents. Constituents of the cell wall 813.11 Lignin 813.12 Carbohydrates. Holocellulose 813.13 Cellulose 813.14 Hemicelluloses 813.15 Pentosans 813.16 Hexosans 813.17 Polyuronides (including pectin) 813.19 Miscellaneous 813.2 Minor organic constituents. Extractives, xylitol, stanols 813.3 Ash constituents 813.4 Chemical effects of heat. Chemistry of thermal decomposition 813.5 Reaction with metals 813.6 Effect of chemicals on wood. Resistance to chemical attack 813.7 Odour and taste 813.8 Poisonous and irritant properties 813.9 Miscellaneous 814 Natural durability. Old wood. Fossilized wood 814.1 Natural durability. Weathering [Fire resistance see 812.143 (untreated) and 843.4 (fireproofed timber); for resistance to chemicals see 813.6; for durability of preservative-treated timber see 841.4] Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/65 814.7 Old wood 814.8 Fossilized wood 814.9 Miscellaneous 815 Effect of growth factors on structure and properties. [Cross-reference, where desirable, to the appropriate property] 815.1 Growth stresses 815.2 Variation with rate of growth 815.3 Variation with position in tree 815.31 Branchwood 815.32 Stemwood 815.33 Stumpwood 815.34 Rootwood 815.39 Miscellaneous 815.4 Influence of natural and artificial pruning. [Cross-reference, if necessary, to 181.63 and 245.1] 815.5 Influence of form of growth (spiral growth, forking etc.) 815.9 Miscellaneous 819 Miscellaneous 82 CONVERSION, SHAPING, ASSEMBLY AND FINISHING OF WOOD: GENERAL [For logging see 32; for specific forms of industrial conversion see subheads of 83, cross-referenced to the following heads:-] 821 Barking. [For barking at the logging site see 323.5] 822 Saws and sawing (description and investigations of individual machines and their functions) 822.1 Methods of breaking down the log (quartering versus flat sawing etc.) 822.2 Hand saws and sawing. [For pit sawing, hand sawing in the forest, see subheads of 323] 822.3 Power saws and sawing, classified by constructional types of saw 822.31 Reciprocating saws other than frame saws 822.32 Frame saws 822.33 Circular saws 822.34 Band saws 822.39 Miscellaneous 822.4 Power saws and sawing, classified by the functions performed 822.41 Log cross-cutting saws [in the forest, see 362] 822.42 Other cross-cutters 822.45 Head saws, break(ing)-down saws 822.46 Other rip-saws; re-saws, edgers etc. 822.49 Miscellaneous 822.8 Blades and their maintenance 822.9 Miscellaneous 823 Planing, cutting of mouldings. Chiselling, mortising and tenoning. Boring. Turning 823.1 Planing. Cutting of mouldings 823.2 Chiselling. Mortising 823.3 Tenoning 823.4 Boring 823.5 Turning 823.7 Combined cutting actions 823.8 Cutters and their maintenance 823.9 Miscellaneous 824 Forms of joint. Jointing and assembly 824.1 Nailed 824.2 Screwed 824.3 Bolted 824.4 Dowelled I/66 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 824.5 Timber connectors 824.6 Carpenters’ and joiners’ joints (dovetail etc.) 824.7 Glued joints 824.8 Glues and gluing 824.81 Glues: general 824.82 Natural glues 824.821 Animal 824.822 Blood albumin 824.823 Casein 824.824 Starch derivatives 824.825 Vegetable proteins 824.829 Miscellaneous natural glues 824.83 Synthetic glues 824.831 Melamine 824.832 Phenolic 824.833 Resorcinol 824.834 Urea 824.839 Miscellaneous (including acrylic, polyvinyl, polyurethane etc.) 824.84 Metal-bonding glues 824.85 Glues: miscellaneous 824.86 Gluing: general 824.87 Heating methods 824.872 Steam and hot water 824.873 Electrical methods: general 824.874 Electrical resistance 824.875 Radio-frequency 824.876 Radiant heat 824.879 Miscellaneous 824.88 Effect of preservatives, fireproofing agents etc. 824.89 Gluing: miscellaneous 824.9 Miscellaneous 825 Cleaving. Adzing. Mechanical comminution 825.1 Cleaving. [At logging site see 323.6] 825.5 Adzing. [At logging site see 323.8] 825.7 Mechanical comminution 825.71 Chipping [At logging site see 333.3] 825.72 Flaking 825.73 Grinding 825.74 Defiberizing 825.79 Miscellaneous 825.9 Miscellaneous 826 Peeling. Slicing. Trimming and edging of thin sheets 826.1 Peeling 826.2 Slicing 826.5 Trimming and edging of thin sheets 826.9 Miscellaneous 827 Bending. Moulding (other than by cutting) 827.1 Bending 827.3 Moulding 827.9 Miscellaneous 828 General carpentry and joinery. [See preferably subheads of 83] 829 Miscellaneous 829.1 Finishing 829.11 Bleaching 829.12 Colouring 829.13 Sanding 829.14 Repair of holes Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/67 829.15 Surface filling and sealing 829.16 Polishing 829.17 Varnishing 829.18 Painting 829.19 Miscellaneous 829.9 Miscellaneous 83 TIMBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND PRODUCTS. USES OF WOOD AS SUCH 831 Fuelwood and various types of rough timber 831.1 Fuelwood (including use of fuel for cogeneration (electricity production)) 831.2 Mining timber 831.3 Piles 831.4 Poles 831.41 Telegraph and power transmission poles 831.418 Cross-arms 831.43 Flagmasts etc. 831.45 Scaffolding 831.48 Masts for boats and ships 831.49 Miscellaneous 831.5 Posts. Stakes. Paling. Fences and gates. Miscellaneous agricultural and horticultural uses. [For agricultural structures see 833.4] 831.51 Posts. Stakes 831.52 Paling 831.53 Fencing rails 831.54 Gates 831.59 Miscellaneous 831.6 Sleepers (ties) 831.7 Hewn timber 831.9 Miscellaneous (e.g. ladders and steps) 832 Mills, their functions and products (excluding any in 833/839). [For economics of the forest products industries see 79] 832.1 Sawmills and planing mills. [For sawing and planing machines and their functions see 822 and 823; for log storage and lumber yards see 848; for grading (including classification by size) of sawn timber see 85] 832.10 Raw materials etc. Sawlogs 832.11 Planning and lay-out. Power. Machinery 832.12 Mill operation (including quality control) 832.13 Transport and sorting within the mill 832.14 Rationalization (general); organization of labour 832.15 Output per unit (time unit, producing unit, raw-material unit) and factors affecting it (e.g. size and quality of logs); amount of waste 832.16 Mobile (“portable”) mills (general descriptions and studies) 832.18 Products. [For by-products and waste cross-reference to 839.8] 832.181* Sawn wood (lumber) in general. [Cf. 854] 832.182* Planed timber in general. [Cf. 854] 832.19 Miscellaneous 832.2 Veneer and plywood mills, including the manufacture of composite-wood assemblies. [For glues and gluing see 824.8; for individual machines and their functions see subdivisions of 82; for grading of veneer and plywood cross-reference subdivisions of 832.28 to those of 85] 832.20 Raw materials etc. Veneer and plywood logs 832.21 Planning and lay-out. Power. Machinery 832.22 Mill operation (including quality control) 832.23 Transport and sorting within the mill 832.24 Rationalization (general); organization of labour 832.25 Output per unit (time unit, producing unit, raw-material unit) and factors affecting it; amount of waste I/68 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 832.28 Products 832.281 Veneer 832.282 Plywood 832.283 Blockboard 832.284 Sandwich materials 832.286 Composite-wood assemblies (laminated beams etc.) 832.287 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 832.288 Parallel strand lumber (PSL) 832.289 Miscellaneous 832.29 Miscellaneous 832.3 Match factories. [Subdivide, if necessary, like 832.21/.28] 832.4 Wooden-house factories. [Subdivide like 832.21/.28, and at 832.48 add the following subdi- visions:-] 832.48 Wooden-house factories and manufacture: products 832.481 Prefabricated houses 832.482 Standardized parts of houses [for parts enumerated in 833, use those numbers or cross-reference to them] 832.489 Miscellaneous 832.5 Engineered wood / structural composites production facilities 832.8 Integrated mills and combinations of mills 832.9 Miscellaneous 833 Timber in buildings and engineering structures (manufacture and use). [Excluding any in 831] (For Civil and structural engineering aspects combine with appropriate numbers from UDC 624. For architectural aspects combine with UDC 69). 833.1 Building components and fittings: general 833.11 Foundations. Builders’ rough planks etc. 833.12 Framing: general 833.121 Beams and girders 833.122 Columns, struts 833.123 Engineered wood products / Structural composites 833.13 Roofs. [For shingles see 834.1] 833.14 Walls and ceilings (incl. diaphragms) 833.15 Joinery. Finishings and fittings 833.151 Doors, door frames and linings, sills etc. 833.152 Windows, window frames, sills etc. 833.153 Fireplaces, radiators etc. 833.154 Lighting fitments and accessories 833.155 Architraves, picture rails, skirtings 833.156 Cupboards and shelves 833.157 Special kitchen fitments, draining boards etc. 833.158 Special bathroom and lavatory fitments 833.159 Miscellaneous 833.17 Porches, balconies etc. 833.18 Floors. Stairs and steps 833.19 Miscellaneous 833.2 Special uses in residential, commercial and public buildings 833.3 Special uses in factories and work-places (including laboratories). [For cooperage, vats and tanks see 834.3] 833.4 Special uses in agricultural structures 833.5 Wood in bridges, culverts etc. (including decking for bridges, piers etc.) 833.6 Wood in tunnels, subways etc. 833.7 Wood in roads and pavements 833.8 Wood in hydraulic, river and marine uses. [For piles see 831.3; for bridges and culverts see 833.5; for ships and boats see 838.6] 833.9 Miscellaneous 834 Shingles. Cooperage. Packing containers. (Manufacture and use) 834.1 Shingles 834.3 Cooperage, vats and tanks. [Cf. also 833.3] Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/69 834.31 Tight cooperage 834.32 Loose cooperage 834.33 Vats and tanks 834.39 Miscellaneous 834.4 Boxes, crates etc. 834.5 Baskets 834.6 Pallets 834.9 Miscellaneous 835/836 Secondary, value added wood products. Remanufacturing [excluding items under other sub- heads of 83] 835* Industrial and domestic (utility) woodware, toys and models, sports and recreational goods, musical instruments, scientific and mathematical instruments, surgical applica- tions etc. (Manufacture and use) 836 Furniture and cabinet-making. Ecclesiastical woodwork. Carving. Marquetry. Wooden ornaments 836.1 Furniture and cabinet-making 836.2 Ecclesiastical woodwork 836.3 Carving 836.4 Marquetry 836.5 Wooden ornaments 836.8 Coffins 836.9 Miscellaneous 838 Vehicle manufacture 838.1 Wheelwrighting. Carts, waggons etc. 838.2 Railway rolling stock 838.3 Industrial road transport vehicles 838.4 Motor-cars, caravan trailers etc. 838.5 Sledges 838.6 Ships and boats. [For masts see 831.48] 838.7 Aircraft 838.75 Airscrews 838.9 Miscellaneous 839 Conversion, wood: industrial (mechanical): miscellaneous 839.1 Wood wool and its manufacture 839.2 Wood flour and its manufacture 839.3 Chips 839.31 for energy [Cf. also 839.812] 839.32 for industry [Cf. also 839.84] 839.8 Industrial waste wood, its processing and uses 839.81 Use as fuel 839.811 Sawdust 839.812 Other wastes [Cf. also 839.31] 839.813 Briquettes and briquetting 839.819 Miscellaneous 839.82 Wood-burning stoves etc. 839.83 Sawdust: uses other than as fuel 839.84 Other waste wood: uses other than as fuel [Cf. also 839.32] 839.89 Miscellaneous 839.9 Miscellaneous I/70 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 84 PRESERVATION AND OTHER TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF WOOD. DAMAGE BY BIOLOGICAL AGENCIES AND ITS CONTROL. SEA- SONING. TIMBERYARD PRACTICE (HANDLING AND STORAGE) 841 Wood preservation 841.1 Preservatives 841.11 Creosote, tar etc. 841.12 Aqueous solutions 841.13 Solutions in other liquids 841.14 Toxicity 841.19 Miscellaneous 841.2 Processes. Methods of application 841.21 Pressure processes 841.25 Non-pressure processes 841.26 After-treatment (e.g. of standing poles) 841.28 Impregnation of the living tree. [Cf. also 322.4, to which cross-reference may be made if necessary] 841.29 Miscellaneous 841.3 Preservation of particular categories of timber. [Cross-reference to appropriate subhead of 83] 841.4 Durability of treated timber. [For natural durability see 814.1] 841.41 Under laboratory conditions 841.42 In small-scale trials (graveyard tests etc.) 841.43 Under service conditions 841.49 Miscellaneous 841.9 Miscellaneous 842 Treatments to improve the resistance of wood to physical and chemical agencies. [For fire- proofing see 843] 842.2 Treatments to reduce effects of hygroscopicity 842.3 Treatments to improve mechanical strength 842.5 Treatments to improve resistance to chemicals 842.9 Miscellaneous 843 Fireproofing and fire resistance 843.1 Fireproofing agents 843.2 Processes. Methods of application 843.3 Fireproofing of particular categories of timber. [Cross-reference to appropriate subhead of 83] 843.4 Resistance of treated timber to fire. [For natural fire resistance see 812.143] 843.9 Miscellaneous 844 Attack by plant organisms 844.1 Sap-staining and mould fungi 844.2 Wood-destroying fungi 844.3 Other plants 844.4 Control and prevention: general. [For wood preservation proper see 841] 844.41 Fungicides 844.44 Heat treatment 844.45 Other methods of controlling existing attacks 844.47 Prevention of attack during storage and shipment 844.48 Preventive measures in building construction 844.49 Miscellaneous 844.9 Miscellaneous 845 Attack by animals 845.1 Marine borers 845.2 Terrestrial borers 845.3 Termites 845.4 Other animals 845.5 Control and prevention: general. [For wood preservation proper see 841] 845.51 Insecticides etc. 845.52 Biological control Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/71 845.53 Fumigation 845.54 Heat treatment 845.55 Other methods of controlling existing attacks 845.57 Prevention of attack during storage and shipment 845.58 Prevention of attack in buildings etc. 845.59 Miscellaneous 845.9 Miscellaneous 846 Steaming 847 Drying (seasoning) 847.1 Air drying 847.2 Kiln drying 847.27 Kiln types 847.271 Progressive: general 847.272 Natural circulation 847.273/.274 Forced draught 847.273 External blower 847.274 Internal fan 847.275 Compartment: general 847.276 Natural circulation 847.277/.278 Forced draught 847.277 External blower 847.278 Internal fan 847.279 Miscellaneous 847.3 Vacuum drying 847.4 Vapour drying 847.5 Electrical methods 847.6 Chemical methods 847.7 Other methods 847.8 Correction of seasoning defects. [For classification of defects see 852] 847.9 Miscellaneous 848 Timberyard practice. Handling and storage of timber 848.1 Handling of round timber 848.2 Handling of converted timber 848.4 Storage of round timber 848.41 Land storage 848.42 Water storage 848.43 Sprinkling 848.49 Miscellaneous 848.5 Storage of converted timber 848.6 Permanent installations 848.7 Mobile equipment 848.9 Miscellaneous 849 Miscellaneous 85 “GRADING” OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS [For mensuration see 5] 851 Timber quality in general; wood quality 852 Detection, recognition and assessment of injuries and defects 852.1 Defects occurring before conversion [Excluding plant and animal damage, for which see 852.4/.5] 852.11 Defects of stem form 852.12 Knots 852.13 Bark pockets, pith flecks, included phloem 852.14 Pitch pockets and seams, resin streaks, gum veins, latex canals 852.15 Mineral streak, strawberry mark, blemishes, defects of grain 852.16 Compression failures. Abnormal heartwood. Reaction wood 852.17 Wounds; foreign bodies embedded in wood I/72 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 852.18 Shakes, splits and checks 852.19 Miscellaneous (e.g. lightning, hail) 852.2 Defects occurring during manufacture (e.g. wane, defects of dimension) 852.3 Seasoning defects 852.31 Shakes, splits, checks 852.32 Warping 852.33 Case-hardening 852.34 Honeycombing 852.35 Collapse. Washboarding 852.36 Severe moisture gradients 852.39 Miscellaneous 852.4 Fungus and other plant damage [See preferably 844] 852.5 Insect, marine-borer and other animal damage. [See preferably 845] 852.9 Miscellaneous 853* Grading of wood in the rough 854* “Grading” of converted timber. [Cross-reference to article graded] 854.1* Classification and nomenclature by size and shape 854.2 Quality grading 854.21 Stress grading 854.211 Visual stress grading 854.212 Mechanical stress grading 854.9 Miscellaneous 859 Miscellaneous 86 PULP INDUSTRIES. COMPOSITE MATERIALS MADE WHOLLY OR PARTLY OF WOODY MATTER. CHEMICAL UTILIZATION OF WOOD 861 Pulp and paper manufacture. Textile and other cellulose derivatives (UDC 676 deals with this subject in more detail) 861.0 Raw materials etc. Pulpwood and chips. [Include here also the raw material for chipboards, fibreboards etc. (which are classified under 862). Cross-reference this number as appropriate, e.g. Suitability of different wood species-861.0 : 174/176 (q.v.), subdivided alphabetically by scientific names, e.g. 861.0 : 176.1 Fagus sylvatica; Harvesting-861.0 : 32 ...; Supplies etc.- 861.0: 72 ...; Influence of particular wood properties-861.0 : 81 ...; Seasoning and storage- 861.0: 847/848; Wood waste as raw material-861.0 : 839.83/.84] 861.1 Pulping and pulp. [Processes for the utilization of wood waste are entered under this head with cross-reference to 839.83/.84] 861.10 Mill lay-out, power, machinery etc. 861.11 Mechanical (groundwood) pulping and pulp 861.12/.16 Chemical and semichemical pulping and pulp: general 861.12 Semichemical pulping and pulp 861.13 Soda pulping and pulp 861.14 Sulphate pulping and pulp 861.15 Sulphite pulping and pulp 861.16 Other pulping processes and pulp including bioconversion 861.17 Bleaching and other after-treatment of pulp 861.18* Trade classification of pulps 861.19 Miscellaneous (e.g. utilization of waste liquors). [For lignin see 864] 861.2 Papermaking: paper and cardboard 861.20 Mill lay-out, power, machinery etc. 861.28 Types of paper, cardboard etc. 861.29 Miscellaneous 861.4 Manufacture of cellulose textiles (rayon, cellulose wool etc.) 861.5 Cellulose derivatives (cellulose esters etc.) 861.6 Fodder cellulose 861.9 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/73 862 Composite materials made wholly or partly of woody matter. [For raw materials etc. see under 861.0; for sandwich materials see 832.284] 862.1 Wood-wool building slabs (e.g. Heraklith) 862.2 Chipboards. Boards formed of mixed chips (including sawdust) and fibres. Resin-bonded chip mouldings. Waferboard. Flakeboard. Oriented strand board 862.3 Fibreboards (including fibreboards laminated with other materials, e.g. veneer, chipboard, paper). Resin-bonded fibre mouldings 862.4 Sawdust/magnesite flooring, wood/cement concrete etc. [For prefabricated boards with min- eral binders see 862.2 and 862.3] 862.9 Miscellaneous 863 Wood hydrolysis. Saccharification 863.1 Processes 863.4 Wood sugar and alcohol 863.5 Yeast and protein production 863.6 Wood sugar for cattle fodder 863.9 Miscellaneous 864 Utilization of lignin. [For use in plastics see 865] 864.1 As fuel 864.2 As a soil amendment 864.3 In water softeners etc. 864.4 In adhesives 864.5 In road-making compounds 864.6 For production of vanillin 864.9 Miscellaneous 865 Plastics 865.1 Use of waste wood etc. 865.2 Use of lignin 865.9 Miscellaneous 866 Utilization of wood extractives 866.1 Resins and essential oils 866.2 Fats, fixed oils, waxes 866.3 Colouring matter, dyes 866.4 Tanstuffs 866.5 Gums etc. 866.9 Miscellaneous 867 Destructive distillation 867.1 With no recovery of by-products 867.2 With recovery of by-products 867.3 Production of gas from wood or charcoal 867.31 For propelling vehicles 867.32 For industrial use 867.39 Miscellaneous 867.5 Charcoal, its properties and uses 867.6 Methyl alcohol, ketones, phenols etc. 867.7 Acetates etc. 867.8 Tar, oils etc. 867.9 Miscellaneous I/74 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 88 ECONOMY IN THE USE OF WOOD. REPLACEMENT OF WOOD BY COMPETITIVE MATERIALS 89 OTHER (“MINOR”) FOREST PRODUCTS. [Cross-reference as necessary to 28] 891 Mineral products (including peat and coal) 892 Vegetable products 892.1 Grass. Litter. Leaf fodder. Food from forest 892.2 Agricultural products 892.3 Wood ashes 892.4 Bark products. Tanstuffs. Cork. [For medicinal bark products see 892.52] 892.41 Tanstuffs 892.42 Cork 892.43 Bark-fibre products 892.49 Miscellaneous 892.5 Christmas trees. Ornamental trees and branches. Medicinal plants. Edible plants 892.51 Christmas trees. Ornamental trees and branches 892.52 Medicinal plants 892.53 Edible plants 892.54 Insecticides from plants 892.59 Miscellaneous 892.6 Resin and turpentine. Essential oils. Fixed oils and fats. Waxes. Gums. Latex. Dyestuffs. Sap sugar. [See also 866 for wood extractives] 892.61 Resin and turpentine 892.62 Essential oils 892.63 Fixed oils and fats 892.64 Waxes 892.65 Gums and kinos 892.66 Latex 892.67 Dyestuffs 892.68 Sugar 892.69 Miscellaneous 892.7 Fruits. Seeds. Fibres, yarns and flosses 892.71 Fruits 892.72 Seeds 892.73 Fibres, yarns and flosses [For bark fibres see 892.43] 892.79 Miscellaneous 892.8 Heather. Broom. Osiers. Canes and bamboos 892.81 Heather, broom etc. 892.82 Osiers 892.83 Canes and bamboos 892.84 Reeds and rushes. Thatching materials 892.89 Miscellaneous 892.9 Miscellaneous 893 Animal products (e.g. lac; honey) 894 Other products 894.1 Fungi 894.2 Mushrooms 894.3 Lichens 899 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/75 9 FORESTS AND FORESTRY FROM THE NATIONAL POINT OF VIEW. SOCIAL ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY. Primary subheads 90 General 91 Land use, land-use policy. Afforestation policy 92 Forest ownership and ownership policy 93 Public supervision and regulation of forestry, including legislation for these purposes 94 Other methods to implement forest policy 95 Forest taxation 96 Forest labour questions; labour questions in wood transport and the wood industries 97 International forest policy and other international collaboration 99 Miscellaneous 90 GENERAL 901 Theory, methods, systematics; peculiarities of forestry from the point of view of social economics 902 History of forests and forestry. [Subdivide by cross-reference to geographical numbers and to subject numbers. For ecological aspects see 182.1. For General history see UDC 94. For histo- ries of organizations use 902--090.2 or 972.1/.9 for particular organization] 902.1 Biography. Obituary notices. Memorials 902.2 History of organizations 903 Forest policy, general: general systems, programmes, plans etc. 903.1 Public participation 904 General regional accounts of forests and forestry 905 Forest statistics and resources 905.1 General forest statistics 905.2 Forest resources, balance of growth and depletion (“drain”), “cut” of individual regions 905.9 Miscellaneous 906 Direct economic significance of forests (position of forests and forestry in the national economy) 907 Indirect significance of forests, conservation and environment protection 907.1 Rural amenity and landscape conservation 907.11 National parks etc. 907.12 Plant and tree sanctuaries; protected trees 907.13 Game and bird sanctuaries 907.14 Water sanctuaries 907.15 Nature trails 907.19 Miscellaneous 907.2 Recreation 907.3 Influences on the environment 907.32 Protection forest 907.33 Environmental protection 907.4 Hygienic value 907.6 Influences on religion, art etc. 907.8 Military value 907.9 Miscellaneous 908 Relationship to other branches of husbandry and industry. [For hunting, shooting and fishing see 156/157] 908.1 To agriculture and pastoral husbandry 908.2 To industry and transport 908.9 Miscellaneous 909 Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/77 91 LAND USE, LAND-USE POLICY, AFFORESTATION POLICY 911 General. Land-use planning. Regional planning 912 Colonization and settlement schemes 913 Relations between forest, agricultural and pastoral land. Clearing of the forest; afforesta- tion of agricultural and pastoral land; shifting cultivation (policy); land use [See also UDC 332.3 Land use and its sub-categories for cross referencing and also UDC 711.4 land use; UDC 712.2 Planning of the landscape pattern in general] 914 Relations between forest and waste land. Utilization and afforestation of waste land. Deforestation 915 Timber-growing outside the forest (e.g. roadside strips). [For technique see under 26] 916 Multiple land use 917 Relation between forest and utilities e.g. transmission lines, roads etc. [Cf. also 387] 919 Miscellaneous 92 FOREST OWNERSHIP AND OWNERSHIP POLICY 920 General. History. Principles 921 Private versus state ownership; socialization, nationalization; land reform 922 Publicly-owned forests 922.1 State (federal, national) forests 922.2 Communal (“community”) forests; municipal forests 922.3 Forests belonging to churches, monasteries etc. (including private forests in this category) 922.4 Other corporate forests 923 Privately-owned forests (other than those under 922.3 and 924) 923.2 Forests belonging to industries, mining and communications companies etc. 923.3 Large private forests 923.4 Farm forests, small forests, woodlots 923.9 Miscellaneous 924 Forests in common ownership 928 Fragmentation and consolidation of holdings 929 Miscellaneous 93 PUBLIC SUPERVISION AND REGULATION OF FORESTRY, INCLUDING LEGISLATION FOR THESE PURPOSES 931 General. General forest laws. Nature and environmental protection laws 931.1 Forest laws 931.2 Nature and environmental protection laws 932 Public administrative organization [not inside management and business administration, for which see 68] 933 Protection of ownership. Property issues 933.8 Criminal and civil wrongs, and relevant regulations 933.9 Miscellaneous 934 Provision for and safeguarding of protection forest 935 Other public supervision and control 935.1 As protection against poor management. Assurance of regeneration and sustained yield 935.2 Concerning forest improvements 935.4 Concerning forest protection 935.5 Concerning forest rights (servitudes), etc. 935.6 Concerning leases and licences [Cf. 644.6 and 75] 935.9 Miscellaneous 939 Miscellaneous I/78 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) 94 OTHER METHODS TO IMPLEMENT FOREST POLICY 941 State subsidies. Provision of land, seed, planting stock etc. free or at low cost 942 Credits 942.1 For forestry 942.11 State 942.12 Other 942.7 Forest as security 942.9 Miscellaneous 943 Forest insurance 944 Co-operation. Collaboration of forest owners. 945 Advisory services; publicity, propaganda; education, training; research 945.1 Advisory and information services, documentation centres 945.11 State advisory services 945.12 State and private collaboration in advisory services 945.13 Private advisory services, consultants 945.14 Information services, documentation centres 945.15 Libraries 945.16 Archives 945.17 Museums 945.19 Miscellaneous 945.2 Publicity, propaganda 945.21 Literary propaganda 945.22 Films, videos, multimedia 945.23 Broadcasts on radio, television 945.24 Exhibitions, shows and fairs 945.25 Demonstration forests, model forests 945.26 Competitions, awards 945.27 Tree-planting days etc. 945.28 Internet, web sites, portals, web services 945.29 Miscellaneous 945.3 Education. Training 945.31 Higher education 945.32 Elementary education 945.33 Practical training. [For training in work science and efficiency see 303] 945.34 Continuation courses 945.35 Educational tours 945.36 Careers in forestry 945.39 Miscellaneous 945.4 Research 945.5 Computers in Forestry: Models, Programs, information systems 945.9 Miscellaneous 946 Associations, societies; conferences, excursions; institutions. [For international associations etc. see 97] 946.1 Associations, societies 946.2 Conferences and excursions 946.3 Institutions, institutes 946.9 Miscellaneous 949 Miscellaneous 95 FOREST TAXATION Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/79 96 FOREST LABOUR QUESTIONS; LABOUR QUESTIONS IN WOOD TRANSPORT AND THE WOOD INDUSTRIES 961 Manpower situation. Supply and demand. Employment and unemployment. (Including statistics) 961.1 Employment agencies and services. Career services. 961.2 Statistics 962 Wages (tariff agreements etc.) 963 Working time. Seasonal variations. Employment the year round 964 Insurance of workers. [For accidents and accident prevention see 304] 965 Housing and workers’ holdings 966 Other measures for the welfare of workers 967 Employers’ associations. Workers’ associations. Unions and clubs etc. 968 Labour disputes 969 Miscellaneous 97 INTERNATIONAL FOREST POLICY AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION [For international trade relationships and industrial collaboration see 742] 971 Congresses, conferences; excursions 972 Organizations 972.1 State organizations 972.11 FAO 972.12 Other (alphabetically arranged) 972.2 Scientific, non-state organizations (alphabetically arranged) 972.3 Forest owners’ organizations (alphabetically arranged) 972.4 Forest workers’ organizations (alphabetically arranged) 972.9 Other organizations (alphabetically arranged) 973 Agreements 973.1 State 973.2 Other 979 Miscellaneous 99 MISCELLANEOUS I/80 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Appendix A Subject auxiliaries --01/--09 --01 RESEARCH AND TESTING. EXPERIMENTS --010 Technique and procedure in research and testing: general --011 Terminology. Nomenclature --011.1 Scientific --011.2 Popular, vernacular --011.3 Trade --012 Culture and care of experimental organisms --012.1 Vertebrates --012.3 Arthropods etc. --012.4 Lower organisms (both plant and animal) --012.5 Vascular plants --013 Specimens (samples) --013.1 Selection, collection --013.2 Preparation. [See also --016] --013.4 Preservation in collections, museums etc. --013.5 Use of small samples --013.6 Use of medium-scale samples --013.7 Use of service-scale samples --013.8 Built-up assemblies as samples --014 Classification. Identification [Cf. also --016.] Detection. Qualitative tests N.B.--Any of the subdivisions .1/.9 of --015 may be applied, wherever appropriate, as subdivisions of --014; i.e. these two heads are subdivisible in parallel. --015 Measurements. Quantitive tests. Calculations. Statistical methods. --015.1 Structural --015.2 Physical and mechanical. Physico- chemical --015.21 Optical (including other radiations of ultra-short wavelength) --015.22 Vibrational. Acoustic --015.23 Frictional (including viscosity) --015.24 Thermal --015.25 Electrical and magnetic --015.26 Density, weight; elastic and strength properties --015.28 Physico-chemical (absorption etc.) --015.3 Chemical --015.4 Durability and biological --015.5 Mathematical and mensurational. Statistical methods --015.6 Effect of test factors imposed on properties under test. Normalization of test conditions --015.7 Apparatus, instruments, tools, machines and equipment --015.9 Miscellaneous --016 Microscopy (including the use of differential stains etc. for macroscopic identification) --016.1 Embedding, sectioning etc. --016.2 Staining etc. --016.3 Dehydration and other treatments. Mounting --016.4 Special techniques for examination --016.7 Apparatus, instruments etc. --016.9 Microscopy: Miscellaneous --017 Apparatus, instruments etc. [See preferably .7 of other subheads of section --01] N.B.--Cf. also --087. The present head and --087 are subdivide in parallel as follows:-- --017.0 Apparatus, instruments etc.: General --017.1 Fine instruments and apparatus --017.2 Hand tools --017.3 Mechanically-driven hand tools --017.4 Mobile machinery, “portable” machinery --017.5 Stationary machinery and apparatus --017.6 Accessories --017.7 Regulating instruments for the above --017.8 Maintenance --017.9 Apparatus, instruments etc.: Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/83 --018 Results. Properties and behaviour --019 Research and testing. Experiments. Miscellaneous --02 HUSBANDRY. CULTIVATION --021 Soil husbandry --022 Plant husbandry --023 Animal husbandry --03 HARVESTING, COLLECTION OF NATURAL PRODUCE --035 Work technique and efficiency --04 PROTECTION --042 Against meteorological and chemical agencies --043 Against fire --044 Against plant organisms --045 Against animal organisms --046 Against damage by man --049 Protection: Miscellaneous --05 SURVEYS --06 ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING. INTERNAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCE. ADMINISTRATION --061 Principles or organization --062 Elaboration of plans --064 Finance. Costs and returns --065 Telecommunications --065.1 Telephonic and telegraphic --065.2 Radio --065.3 Visual --065.9 Organization and planning. Internal economics and finance. Administration: Miscellaneous --066 Buildings, roads etc. --067 Transport of men, supplies and equipment --067.1 Land transport --067.2 Water transport --067.3 Air transport --068 Administration. Staff --069 Organization and planning. Internal economics and finance. Administration: Miscellaneous --07 TRADE AND TRANSPORT ECONOMICS --08 EVERYDAY OPERATIONS. PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PRODUCTS ETC. --081 Materials, fuel and power --081.1 Normal (raw, initial) material, in usual grades and sizes --081.2 Materials, fuel and power: Material differing from normal only in size and/or grade --081.3 Everyday operations. Production processes. Products etc.: Materials, fuel and power: Substitute materials of the same natural type (e.g. “secondary” timbers) --081.4 Substitute materials of a different natural type --081.6 Auxiliary materials --081.7 Fuel and power I/84 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) --081.9 Everyday operations. Production processes. Products etc.: Materials, fuel and power: Miscellaneous --082 Everyday operations. Production processes. Products etc.: Preparatory operations --083 Main phase of operation --084 Accessory and final operations --084.1 Accessory and final operations: In actual production --084.3 Accessory and final operations: Packing --084.4 Accessory and final operations: Storage --086 Regulation of conditions during operations --086.7 Apparatus, instruments, machinery for regulation --087 Apparatus, instruments, machinery. [See also --086.7] N.B.--This head is subdivided, in par- allel with -- 017, as follows:-- --087.0 Apparatus, instruments, machinery: General --087.1 Fine instruments and apparatus --087.2 Hand tools --087.3 Mechanically-driven hand tools --087.4 Mobile machinery, “portable” machinery --087.5 Stationary machinery and apparatus --087.6 Accessories --087.7 Regulating instruments for the above --087.8 Maintenance --087.9 Apparatus, instruments, machinery: General: Miscellaneous --088 Products and their uses --088.1 Crude, semi-manufactured or intermediate products --088.2 Fully manufactured, finished products --088.3 Prefabricated products --088.4 Competitive products --088.5 Yield of product per unit of raw material --088.6 Wastes and their utilization. By-products --088.9 Products and their uses: Miscellaneous --09 NATIONAL, SOCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS --090 General --090.2 History --090.3 Policy --090.4 General regional accounts --090.5 Resources --092 Ownership --092.1 Public versus private --092.2 Ownership: Public --092.3 Ownership: Private --092.4 Ownership: Common --093 Public supervision and control. Legislation --094 Promotion of private enterprise --094.1 Promotion of private enterprise: State subsidies --094.2 Promotion of private enterprise: Loans, credit --094.3 Promotion of private enterprise: Insurance --094.4 Promotion of private enterprise: Co-operation --094.5 Promotion of private enterprise: Publicity, propaganda --094.6 Promotion of private enterprise: Societies, associations, excursions; institutions --094.8 Promotion of private enterprise: Education, training --095 Taxation --096 Labour policy --097 International activities --099 National, social and international aspects: Miscellaneous Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/85 Appendix B Auxiliaries of form and place (reproduced with kind permission of the UDC Consortium) (0) AUXILIARY NUMBERS OF FORM (01) Bibliographies (02) Systematically arranged data in book form (021) Comprehensive works. Handbooks. Academic textbooks (023) Books of limited scope. Elementary works. Popular manuals (03) Alphabetically classified data in book form (031) Encyclopaedias and [descriptive] dictionaries of large scope (033) Encylopaedias and [descriptive] dictionaries of limited scope (035) Handbooks. Manuals. (036) Guidebooks (with practical and descriptive information) (038) Language dictionaries. Technical dictionaries (04) Non-serial separates. Separata (041) Brochures. Pamphlets. Reprints (042.3) Lectures (042.4) Lecture courses (042.5) Speeches. Orations (042) Lectures, addresses etc. (043) Theses, dissertations (043.2) Theses. Academic theses (043.3) Dissertations (043.5) Inaugural dissertations (academic) (044) Letters. Correspondence. Circulars (045) Articles in periodicals (046) Newspaper articles (047) Reports. Notices (047.1) Progress reports (047.2) Travel reports. Reports of trips (business, study trips etc.) (047.3) Special reports (047.5) Reports for the press. Press notices (047.53) Interviews (047.6) Press cuttings. Short notices (048) Bibliographic descriptions. Abstracts. Summaries. Surveys (048.1) Bibliographical lists [lists of references]. Reviews (048.3) Abstracts (048.4) Summaries (048.6) Abridged editions (048.8) Reviews: Collected abstracts (049) Other non-serial separates (049.2) Polemics. Disputations. Controversies. Diatribes. Justifications. Vindications. Rejoinders. Apologias (049.3) Declarations of opinion. Advice. Hints. Critiques. Appreciations (049.5) Questionnaires. Inquiries. Opinion polls. Referenda (05) Periodicals. Documents published periodically (051) Periodicals (in the strict sense) (051.6) Abstracting journals (052/054) Periodicals appearing more than once annually (054) Newspapers (055) News bulletins. Newsletters. Information bulletins (058) Annuals. Yearbooks (058.7) Directories. Periodicals. Documents published periodically: Address books and lists of addresses (059) Almanacs. Calendars. Diaries (06) Documents relating to societies, associations, organizations (061) Governmental organization publications (062) Non-governmental body publications (063) Publications from conferences, congresses, symposia, etc. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/89 (066) Publications of scientific/technical centres, research institutes, etc. (069) Publications of common-interest groups, schools of thought, etc. (07) Documents for instruction, teaching, study, training (072) Documentary materials for teaching. Teaching aids (073) Curricula. Syllabuses (075) School books. Educational programmes (076) Documents for practical instruction, training (078) Educational documents and material not listed elsewhere (079) Documents connected with competitions, tests, examinations etc. (079.2) Paper qualifications. Diplomas. Degrees. Certificates of proficiency etc. (079.3) Reports of expeditions and travels (079.5) Questionnaires (08) Collected and polygraphic works. Forms. Lists. Illustrations. Business publications (081) Collected works of individual authors (081.1) Collected works (081.2) Selected works (082) Collected or collective works of different authors (082.1) Series (works by various authors published under a general title). Publishers’ series, sets, libraries (082.2) Anthologies. Selections. Excerpts. Quotations (083) Technical and normative documents. Tables. Lists etc (083.1) Recipes. Prescriptions. Directions (083.13) Directions for use. Advice. Instructions (083.2) Printed forms. Registers (083.3) Tables of mathematical formulae (083.4) Statistical documents. Tables of statistics (083.5) Numerical tables. Conversion tables. Ready reckoners (083.53) Numeric tables. Percentage tables. Ready reckoners (083.57) Nomograms (083.58) Network diagrams. Critical path diagrams (arrow diagrams) (083.6) Tabulated data other than numerical tables (083.7) Standards. Specifications (083.8) Lists. Inventories. Catalogues [for trade catalogues see (085)] (083.9) Plans, projects (084) Images. Pictorial documents. Graphic documents (084.1) Pictures. Illustrations (084.11) Drawings (084.12) Photographic images (084.121) Photographs (084.122) Cinema films (084.16) Enlargements. Microphotographs (084.2) Schematic representations. Diagrams. Graphs (084.21) Diagrams. Graphs (084.3) Maps. Plans (084.4) Atlases (084.41) General geographic atlases (nonthematic) (084.42) Thematic atlases (084.5) Pictorial posters etc. (085) Publications of industrial and commercial undertakings. Catalogues. Prospectuses. Circulars. Advertisements etc. (085.2) Trade catalogues. Industrial catalogues (085.3) House journals. Company magazines (085.5) Prospectuses (086) Three-dimensional (solid) documents. Audio and audiovisual documents (088) Attestations. Special-purpose documents (088.4) Contracts. Written agreements (088.7) Factory and trade marks (088.8) Patents I/90 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) (09) Presentation in historical form. Legal and historical sources (091) Historical presentation in the strict sense (092) Biographical presentation (093) Historical sources (093.2) Official sources. Public records, documents, acts (093.3) Literary sources. Chronicles. Diaries (094) Legal sources. Legal documents (094.2) International agreements and treaties. International laws. Enactments between independ- ent states (094.4) Law books and legal problems (textbooks) (094.5) Individual laws. Simple laws and detailed regulations resulting from them. Bills (draft laws). Acts (094.7) Legal sources emanating from administrative authorities of various grades (1…/9…) COMMON AUXILIARIES OF PLACE Reproduced with kind permission of the UDC Consortium The place auxiliaries indicate the geographical range, locality or other spatial aspect of a subject denoted by a main UDC number, e.g. 331.2(44) Wages in France 338.47(81) Economics of transport in Brazil They are the primary characteristic of division in 913 ‘Regional geography’ and 94 ‘History’ (1) Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation (100) Universal as to place. International. All countries in general. Up to three countries may be denoted by the auxiliaries for the individual countries. Where more than three countries are concerned, one (or each, by multiple entry) may be specified, in relation to (100). The totality of all or many countries is denoted by (100) alone (2) Physiographic designation (21) Surface of the Earth in general. Land areas in particular. Natural zones and regions (210) Land formations (211) Cold regions. Polar regions. Frigid regions (212) Intermediate and subpolar regions. Temperate zones. Mid-latitude climatic regions (212-13) South temperate zone (212-17) North temperate zone (213) Subtropical and tropical regions generally (213.1) Subtropical regions generally (213.5) Tropical regions. Torrid zone. Tropics (23) Above sea level. Surface relief. Above ground generally. Mountains (23.07) Limits of altitude. Height zones (23.071) Tree zones. Limits of trees (23.073) Treeless vegetation zones. Limits of vegetation (23.075) Snow zones. Limits of snow (234) Mountains of Europe (234.1) Mountains of the Iberian peninsula (234.2) Mountains of France and Belgium (234.3) Alps (234.31) Western Alps (234.32) Eastern Alps (234.351) Jura Mountains (234.371) Mountains of Austria (234.41) Mountains of the Italian peninsula (234.42) Mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (234.5) Mountains of Central Europe (234.6) Mountains of Great Britain (234.7) Mountains of Scandinavia (234.8) Mountains of Russia in Europe Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/91 (234.9) Caucasus. Kavkaz range (235) Mountains of Asia (235.1) Mountains of western Asia (235.2) Mountains of Central Asia (Asiatic Plateau) (235.3) Mountains of northern Asia (235.4) Mountains of eastern Asia (235.5) Mountains of southern Asia (236) Mountains of Africa (236.2) Mountains of the Sahara region (236.3) Mountains of the Sudan region, Guinea and the Cameroons (236.5) Mountains of north-eastern Africa (236.51) Ethiopian Highlands (236.6) Mountains of the Congo region (236.7) Mountains of eastern Africa (236.8) Mountains of southern Africa (237) Mountains of North America (237.1) Western Cordillera (237.2) Appalachian Mountains (238) Mountains of South America (238.1) South America, western area. South American Cordillera. Andes (238.2) South America, northern area (238.3) South America, eastern area (238.31) Brazilian Highlands (239) Mountains of Oceania, the Arctic, the Antarctic (239.1) Mountains of the Malay Archipelago (239.2) Mountains of the Sunda Islands (239.3) Mountains of New Zealand and Melanesia (239.4) Mountains of Australia (239.5) Mountains of New Guinea (239.6) Mountains of Polynesia (239.8) Mountains of the Arctic (239.9) Mountains of the Antarctic (25) Natural flat ground (at, above or below sea level). The ground in its natural condition, cultivated or inhabited (251) Steppes. Pampas. Plains. Prairies. Savannas. Heathland (252) Unproductive land (253) Virgin (primeval) woods and forests. Jungle (254) Arable land, cleared or cultivated (255) Flooded land. Irrigated land. Drained land (26) Oceans, seas and interconnections (261) Atlantic Ocean (262) Mediterranean Sea (262.3) Adriatic Sea (265) Pacific Ocean (267) Indian Ocean (268) Arctic Ocean (269) Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean) (28) Inland waters (282) Flowing waters. Watercourses. Waterways. Rivers (285) Still and stagnant waters. Lakes. Ponds. Swamps (289) Brackish waters I/92 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) (4/9) PLACES IN THE MODERN WORLD (4) Europe (4-191.2) Central Europe (41) British Isles (Great Britain, Ireland and minor islands) Class here collective works on the British Isles and the Channel Islands (410) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern. Ireland Class here also Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) (410.1) England (410.3) Wales (410.5) Scotland (410.7) Northern Ireland (415) Ireland (geographical whole) (417) Ireland. Republic of Ireland. Eire (430) Germany. Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) Class here information about the Federal Republic of Germany from 1990, and about Germany as a whole at any period (430.1) Western and southern Länder. Class here also information about Western Germany from 1945 and the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949-1990 (430.2) Eastern Länder. Class here also Eastern Germany from 1945 and the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) 1949-1990 Option: see (430.3) (435.9) Luxembourg. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (436) Austria. Republic of Austria. Republik Österreich. Primary administrative divisions: Bundesländer (437) Czechoslovakia (1918-1992) (437.3) Czech Republic. Czechia (Cesk Republika. Ceská) For Slezsko (Silesia), previously at this number, see (437.33) (437.6) Slovakia (1992-). Slovak Republic. Slovensko. Slovenská Republika (438) Poland. Polish Republic Primary administrative divisions: Wojewodztwa (439) Hungary. Hungarian Republic Primary administrative divisions: Megyek. Divide alphabetically where not otherwise provided for (44) France. French Republic. République Française Primary administrative divisions: départe- ments grouped into conventional regions (449.45) Corse (Corsica). Région (449.49) Monaco. Principality of Monaco (450) Italy. Republic of Italy. Republica Italiana Primary administrative divisions: provincie (450.82) Regione della Sicilia (Sicily) (450.88) Regione della Sardegna (Sardinia) (454.4) San Marino. Republic of San Marino (458.2) Malta. Republic of Malta (46) Iberian peninsula (460) Spain. Kingdom of Spain. Reino de España Administrative subdivision in communidades autónomas and provincias, authorized by the Constitution of 1978 (460.32) Islas Baleares (460.41) Canary Islands. Canarias (467.2) Andorra. The Principality of Andorra. Principat d’Andorra (468.2) Gibraltar (UK) (469) Portugal. Portuguese Republic (469.8) Arquipélago da Madeira (469.9) Arquipélago dos Açores (Azores) (47) Former European USSR (474) Baltic States (474.2) Estonia. Republic of Estonia (474.3) Latvia. Republic of Latvia (474.5) Lithuania. Republic of Lithuania (476) Belarus. Republic of Belarus Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/93 (477) Ukraina. Ukraine (478) Moldova (479) Caucasus as a whole Including (470.62/.67) Northern Caucasus (479.22) Georgia. Republic of Georgia. Sakartvelo (479.24) Azerbaijan Formerly Azerbaijan S.S.R. (479.25) Armenia. Republic of Armenia. Hayastan (48) Scandinavian States (480) Finland. Republic of Finland. Suomi Finnish/Swedish form of name (481) Norway. Kingdom of Norway Primary administrative divisions: Fylker (five-figure subdivisions) (485) Sweden. Kingdom of Sweden (489) Denmark. Kingdom of Denmark (491.1) Iceland. Republic of Iceland (492) Netherlands. Kingdom of the Netherlands. Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Primary administrative divisions: Provinces (493) Belgium. Kingdom of Belgium Provinces (four-figure subdivisions) and arrondissements (five- figure subdivisions). Dual names: Dutch/French or French/Dutch, according to predominant language of province (494) Switzerland. Swiss Confederation Primary administrative divisions: (Halb)Kanton (494.9) Liechtenstein. Principality of Liechtenstein (495) Greece. Hellenic Republic (495.9) Kríti (Crete) (496.5) Albania. People’s Socialist Republic of Albania (497) Balkan states in general (497.1) Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija). Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -1991 (497.11+497.16) Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora) Known as Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija) 1991- 2003 (497.11) Srbija (Serbia) (497.12) Slovenia. Slovenija To 1991 (497.15) Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosna i Hercegovina To 1991 (497.16) Crna Gora (Montenegro) (497.17) Macedonia. Makedonija To 1991 (497.2) Bulgaria. Republic of Bulgaria (497,4) Slovenia. Republic of Slovenia. Slovenija (1991-). (497.5) Croatia. Republic of Croatia. Hrvatska 1991- (498) Romania. Republic of Romania (5) Asia Class here also Orient in general (5-11) Eastern Asia. Far East (510) China. (512.317) Hong Kong. (512.318) Macau. (517.3) Mongolia. (519.3) North Korea. (519.5) South Korea. (520) Japan. (529) Taiwan (5-12) South-east Asia (591) Myanmar. (592.3) Singapore. (592.6) Brunei. (593) Thailand. (594) Indonesia. (595) Malaysia. (596) Cambodia. (597) Vietnam. (598) Laos. (599) Philippines (5-13) South Asia (540) India. (541.31) Bhutan. (541.35) Nepal. (548.82) Maldives. (548.7) Sri Lanka. (549.1) Pakistan. (549.3) Bangladesh (5-15) Western Asia. Near and/or Middle East (532) Saudi Arabia. (536.2) United Arab Emirates. (533) Yemen. (535) Oman. (536.4) Qatar. (536.5) Bahrain. (536.8) Kuwait. (55) Iran. (564.3) Cyprus. (567) Iraq. (569.1) Syria. (569.3) Lebanon. (569.4) Israel. (569.5) Jordan (5-191.2) Central Asia (574) Kazakhstan. (575.1) Uzbekistan. (575.2) Kirghizia. (575.3) Tajikistan. (575.4) Turkmenistan. (581) Afghanistan (510) China. People’s Republic of China Names of places are given primarily in Pinyin romanization (if available), followed in parentheses by other spellings with some currency (512.317) Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region (515) Xizang Zizhiqu. Tibet Autonomous Region (516) Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Chinese Turkestan) (517.3) Mongolia. State of Mongolia (518) Manchuria (historical). Manchukuo (1931-45) Now partly in Inner Mongolia (517.4), as well as provinces below I/94 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) (519.3) North Korea. People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (519.5) South Korea. Republic of Korea (52) Japan and adjacent islands (520) Japan. Nippon (Nihon Koku) (527.1) Kuriles (Chishima-retto) (to 1945) (528) Island territories south of Japanese mainland (529) Taiwan. Republic of China (529.1) Taiwan (Formosa) (529.8) P’eng-hu Lieh-tao (Pescadores). Bokoto (53) Arabian states and territories (532) Saudi Arabia. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (533) Yemen. Republic of Yemen. 1990- Class here also Yemen (North); Yemen Arab Republic (to 1990); Yemen, Democratic; People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (to 1990) (535) Oman. Sultanate of Oman (536) East Arabian states (Gulf states) (536.2) United Arab Emirates 1971-. Formerly Trucial Coast/Trucial Oman/Trucial States (536.4) Qatar. State of Qatar (536.5) Bahrain. State of Bahrain (536.8) Kuwait. State of Kuwait (54) States of the Indian subcontinent (540) India. Republic of India (540.31) Sikkim (541.31) Bhutan. Kingdom of Bhutan. Druk-yul (541.35) Nepal. Kingdom of Nepal (548.7) Sri Lanka. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (548.82) Maldives. Republic of the Maldives (549.1) Pakistan. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan. Islam-i Jamhuriya-e Pakistan) 1971- (549.3) Bangladesh. People’s Republic of Bangladesh (Bangladesh. Gana Praja-tantri Bangladesh) (55) Iran. Islamic Republic of Iran. Persia (historical) 1979- (560) Turkey. Republic of Turkey (560.11) European Turkey (564.3) Cyprus. Republic of Cyprus (567) Iraq. Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah al ‘Iraqiyah) (569.1) Syria. Syrian Arab Republic (569.3) Lebanon. Republic of Lebanon (569.4) Israel. State of Israel Palestine to 1948 (569.5) Jordan. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Urdunn (57) Former Asiatic USSR (571.1/.5) Sibir’. Siberia (571) Russian Federation in Asia (574) Kazakhstan. Republic of Kazakhstan (575) Former Soviet Central Asia (575.1) Uzbekistan (575.2) Kyrgyzstan. Republic of Kyrgyzstan (575.3) Tajikistan. Republic of Tajikistan Formerly Tadzhikskaia S.S.R. (575.4) Turkmenistan Formerly Turkmenskaia S.S.R. (581) Afghanistan. Islamic State of Afghanistan (Afghanestan. Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan) Also referred to as Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (59) South-east Asian states and territories (591) Myanmar (Burma). Union of Myanmar (592.3) Singapore. Republic of Singapore (592.6) Brunei. State of Brunei Darussalam (593) Thailand. Kingdom of Thailand (594) Indonesia. Republic of Indonesia (595) Malaysia. Federation of Malaysia Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/95 (596) Cambodia. Kingdom of Cambodia Formerly Kampuchea, Khmer Republic (597) Vietnam. Socialist Republic of Vietnam (597.3) South Vietnam. Republic of Vietnam (to 1975). Cochinchina (historical) (597.7) North Vietnam. Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam (to 1975). Tonkin (historical) (598) Laos. Lao People’s Democratic Republic (599) Philippines. Republic of the Philippines (6) Africa (61) North African states in general. Maghreb. Barbary States (611) Tunisia. Republic of Tunisia (612) Libya. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (62) Egypt and Sudan (620) Egypt. Arab Republic of Egypt. Misr (624) Sudan. Republic of the Sudan (63) Ethiopia and Eritrea (630) Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityop’iya. Ityop’iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik) (635) Eritrea. Republic of Eritrea (64) Morocco. Kingdom of Morocco (649) Islas Canarias (Canary Islands), Spanish, as part of Africa (65) Algeria. Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria (Al Jaza’ir. Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza’iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha’biyah) (66) West African states and territories (661.2) Mauritania. Islamic and African Republic of Mauritania (662.1) Mali. Republic of Mali (662.5) Burkina Faso. People’s Democratic Republic of Burkina Faso (662.6) Niger. Republic of Niger (662) Western Sudan and Niger Territories (663) Senegal. Republic of Senegal (664) Sierra Leone. Republic of Sierra Leone (665) Upper Guinea states and territories (665.1) Gambia. Republic of the Gambia (665.2) Guinea. Republic of Guinea (665.7) Guinea-Bissau. Republic of Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Guinea to 1974 (665.8) Cape Verde. Republic of Cape Verde (666.2) Liberia. Republic of Liberia (666.8) Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (667) Ghana. Republic of Ghana (668.1) Togo. Republic of Togo (668.2) Benin. Republic of Benin (669.1) Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria (67) Equatorial, central and eastern African states and territories (671.1) Cameroon. Repubic of Cameroon (671.8) Equatorial Guinea. Republic of Equatorial Guinea (672.1) Gabon. Gabonese Republic (672.4) Congo. Republic of the Congo (673) Angola. Republic of Angola (Angola. Republica de Angola) (674) Inner African (central African) territories (674.1) Central African Republic (674.3) Chad. Republic of Chad Territory of French Equatorial Africa to 1959 (675) Democratic Republic of Congo (675.97) Burundi. Republic of Burundi (675.98) Rwanda. Republic of Rwanda (676.1) Uganda. Republic of Uganda (676.2) Kenya. Republic of Kenya (677) Somalia. Somali Democratic Republic I/96 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) (677.1) Djibouti. Republic of Djibouti (678) Tanzania. United Republic of Tanzania (679) Mozambique. Republic of Mozambique (68) States and territories of southern Africa (680) South Africa. Republic of South Africa (684) KwaZulu/Natal (KwaZulu-Natal) Formerly Natal (KwaZulu/Natal) (685) Free State Formerly Orange Free State (687) Kaap die Goeie Hoop. Cape of Good Hope (historical) (688.1) Namibia (688.7) Swaziland (689.1) Zimbabwe. Republic of Zimbabwe (689.4) Zambia. Republic of Zambia Northern Rhodesia to 1964 (689.7) Malawi. Republic of Malawi (69) African islands of the Indian and South Atlantic oceans (691) Madagascar. Democratic Republic of Madagascar (694) Islands north of Madagascar (696) Seychelles. Republic of Seychelles (697) British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) (UK) (698) Mascarene Islands (698.1) Réunion (France) Formerly Ile de Bourbon (698.2) Mauritius. Republic of Mauritius (699) Outlying Islands in the South Indian and South Atlantic Oceans (7) North and Central America (71) Canada (711) British Columbia (712.3) Alberta (712.4) Saskatchewan (712.7) Manitoba (713) Ontario. Upper Canada 1791-1841 (714) Quebec. Lower Canada 1791-1841 (715) New Brunswick (716) Nova Scotia (717) Prince Edward Island (718) Newfoundland Province. Newfoundland, Labrador (719) Yukon. Northwest Territories. Nunavut (719.1) Yukon Territory (719.2) Northwest Territories (719.3) Nunavut (72) Mexico. Central American states. Caribbean territories (728) Central American states (728.1) Guatemala. Republic of Guatemala (728.2) Belize. British Honduras to 1973 (728.3) Honduras. Republic of Honduras (728.4) El Salvador. Republic of El Salvador (728.5) Nicaragua. Republic of Nicaragua (728.6) Costa Rica. Republic of Costa Rica (728.7) Panama. Republic of Panama (729) Caribbean territories. West Indies (Antilles) (729.1) Cuba. Republic of Cuba (729.2) Jamaica (729.3) Dominican Republic (729.4) Haiti. Republic of Haiti (729.5) Puerto Rico. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (USA) USA 1899 to 1952; associate of USA from 1952 (729.61) Bahamas. Commonwealth of the Bahamas Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/97 (729.68) Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) (729.7/.8) Lesser Antilles (Eastern Caribbean) (729.86) Barbados (729.87) Trinidad and Tobago. Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (729.88) Netherlands Antilles (Dutch Antilles) (729.9) Bermudas (Somers Islands) (UK) (73) United States of America (USA). The District of Columbia and the federal capital are classed at (735.3), and the state capitals are listed with the counties where they are located, with the addition of the words ‘(state capital)’; but, if preferred, they can be classed at federal or state level, using the special auxiliary -25, from (1-25) Class protected areas such as National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges preferably with the state or area in which they are situated, adding the subdivisions of (1-751) (Table 1e) of UDC. Class collective works here. (734) States of north-eastern USA (734.1) Maine (734.2) New Hampshire (734.3) Vermont (734.4) Massachusetts (734.5) Rhode Island (734.6) Connecticut (734.7) New York (state) (734.8) Pennsylvania (734.9) New Jersey (735) States of the south-eastern USA (South Atlantic states). Class here the southern states (735.1) Delaware (735.2) Maryland (735.3) District of Columbia. Washington DC (735.4) West Virginia (735.5) Virginia (735.6) North Carolina (735.7) South Carolina (735.8) Georgia (735.9) Florida (736) States of the south central USA. Class here the Old South-west (736.1) Alabama (736.2) Mississippi (736.3) Louisiana (736.4) Texas (736.6) Oklahoma (736.7) Arkansas (736.8) Tennessee (736.9) Kentucky (737) States of the north central USA. Class here the Middle West (737.1) Ohio (737.2) Indiana (737.3) Illinois (737.4) Michigan (737.5) Wisconsin (737.6) Minnesota (737.7) Iowa (737.8) Missouri (738) States of the western USA. Class here the West (738.1) Kansas (738.2) Nebraska (738.3) South Dakota (738.4) North Dakota (738.6) Montana (738.7) Wyoming I/98 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) (738.8) Colorado (738.9) New Mexico (739) States of the Great Basin and Pacific Slope region of the USA, and the Pacific Ocean. Class here the New South-west (739.1) Arizona (739.2) Utah (739.3) Nevada (739.4) California (739.5) Oregon (739.6) Idaho (739.7) Washington (739.8) Alaska (739.9) Hawaii (8) South America. States and regions of South America. Latin America (81) Brazil. Federative Republic of Brazil (82) Argentina. Argentine Republic (821/822) Litoral (829.1) Falkland Islands. Falkland Islands and Dependencies (UK) (83) Chile. Republic of Chile (84) Bolivia. Republic of Bolivia (85) Peru. Republic of Peru (866) Ecuador. Republic of Ecuador (866.4) Galápagos (87) Venezuela. Republic of Venezuela (88) The Guianas (881) Guyana. Cooperative Republic of Guyana (882) French Guiana (Guyane française). Department of Guiana (France) (883) Suriname. Republic of Suriname (899) Uruguay. Eastern Republic of Uruguay (9) States and regions of the South Pacific and Australia. Arctic. Antarctic [For the South Pacific, Australia, the Artic and the Antactic as physiogeographic regions, and for the physiogeographic units of these regions, use (292.94/.99), (292.91/.93), (292.2) and (292.3) and their subdivisions] (931) New Zealand (932) New Caledonia. Territory of New Caledonia (France) (934) Vanuatu. Republic of Vanuatu (935) Solomon Islands (94) Australia. Commonwealth of Australia (941) Western Australia (942) South Australia and the Northern Territory (943) Queensland (944) New South Wales (945) Victoria (946) Tasmania (948) Outlying islands of Australia (954) Papua New Guinea. Independent State of Papua New Guinea (961/964) Polynesia. States and regions of Polynesia (961.1) Fiji. Republic of Fiji (961.2) Tonga. Kingdom of Tonga (961.31) Samoa. Independent State of Samoa (Samoa. Malo Sa’oloto Tuto’atasi o Samoa) Formerly: Independent State of Western Samoa (Malolotuto’atasi o Samoa i Sisifo) (961.33) American Samoa (USA) Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/99 (961.4) Tuvalu Formerly Ellice Islands (962.3) Cook Islands (New Zealand) (963) French Polynesia. Territory of French Polynesia. Territoire de la Polynésie Française (France) (966/968) Micronesia. States and regions of Micronesia (966) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (USA) (966.4) Marshall Islands. Republic of the Marshall Islands (967.2) Guam (USA) (968.2) Kiribati. Republic of Kiribati Formerly Gilbert Islands (968.5) Nauru. Republic of Nauru (97) Isolated Islands of the Pacific Ocean Class here those Pacific Islands which are not be found elsewhere in (5/9) (98) Arctic territories (984) European Arctic islands (985) Russian Arctic, including islands (987) North American Arctic, including islands (988) Greenland (Gronland) (Denmark) (99) Antarctic territories. South Polar regions. In accordance with the 1961 Antarctic treaty, the ter- ritorial claims in Antarctica are now in abeyance. However, the colon combinations formerly list- ed here continue to be available at the user’s discretion I/100 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Appendix C Selection of insects with special interest to forest science Alphabetical index to subdivisions of 145.7 Insecta s.l. (= Hexapoda**), i.e. “insects” [UDC 595.7] The arrangement of orders and families in Appendix C of the ODC (1954) was based on A.D. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology (7th Edition, 1948). The revision presented here is extremely conserva- tive, preserving original class numbers from the ODC. The circumscription of the class number has been interpreted to better represent more modern understandings of insect classification, at least at the ‘order’ level. At the ‘family’ level, progress in understanding phyletic relationships between different insect taxa has resulted in considerable changes since Imms’ original scheme. Adoption of a more natural classifica- tion of hexapod taxa would have necessitated the abandonment of the original scheme. Such a move might be premature, given the present lack of consensus as to higher-level relationships of at least some important insect groups. Current initiatives to resolve phyletic relationships using genetic, developmental and morphological data may alter this situation soon. In the meantime, the original scheme has been updated by the addition of family names in current use and/or since Imms’ day. These include some taxa considered by some to be of subfamily rank. Note that some class numbers grouped together families (and orders, in the case of 145.7x09) now considered to be distantly related, at least in some classifica- tion schemes. Also, some closely related taxa may be widely separated from each other. Taxa not includ- ed in the original scheme have been grouped with near-related taxa where possible. References consulted included, inter alia: N.M. Downie & R.H. Arnett, Jr. (1996) The Beetles of Northeastern North America; J.B. Heppner (1998) Classification of Lepidoptera; J.F. Lawrence & A.F. Newton, Jr. (1995) Families and Subfamilies of Coleoptera …; J.F. McAlpine (ed.) (1981, 1987, 1989) Manual of Nearctic Diptera; V.H. Resh & R.T. Cardé (eds.) (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects; O.W. Richards & R.G. Davies (1977) Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology, 10th Edition (now outdated, but used for bridging purposes); and resources on the following websites: Association for Tropical Lepidoptera (www.troplep.org); The Coleopterists Society (www.coleoptera.org); The Diptera Site (www.diptera.org); and Tree of Life Web Project (www.tolweb.org). The latter provides access to more natural classifications of insects than provided here. New taxa or orthographic variants noted in the FDC (1992) are indicated by *. Taxon names added in this revision (whether archaic or current, and including orthographic variants) are indicated by **. In the two instances where new GFDC class numbers have been added, this is indicated by ***. As in the original ODC, orders in bold are subdivided numerically to family (and selected higher taxa). Orders 145.7x01 Thysanura 145.7x02 Diplura** and Protura [UDC 595.711] 145.7x03 Collembola 145.7x04 ‘orthopteroid’ insects**, in part (= ”Orthoptera” sensu lato) 145.7x05 Dermaptera 145.7x06 Plecoptera 145.7x07 Isoptera 145.7x08 Embiidina** (= Embioptera) 145.7x09 Psocoptera, 145.7x10 Phthiraptera** 145.7x11 Ephemeroptera 145.7x12 Odonata 145.7x13 Thysanoptera 145.7x14 Hemiptera 145.7x15 Neuropterida** 145.7x16 Mecoptera 145.7x17 Trichoptera 145.7x18 Lepidoptera 145.7x19 Coleoptera 145.7x20 Strepsiptera 145.7x21 Hymenoptera 145.7x22 Diptera 145.7x23 Siphonaptera** (= Aphaniptera) Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/103 Taxon Class Number A Acanaloniidae** 14.32 Acanthoceridae** 19.96 Acanthocnemidae** 19.57 Acanthococcidae** 14.39 Acanthomeridae 22.16 Acanthopteroctetidae** 18.01 Acanthosomatidae** 14.01 Acartophthalmidae** 22.53 Achilidae** 14.35 Achilixiidae** 14.35 Aclerdidae** 14.39 Aclopidae** 19.96 Acrididae 04.5 Acroceridae 22.18 Acrolepiidae** 18.11 Acrolophidae** 18.19 Acrydiidae** 04.5 Aculagnathidae** 19.32 Aculeata 21.6/.8 Adeheterothripidae** 13 Adelgidae* 14.38 Adelidae 18.20 Adephaga** 19.01/.09 Aderidae** 19.83 Adiheterothripidae** 13 Adimeridae 19.41 Aegeriidae 18.06 Aegialitidae 19.50 Aelothripidae** 13 Aenictopecheidae** 14.11 Aepophilidae 14.10 Aetalionidae** 14.30 Agaonidae 21.2 Agaontidae** 21.2 Agaristidae 18.75 Agathiphagidae** 18.01 Agdistidae 18.40 Aglycyderidae** 19.93 Agonoxenidae** 18.12 Agromyzidae 22.37 Agyrtidae** 19.14 Aididae** 18.45 Aleurodidae 14.37 Alexiidae** 19.42 Aleyrodidae 14.37 Alleculidae** 19.74 Allocorynidae** 19.91 Allotriidae 21.3 Alucitidae 18.26 Alydidae** 14.02 Amatidae 18.73 Amblycera** 10 Amitermitidae** 07.3 Amorphoscelididae** 04.3 Amphitheridae 18.24 Amphizoidae 19.03 Ampulicidae 21.7 Anaxyelidae** 21.02 Andesianidae** 18.21 Andrenidae 21.8 Anischiidae** 19.67 Anisolabididae** 05 Anisopodidae** 22.13 Anisoptera** 12 Anisotomidae** 19.14 Anobiidae 19.60 Anoeciidae** 14.38 Anomoeotidae** 18.47 Anomosetidae** 18.02 Anoplura 10 Anostostomatidae** 04.6 Anthelidae** 18.51 Anthicidae 19.84 Anthocoridae 14.16 Anthomyiidae 22.56 Anthomyzidae** 22.48 Anthophoridae 21.8 Anthribidae 19.90 Apatelodidae** 18.56 Apatidae 19.62 Aphalaridae** 14.36 Aphaniptera 23 Aphelinidae** 21.2 Aphelocheiridae** 14.23 Aphididae 14.38 Aphodiidae 19.96 Aphrophoridae** 14.29 Aphylidae** 14.01 Apicotermitidae** 07.3 Apidae 21.8 Apioceratidae** 22.20 Apioceridae 22.20 Apiomorphidae** 14.39 Apionidae** 19.89 Apoprogonidae** 18.69 Apsilocephalidae** 22.24 Apystomyidae** 22.25 Apystomyiidae** 22.25 Aradidae 14.06 Araeopidae** 14.33 Arbelidae 18.44 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/105 GFDC Appendix C: Ordered by Class Number All Class Numbers prefixed by 145.7x Archaeognatha** 01 Archeocrypticidae** 19.64 Archeostemata** 19.10, 19.59 Archostemata** 19.10, 19.59 Arctiidae 18.74 Argidae 21.05 Argyresthiidae 18.11 Arixeniidae** 05 Arrhenophanidae* 18.41 Artematopidae** 19.49 Artheneidae** 14.04 Aschiza 22.28/.32 Asilidae 22.23 Aspidytidae** 19.03 Asteiidae** 22.48 Asterolecaniidae** 14.39 Atelestidae** 22.26 Ateluridae** 01 Athericidae** 22.15 Attacidae** 18.52 Attelabidae** 19.91 Attevidae** 18.11 Auchenorrhyncha** 14.28/.35 Aulacidae** 21.1 Aulacigastridae** 22.48 Australimyzidae** 22.40 Austrocynipidae** 21.3 Austroleptidae** 22.15 Austroniidae** 21.4 Axiidae** 18.66 Axiniidae** 22.57 Axymyiidae** 22.08 B Batrachedridae** 18.13 Beesoniidae** 14.39 Belidae** 19.93 Belohinidae** 19.96 Belostomatidae 14.24 Belytidae 21.4 Bembecidae 21.7 Bembicidae** 21.7 Bengaliidae** 22.57 Beonotidae** 22.06 Berytidae 14.03 Bethylidae 21.6 Bibionidae 22.08 Biphyllidae** 19.28 Biturritiidae** 14.30 Blaberidae** 04.2 Blasticotomidae** 21.05 Blasticotommidae** 21.05 Blastobasidae 18.09 Blastodacnidae** 18.12 Blattaria** 04.2 Blattellidae** 04.2 Blattidae 04.2 Blattodea** 04.2 Blephariceridae** 22.10 Blepharoceridae 22.10 Blissidae** 14.04 Boganiidae** 19.27 Bolboceratidae** 19.96 Bombidae 21.8 Bombycidae 18.56 Bombyliidae 22.25 Borboridae 22.52 Borboropsidae** 22.54 Boridae** 19.76 Bostrichidae 19.62 Bostrychidae 19.62 Bothrideridae** 19.40 Brachodidae** 18.06 Brachycera 22.14/.26 Brachyplatidae** 14.01 Brachypsectridae** 19.49 Brachypteridae** 19.29 Braconidae 21.1 Bradynobaenidae** 21.6 Brahmaeidae 18.53 Braulidae 22.62 Brenthidae 19.89 Brentidae** 19.89 Bruchelidae** 19.90 Bruchidae 19.86 Bucculatricidae** 18.14 Bucculatrigidae** 18.14 Buprestidae 19.66 Byrrhidae 19.45 Byturidae 19.28 C Caelifera** 04.5 Callaphididae** 14.38 Callidulidae 18.58 Calliphoridae 22.57 Callirhipidae** 19.49 Calobatidae** 22.42 Calophyidae** 14.36 Calotermitidae 07.2 Calyptratae** 22.41, 22.56/.61 Camillidae** 22.38 Campichoetidae** 22.39 Canacidae** 22.40 Canopidae** 14.01 Cantharidae 19.55 Canthyloscelidae** 22.02 Capsidae 14.18 Carabidae 19.02 Carayonemidae** 14.39 Carcinophoridae** 05 Caridae** 19.91 Carnidae** 22.40 Carposinidae 18.30 Carsidaridae** 14.36 Carthaeidae** 18.56 I/106 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Castniidae 18.48 Catantopidae** 04.5 Cataprochotidae** 19.34 Cateretidae** 19.29 Catoprochotidae 19.34 Cavognathiidae** 19.35 Cebrionidae** 19.67 Cecidomyidae* 22.06 Cecidomyiidae 22.06 Cecidosidae** 18.20 Celyphidae 22.49 Cephaloidae** 19.81 Cephaloplectidae** 19.17 Cephidae 21.01 Cerambycidae 19.88 Ceraphrionidae 21.4 Ceraphronidae** 21.4 Ceratinidae 21.8 Ceratocampidae 18.54 Ceratocanthidae** 19.96 Ceratocombidae 14.16 Ceratopogonidae 22.05 Cercophanidae** 18.53 Cercopidae 14.29 Cerococcidae** 14.39 Cerophytidae** 19.67 Cerylonidae** 19.40 Cetoniidae** 19.96 Chaeteessidae** 04.3 Chaetosomatidae** 19.26 Chaitophoridae** 14.38 Chalcidectidae** 21.2 Chalcididae 21.2 Chalcodryidae** 19.69 Chamaemyiidae** 22.36 Chaoboridae** 22.04 Charilaidae** 04.5 Charipidae 21.3 Chauliognathidae** 19.55 Chelisochidae** 05 Chelonariidae** 19.49 Chermesidae** 14.38 Chermidae** 14.36 Chimabachidae** 18.09 Chironomidae 22.05 Chiropteromyzidae** 22.54 Chlidanotidae 18.31 Chloropidae 22.40 Choreutidae** 18.06 Chrysididae 21.6 Chrysomelidae 19.87 Chrysopolomidae 18.43 Chyromyidae** 22.52 Cicadellidae 14.31 Cicadidae 14.28 Cicindelidae 19.01 Ciidae** 19.64 Cimbicidae 21.05 Cimicidae 14.14 Cioidae 19.64 Cisidae** 19.64 Cissidae 19.64 Cistelidae 19.74 Citheroniidae 18.54 Cixiidae** 14.33 Clambidae** 19.53 Clastopteridae** 14.29 Cleonymidae 21.2 Cleridae 19.57 Clusiidae** 22.53 Clusiodidae** 22.53 Cnemospathidae** 22.54 Cneoglossidae** 19.49 Coccidae 14.39 Coccinellidae 19.43 Cochlididae 18.46 Cochlidiidae** 18.46 Cochylidae** 18.29 Coelopidae** 22.51 Coenomyiidae** 22.15 Coleophoridae 18.13 Coleoptera 19 Coleorrhyncha*** 14.40 Collembola 03 Colletidae 21.8 Colobathristidae** 14.03 Colydiidae 19.40 Conchaspididae** 14.39 Conchylidae 18.29 Cononotidae** 19.84 Conopidae 22.33 Copromorphidae 18.25 Coptosomatidae** 14.01 Cordiluridae** 22.41 Cordyluridae 22.41 Coreidae 14.02 Corethrellidae** 22.04 Corixidae 14.27 Corizidae** 14.02 Corylophidae 19.20 Cosmopterigidae** 18.08 Cosmopterygidae 18.08 Cossidae 18.05 Crabronidae 21.7 Crambidae 18.36 Cramptonomyiidae** 22.08 Cremifaniidae** 22.36 Crinopterygidae** 18.20 Crowsonellidae** 19.10 Crowsoniellidae** 19.10 Cryptocercidae** 04.2 Cryptochetidae** 22.40 Cryptomeridae** 19.53 Cryptophagidae 19.33 Cryptophilidae** 19.32 Cryptorhamphidae** 14.04 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/107 Cryptostemmatidae** 14.15 Ctenostylidae** 22.34 Ctenostylidae** 22.45 Ctenuchidae** 18.73 Cubitermitidae** 07.3 Cucujidae 19.30 Culicidae 22.04 Cupedidae 19.10 Cupesidae 19.10 Curculionidae 19.91 Curtonotidae** 22.38 Cuterebridae** 22.58 Cyathoceridae 19.47 Cyclaxyridae** 19.30 Cyclidiidae** 18.66 Cyclorrhapha 22.28/.62 Cyclotornidae 18.23 Cycnodidae 18.13 Cydnidae** 14.01 Cylindrachetidae** 04.5 Cylindrococcidae** 14.39 Cylindrotomidae** 22.01 Cymatophoridae 18.67 Cymbidae 18.74 Cymidae** 14.04 Cynipidae 21.3 Cyphonidae** 19.53 Cypselidae** 22.52 Cypselomatidae** 22.42 Cyrtidae 22.18 Cyrtocoridae** 14.01 Cyrtosiidae** 22.25 D Dacoderidae** 19.72 Dactylopiidae** 14.39 Dalceridae 18.49 Dascillidae 19.52 Dasyceridae** 19.11 Dasypodidae** 21.8 Dasytidae** 19.56 Decliinidae** 19.53 Delphacidae 14.33 Depressariidae** 18.09 Derbidae 14.35 Dermaptera 05 Dermestidae 19.44 Derodontidae 19.37 Deuterophlebiidae 22.11 Diadocidiidae** 22.07 Diapriidae 21.4 Diaspididae** 14.39 Diastatidae** 22.39 Dictyopharidae** 14.34 Dictyoptera** 04.2/.3 Dinidoridae** 14.01 Diopsidae 22.50 Dioptidae** 18.72 Diphyllostomatidae** 19.96 Diplura** 02 Diprionidae* 21.05 Dipsocoridae 14.15 Diptera 22 Discolomatidae** 19.42 Discolomidae** 19.42 Disteniidae** 19.88 Ditomyiidae** 22.07 Dixidae 22.03 Doidae** 18.72 Dolichopodidae 22.27 Douglasiidae 18.12 Drepanidae 18.66 Drepanosiphidae** 14.38 Drepanulidae 18.66 Drilidae** 19.55 Drosophilidae 22.38 Dryinidae 21.6 Dryomyzidae** 22.55 Dryopidae 19.49 Dudgeoneidae** 18.05 Dynastidae** 19.96 Dytiscidae 19.06 E Ectrephidae 19.61 Eginiidae** 22.56 Elacatidae** 19.72 Elachistidae 18.12 Elasmidae 21.2 Elasmodemidae** 14.13 Elateridae 19.67 Elmidae** 19.49 Elmididae** 19.49 Elminthidae** 19.49 Elodidae** 19.53 Embiidina** 08 Embioptera 08 Embolemidae** 21.6 Empidae 22.26 Empididae** 22.26 Empusidae** 04.3 Encyrtidae 21.2 Endecatomidae** 19.62 Endomychidae 19.42 Endromidae 18.59 Enicocephalidae** 14.11 Ensifera** 04.6/.7 Entognatha** 02 Epermeniidae 18.16 Ephemeroptera 11 Ephydridae 22.39 Epicopeiidae** 18.69 Epiplemidae 18.70 Epipygidae** 14.29 Epipyropidae 18.22 Eremiaphilidae** 04.3 I/108 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Erinnidae** 22.14/.15 Eriococcidae** 14.39 Eriocottidae** 18.41 Eriocraniidae** 18.01 Eriopteridae** 22.01 Erotylidae 19.32 Erycinidae 18.61 Ethmiidae** 18.09 Eucharidae 21.2 Eucharitidae** 21.2 Eucinetidae** 19.53 Eucleidae 18.46 Eucnemidae 19.67 Eucoilidae 21.3 Eucosmidae 18.27 Eudicronychidae** 19.67 Euglenidae** 19.83 Euglossidae 21.8 Eulichadidae** 19.49 Eulophidae 21.2 Eumastacidae** 04.5 Eumenidae** 21.6 Eupelmidae** 21.2 Euphasmida** 04.4 Eupistidae** 18.13 Eupterotidae 18.56 Eurybrachidae** 14.32 Eurychoromyiidae** 22.49 Eurygnathomyiidae** 22.45 Eurymelidae** 14.31 Eurypogonidae** 19.49 Eurystethidae** 19.72 Eurytomidae 21.2 Euxestidae** 22.34 Evaniidae 21.1 Evocoidae** 22.24 Exeretonevridae** 22.15 Exoporia** 18.02/.04 F Fanniidae** 22.56 Fauriellidae** 13 Fergusoninidae** 22.37 Fideliidae** 21.8 Figitidae 21.3 Flatidae 14.32 Forficulidae 05 Formicidae 21.5 Fulgoridae 14.34 Fungivoridae** 22.07 G Galleriidae 18.35 Gasterophilidae** 22.58 Gasteruptiidae** 21.1 Gelastocoridae** 14.22 Gelechiidae 18.07 Gengidae** 14.32 Geocoridae** 14.04 Geometridae 18.68 Geomyzidae 22.48 Georissidae** 19.48 Georyssidae 19.48 Geotrupidae** 19.96 Gerridae** 14.09 Glaphyridae** 19.96 Glaresidae** 19.96 Glossinidae** 22.59 Glutopidae** 22.17 Glyphipterigidae** 18.18 Glyphipterygidae 18.18 Gnostidae** 19.60 Gobryidae** 22.50 Gracilariidae 18.14 Gracillariidae** 18.14 Greenideidae** 14.38 Gryllacrididae** 04.6 Gryllidae 04.7 Grylloblattidae 04.1 Grylloblattodea** 04.1 Grylloidea** 04.7 Gryllotalpidae** 04.7 Gyrinidae 19.07 H Haglidae** 04.6 Halictidae** 21.8 Halimococcidae** 14.39 Haliplidae 19.05 Hebridae 14.08 Hedylidae** 18.68 Helcomyzidae** 22.55 Heleidae** 22.05 Heleomyzidae** 22.54 Helicoboscidae** 22.57 Heliodinidae 18.17 Heliozelidae 18.12 Helmidae** 19.49 Helminthidae** 19.49 Helodidae 19.53 Helomyzidae 22.54 Heloridae 21.4 Helosciomyzidae** 22.55 Helotidae 19.27 Helotrephidae 14.20 Hemileucidae 18.52 Hemimeridae** 05 Hemipeplidae** 19.76 Hemiptera 14 Henicocephalidae 14.11 Henicoridae** 14.04 Hepialidae 18.02 Hermatobatidae** 14.09 Hesperiidae 18.65 Hesperinidae** 22.07 Heterobathmiidae** 18.01 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/109 Heteroceridae 19.51 Heterocheilidae** 22.55 Heterogastridae** 14.04 Heterogeneidae 18.46 Heterogenidae** 18.46 Heterogynaidae** 21.7 Heterogynidae 18.42 Heteromyzidae** 22.54 Heteroneuridae 22.53 Heteroptera 14.01/.27 Heterostomidae** 22.15 Heterothripidae** 13 Hilarimorphidae** 22.25 Himantopteridae** 18.47 Hippoboscidae 22.59 Histeridae 19.22 Hobartiidae** 19.35 Hodotermitidae 07.2 Holcopogonidae** 18.09 Homalisidae** 19.55 Homoptera 14.28/.39 Homotomidae** 14.36 Hormaphididae** 14.38 Huttoninidae** 22.55 Hyblaeidae 18.76 Hybosoridae** 19.96 Hybotidae** 22.26 Hydraenidae** 19.50 Hydrometridae 14.09 Hydrophilidae 19.50 Hydroscaphidae 19.18 Hygrobiidae 19.04 Hylicidae** 14.31 Hylophilidae** 19.83 Hymenopodidae** 04.3 Hymenoptera 21 Hyocephalidae** 14.02 Hyperoscelidae** 22.02 Hyperoscelididae** 22.02 Hypertrophidae** 18.09 Hypocephalidae** 19.88 Hypochthonellidae** 14.32 Hypocopridae** 19.33 Hypodermatidae** 22.58 Hyponomeutidae 18.11 Hypsidae 18.78 Hypsipterygidae** 14.15 I Ibaliidae 21.3 Ichneumonidae 21.1 Idiostolidae** 14.04 Inbiomyiidae** 22.40 Incurvariidae** 18.20 Indarbelidae 18.44 Inopeplidae** 19.72 Ipidae 19.92 Ironomyiidae** 22.29 Ischnocera** 10 Isometopidae** 14.18 Isoptera 07 Issidae** 14.32 Ithyceridae** 19.91 Itonididae 22.06 J Jacobsoniidae** 19.44 Jassidae 14.31 Joppeicidae** 14.13 K Kalotermitidae 07.2 Karumiidae** 19.52 Kateretidae** 19.29 Kermesidae** 14.39 Keroplatidae** 22.07 Kerriidae** 14.39 Kinnaridae** 14.33 L Labiduridae** 05 Labiidae** 05 Lacciferidae** 14.39 Lachnidae* 14.38 Lacosomidae 18.55 Lacturidae** 18.47 Laemophloeidae** 19.30 Lagoidae 18.45 Lagriidae 19.73 Lamexylonidae** 19.58 Lamingtoniidae** 19.33 Lampyridae 19.55 Languriidae** 19.32 Largidae** 14.05 Lariidae 19.86 Larridae 21.7 Larvaevoridae** 22.57 Lasiocampidae 18.51 Lasiochilidae** 14.16 Lathiceridae** 04.5 Lathrididae 19.38 Lathridiidae** 19.38 Latridiidae** 19.38 Lauxaniidae** 22.36 Lecaniidae** 14.39 Lecanodiaspididae** 14.39 Lecithoceridae** 18.09 Ledridae** 14.31 Leiodidae** 19.14 Lemoniidae 18.61 Lentulidae** 04.5 Leotichiidae** 14.19 Lepiceridae** 19.47 Lepidoptera 18 Lepidothrichidae** 01 Lepidotrichidae** 01 I/110 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Lepismatidae** 01 Leptidae 22.15 Leptinidae 19.16 Leptoconopidae** 22.05 Leptodiridae** 19.14 Leptofoenidae** 21.2 Leptogastridae** 22.23 Leptopodidae** 14.19 Lestoniidae** 14.01 Lestremiidae** 22.06 Leucospidae** 21.2 Libytheidae** 18.61 Lichadidae** 19.49 Lichniidae** 19.96 Limacodidae 18.46 Limexilidae** 19.58 Limnebiidae** 19.50 Limnichidae** 19.49 Limniidae** 19.49 Limoniidae** 22.01 Limulodidae** 19.17 Liodidae** 19.14 Liopteridae** 21.3 Liparidae 18.77 Lithocolletidae 18.14 Lithosiidae 18.74 Liviidae** 14.36 Loboscelidiidae** 21.6 Lonchaeidae** 22.45 Lonchopteridae 22.28 Lophocateridae** 19.26 Lophocoronidae** 18.01 Lophopidae** 14.32 Lucanidae 19.95 Lutrochidae** 19.49 Lycaenidae 18.62 Lycidae 19.55 Lycoriidae** 22.07 Lyctidae 19.63 Lyctocoridae** 14.16 Lygaeidae 14.04 Lygistorrhinidae** 22.07 Lymantriidae 18.77 Lymexylidae** 19.58 Lymexylonidae 19.58 Lyonetiidae 18.19 M Maamingidae** 21.4 Machaerotidae** 14.29 Machilidae** 01 Macrocephalidae 14.12 Macroceridae** 22.07 Macropogonidae** 19.49 Macrotermitidae** 07.3 Macroveliidae** 14.09 Macroxyelidae** 21.03 Maindroniidae** 01 Malachiidae 19.56 Malacodermidae 19.55 Malcidae** 14.04 Mallophaga** 10 Manotidae** 22.07 Mantidae 04.3 Mantodea** 04.3 Mantoididae** 04.3 Mantophasmatodea*** 04.8 Margarodidae** 14.39 Marginidae** 22.48 Masaridae** 21.6 Mastotermitidae 07.1 Mauroniscidae** 19.56 Mecoptera 16 Medocostidae** 14.13 Meenoplidae** 14.33 Megachilidae 21.8 Megalodontesidae** 21.04 Megalodontidae** 21.04 Megalopodidae** 19.87 Megaloptera** 15 Megalopygidae 18.45 Megalyridae** 21.1 Megamerinidae** 22.42 Meganomiidae** 21.8 Megarididae** 14.01 Megaspilidae** 21.4 Meinertellidae** 01 Melandryidae 19.77 Melanthripidae** 13 Melasidae** 19.67 Melittidae** 21.8 Melizoderidae** 14.30 Mellinidae 21.7 Meloidae 19.81 Melolonthidae** 19.96 Melusinidae** 22.09 Melydridae 19.56 Melyridae 19.56 Membracidae 14.30 Merophysiidae** 19.38 Merothripidae** 13 Meruidae** 19.06 Merycidae** 19.40 Mesembrinellidae** 22.57 Mesoveliidae** 14.08 Metallyticidae** 04.3 Metarbelidae* 18.44 Meziridae** 14.06 Micrococcidae** 14.39 Microcoryphia** 01 Microdontidae** 22.32 Micromalthidae 19.59 Micropezidae 22.42 Microphoridae** 22.26 Microphysidae** 14.13 Micropterigidae** 18.01 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/111 Micropterygidae 18.01 Microsporidae** 19.19 Milichiidae** 22.40 Mimallonidae** 18.55 Mindaridae** 14.38 Mindidae** 22.40 Miridae 14.18 Mirinidae** 18.56 Miscogasteridae 21.2 Mnesarchaeidae** 18.02 Mogoplistidae** 04.7 Momphidae** 18.08 Monocteniadae 18.68 Monomachidae** 21.4 Monomachiidae** 21.4 Monommatidae** 19.74 Monommidae 19.74 Mononychidae 14.22 Monotomidae 19.31 Mordellidae 19.79 Mormotomyiidae** 22.59 Muscidae 22.56 Musidoridae 22.28 Mutilidae** 21.6 Mutillidae 21.6 Mycetobiidae** 22.13 Mycetophagidae 19.39 Mycetophilidae 22.07 Mycteridae** 19.76 Mydaidae** 22.21 Mydidae** 22.21 Myerslopiidae** 14.31 Mylabridae** 19.86 Mymaridae 21.2 Mymarommatidae** 21.2 Myodochidae** 14.04 Myrmecophilidae** 04.7 Myrmosidae 21.6 Mystacinobiidae** 22.57 Mythicomyiidae** 22.25 Myxophaga** 19.18/.19, 19.47 Nabidae 14.13 N Naeogaeidae** 14.08 Nannodastiidae** 22.52 Nasutitermitidae** 07.3 Naucoridae 14.23 Neididae** 14.03 Nematocera 22.01/.13 Nemeobiidae 18.61 Nemestrinidae 22.19 Neminidae** 22.48 Nemonychidae** 19.90 Neopseustidae** 18.01 Neotheoridae** 18.02 Neottiophilidae** 22.45 Nepidae 14.25 Nepticulidae 18.21 Neriidae** 22.42 Neurochaetidae** 22.48 Neuroptera 15 Neuropterida** 15 Nicoletiidae** 01 Nicomiidae** 14.30 Nilionidae 19.74 Ninidae** 14.04 Nitidulidae 19.29 Noctuidae 18.76 Nogodinidae** 14.32 Nolidae** 18.76 Nomadidae 21.8 Nosodendridae 19.46 Noteridae** 19.06 Nothybidae** 22.50 Notiophygidae** 19.42 Notodontidae 18.72 Notomyzidae** 22.54 Notonectidae 14.26 Nycteribidae 22.60 Nycteribiidae** 22.60 Nymphalidae 18.60 Nymphomyiidae** 22.11 Nyssonidae 21.7 O Ochodaeidae** 19.96 Ochsenheimeriidae** 18.18 Ochteridae** 14.21 Ochthiphilidae** 22.36 Ocneriidae 18.77 Ocoidae** 22.24 Odinidae** 22.37 Odiniidae** 22.37 Odonata 12 Oecophoridae 18.09 Oedemeridae 19.75 Oenosandridae** 18.72 Oestridae 22.58 Olbiogastridae** 22.13 Olethreutidae 18.27 Omalisidae** 19.55 Omaniidae** 14.19 Omethidae** 19.55 Ommadidae** 19.10 Ommatidae** 19.10 Ommexechidae** 04.5 Omphralidae 22.22 Opetiidae** 22.30 Opomyzidae** 22.48 Opostegidae** 18.21 Oreoleptidae** 22.17 Ormyridae** 21.2 Orneodidae 18.26 Orphidae** 19.96 Orphnephilidae 22.12 I/112 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Orphnidae** 19.96 Orsodacnidae** 19.87 Ortalidae 22.34 Ortheziidae** 14.39 Orthoperidae** 19.20 Orthoptera s.l. 04 Orthoptera s.s. 04.5/.7 Orussidae* 21.07 Oryssidae 21.07 Oscinidae 22.40 Othniidae 19.72 Otitidae** 22.34 Oxybelidae 21.7 Oxycarenidae** 14.04 Oxychirotidae 18.34 Oxycorynidae** 19.93 Oxytenidae** 18.53 P Pachygronthidae** 14.04 Pachyneuridae** 22.08 Pachynomidae** 14.13 Palaeosetidae 18.04 Palaephatidae** 18.20 Pallopteridae** 22.45 Pamphagidae** 04.5 Pamphagodidae** 04.5 Pamphiliidae 21.04 Pantheidae** 18.76 Pantopthalmidae 22.16 Panurgidae 21.8 Papilionidae 18.64 Parandridae** 19.88 Paraphrynoveliidae** 14.09 Parnidae 19.49 Passalidae 19.94 Passandridae** 19.30 Pauliniidae** 04.5 Paussidae 19.06 Paxylommatidae** 21.1 Pediciidae** 22.01 Pedilidae** 19.84 Pelecinidae 21.4 Pelecorhynchidae** 22.17 Pelobiidae 19.04 Pelogonidae 14.21 Peloridiidae** 14.40 Peltidae** 19.26 Pemphigidae** 14.38 Pemphredonidae 21.7 Pentatomidae 14.01 Penthetriidae** 22.08 Peradeniidae** 21.4 Pergidae** 21.05 Perilampidae 21.2 Perimylopidae** 19.69 Periscelididae** 22.48 Perisommatidae** 22.02 Perissomatidae** 22.02 Perissommatidae** 22.02 Perophoridae 18.55 Perothopidae** 19.67 Petriidae 19.74 Phacopteronidae** 14.36 Phaenocephalidae 19.23 Phaeomyiidae** 22.55 Phalacridae** 19.35 Phalaenoididae 18.75 Phalaeridae 19.35 Phaloniidae 18.29 Phaneropteridae** 04.6 Phasmatidae** 04.4 Phasmatodea** 04.4 Phasmida** 04.4 Phasmidae 04.4 Phenacoleachiidae** 14.39 Phenogodidae** 19.55 Philanthidae 21.7 Phlaeothripidae** 13 Phlebotomidae** 22.02 Phloeidae** 14.01 Phloeomyzidae** 14.38 Phloeostichidae** 19.27 Phloiophilidae** 19.26 Phoenicoccidae** 14.39 Phoridae 22.29 Phryneidae** 22.13 Phthiraptera** 10 Phycitidae 18.37 Phycodromidae 22.51 Phycosecidae** 19.57 Phylliidae** 04.4 Phyllocnistidae** 18.14 Phylloxeridae** 14.38 Phymatidae 14.12 Phytalmiidae** 22.35 Phytosecidae** 19.57 Pieridae 18.63 Piesmatidae** 14.04 Piophilidae 22.45 Pipunculidae 22.31 Plastoceridae** 19.55 Plataspididae** 14.01 Platygasteridae 21.4 Platygastridae** 21.4 Platypediidae** 14.28 Platypezidae 22.30 Platypodidae 19.92 Platypsyllidae 19.15 Platyrrhinidae 19.90 Platystomatidae** 22.34 Plautillidae** 14.28 Pleciidae** 22.08 Plecoptera 06 Pleidae** 14.20 Pleocomidae** 19.96 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/113 Plokiophilidae** 14.16 Plumariidae** 21.6 Plutellidae 18.15 Pneumoridae** 04.5 Podabrocephalidae** 19.49 Podagrionidae** 21.2 Polleniidae** 22.57 Polyctenidae 14.17 Polyphaga** 19.11/.17, 19.20/.46, 19.48/.96 Polyphagidae** 04.2 Polyplocidae 18.67 Pomaceridae** 22.20 Pompilidae 21.6 Potamocoridae** 14.23 Prionoceridae** 19.56 Proctotrupidae** 21.4 Proctotrypidae 21.4 Prodoxidae** 18.20 Propalticidae** 19.30 Prophalangopsidae** 04.6 Proscopiidae** 04.5 Prosopidae 21.8 Prosorrhyncha** 14.01/.27, 14.40 Prostomidae** 19.75 Proterhinidae** 19.93 Protocucujidae** 19.65 Protorhinidae 19.93 Prototheoridae 18.03 Protura 02 Psammocharidae 21.6 Pselaphidae 19.12 Psephenidae** 19.49 Pseudococcidae** 14.39 Pseudopomyzidae** 22.42 Psilidae 22.46 Psocoptera 09 Psychidae 18.41 Psychodidae 22.02 Psyllidae 14.36 Pterocallidae** 22.34 Pterogeniidae** 19.64 Pterolonchidae** 18.12 Pteromalidae 21.2 Pterophoridae 18.40 Pterothysanidae 18.57 Ptiliidae** 19.17 Ptilodactylidae** 19.49 Ptinidae 19.60 Ptychopteridae** 22.01 Putoidae** 14.39 Pygidicranidae** 05 Pyralidae 18.38 Pyraustidae 18.39 Pyrgacrididae** 04.5 Pyrgomorphidae** 04.5 Pyrgotidae** 22.34 Pyrochroidae 19.82 Pyrrhocoridae 14.05 Pythidae 19.76 R Rachiceridae** 22.15 Rangomaramidae** 22.07 Raphidioptera** 15 Ratardidae 18.50 Reduviidae 14.13 Renyxidae** 21.4 Rhagionidae** 22.15 Rhaphidophoridae** 04.6 Rhiniidae** 22.57 Rhinomaceridae** 19.90 Rhinophoridae** 22.57 Rhinorhipidae** 19.49 Rhinotermitidae 07.3 Rhinotoridae** 22.54 Rhipiceridae 19.54 Rhipiphoridae 19.80 Rhipipterygidae** 04.5 Rhizophagidae** 19.31 Rhogaphthalmidae** 19.55 Rhopalidae** 14.02 Rhopalocera 18.60/.65 Rhopalomeridae 22.47 Rhopalosomatidae** 21.6 Rhopalosomidae 21.6 Rhopalosommatidae** 21.6 Rhynchophthirina** 10 Rhyparochromidae** 14.04 Rhyphidae 22.13 Rhysodidae 19.09 Rhyssopaussidae 19.71 Ricaniidae** 14.32 Richardiidae** 22.45 Riodinidae** 18.61 Risidae** 22.39 Roeslerstammiidae** 18.14 Romaleidae** 04.5 Ropalomeridae** 22.47 Roproniidae** 21.4 Rotoitidae** 21.2 Rutelidae** 19.96 S Saldidae 14.19 Salpingidae** 19.72 Sandalidae** 19.54 Sapromyzidae 22.36 Sapygidae 21.6 Sarcophagidae** 22.57 Sarothriidae** 19.44 Saturniidae 18.52 Scaphidiidae 19.21 Scarabaeidae 19.96 Scathophagidae** 22.41 Scatomyzidae 22.41 Scatophagidae** 22.41 Scatopsidae** 22.02 I/114 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Scelionidae 21.4 Scenopinidae 22.22 Schizodactylidae** 04.6 Schizophora 22.33/.62 Schizopteridae** 14.15 Schreckensteiniidae** 18.14 Sciadoceridae** 22.29 Sciaridae 22.07 Sciomyzidae 22.55 Sciophilidae** 22.07 Scirtidae** 19.53 Sclerogibbidae** 21.6 Scolebythidae** 21.6 Scoliidae 21.6 Scolytidae 19.92 Scraptiidae 19.78 Scutelleridae** 14.01 Scydmaenidae 19.13 Scythridae 18.12 Scythrididae** 18.12 Sematuridae** 18.69 Sepsidae 22.44 Serritermitidae** 07.3 Serropalpidae** 19.77 Sesiidae 18.06 Sierolomorphidae** 21.6 Signiphoridae** 21.2 Sikhotaeliinidae** 19.10 Silphidae 19.14 Silvanidae** 19.30 Simuliidae 22.09 Siphonaptera 23 Siphonellopsidae** 22.40 Siricidae 21.02 Smicripidae** 19.29 Solvidae** 22.14 Somabrachyidae** 18.45 Somatiidae** 22.46 Spaniidae** 22.15 Spercheidae** 19.50 Sphaeriidae 19.19 Sphaeritidae 19.25 Sphaeroceridae 22.52 Sphaerosomatidae** 19.42 Sphecidae 21.7 Sphegidae 21.7 Sphindidae 19.65 Sphingidae 18.71 Spondyliaspididae** 14.36 Spondylidae** 19.88 Spongiphoridae** 05 Stackelbergomyiidae** 22.57 Staphylinidae 19.11 Stelididae 21.8 Stemocryptidae** 14.15 Stenocephalidae** 14.02 Stenomatidae** 18.09 Stenomicridae** 22.48 Stenopelmatidae** 04.6 Stenotrachelidae** 19.81 Stenotrachilidae** 19.81 Stenotritidae** 21.8 Stephanidae 21.1 Sternorrhyncha** 14.36/.39 Stictococcidae** 14.39 Stizidae 21.7 Stratiomyidae 22.14 Streblidae 22.61 Strepsiptera 20 Strongylophthalmyiidae** 22.43 Strongylopthalmyiidae** 22.43 Stylogasteridae** 22.33 Stylopidae** 20 Sylvicolidae** 22.13 Symmocidae** 18.09 Synchroidae** 19.75 Synneuridae** 22.02 Synteliidae 19.24 Syntexidae** 21.02 Syntomidae** 18.73 Syntoniidae 18.73 Syringogastridae** 22.50 Syrphidae 22.32 Systropodidae** 22.25 T Tabanidae 22.17 Tachardiidae** 14.39 Tachinidae 22.57 Tachiniscidae** 22.34 Taeniapteridae** 22.42 Tanaoceridae** 04.5 Tanaostigmatidae** 21.2 Tanyderidae** 22.01 Tanypezidae 22.43 Telegeusidae** 19.55 Telephoridae 19.55 Temnochilidae** 19.26 Tendipedidae** 22.05 Tenebrionidae 19.69 Tenthredinidae 21.06 Tephritidae** 22.35 Teragridae 18.44 Teragriidae** 18.44 Teratomyzidae** 22.48 Terebrantia** 13 Termitaphididae** 14.06 Termitidae 07.3 Termitoxeniidae** 22.29 Termopsidae** 07.2 Tessaratomidae** 14.01 Tethinidae** 22.40 Tetracampidae** 21.2 Tetraphaleridae** 19.10 Tetratomidae** 19.64 Tetrigidae** 04.5 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/115 Tettigadidae** 14.28 Tettigarctidae** 14.28 Tettigidae** 04.5 Tettigometridae** 14.32 Tettigoniidae 04.6 Thaumaleidae 22.12 Thaumastellidae** 14.01 Thaumastocoridae** 14.13 Thaumastotheriidae** 14.13 Thaumetopoeidae 18.79 Thelaxidae** 14.38 Therevidae 22.24 Thorictidae 19.36 Thripidae** 13 Throscidae 19.68 Thyatiridae** 18.67 Thymaridae 18.47 Thynnidae 21.6 Thyreocoridae** 14.01 Thyreophoridae** 22.45 Thyretidae** 18.72 Thyrididae 18.32 Thysanidae** 21.2 Thysanoptera 13 Thysanura 01 Tibicinidae** 14.28 Tineidae 18.19 Tineodidae 18.33 Tingidae 14.07 Tiphiidae** 21.6 Tipulidae 22.01 Tischeriidae** 18.20 Torridincolidae** 19.19 Tortricidae 18.28 Torymidae 21.2 Trachelostenidae** 19.69 Trachypachidae** 19.02 Trachypetidae** 21.1 Trepidariidae** 22.42 Tretothoracidae** 19.72 Triatominae** 14.13 Trichoceridae** 22.01 Trichogrammatidae** 21.2 Trichogrammidae 21.2 Trichoptera 17 Trichopterygidae 19.17 Trictenotomidae 19.85 Tridactylidae** 04.5 Trigonalidae 21.6 Trigonalyidae** 21.6 Trigonopterygidae** 04.5 Triozidae** 14.36 Tristiridae** 04.5 Trixagidae** 19.68 Trixoscelididae** 22.54 Trogidae** 19.96 Trogositidae 19.26 Trogossitidae** 19.26 Tropiduchidae** 14.32 Trypaneidae 22.35 Trypetidae 22.35 Trypoxylonidae 21.7 Tubulifera** 13 Tunisimyiidae** 22.48 Tylidae** 22.42 U Ulidiidae** 22.34 Ulodidae** 19.40 Ulopidae** 14.31 Uraniidae 18.69 Uroceridae 21.02 Urodidae** 18.06 Urodontidae** 19.90 Urolabidae** 14.01 Urostylidae** 14.01 Usiidae** 22.25 Uzelothripidae** 13 V Vanhorniidae** 21.4 Veliidae** 14.09 Velocipedidae** 14.13 Vermileonidae** 22.15 Vespidae 21.6 Vianaididae** 14.07 X Xenasteiidae** 22.48 Xeniidae 20 Xiphydriidae 21.02 Xorididae** 21.1 Xyelidae 21.03 Xylocopidae 21.8 Xylomyidae** 22.14 Xylophagidae** 22.15 Xylophilidae 19.83 Xyloryctidae 18.10 Xyronotidae** 04.5 Y Yponomeutidae 18.11 Ypsolophidae** 18.15 Z Zarudniolidae** 19.52 Zopheridae** 19.74 Zoraptera 09 Zorotypidae** 09 Zygaenidae 18.47 Zygentoma** 01 Zygoptera** 12 I/116 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Appendix D Selection of trees of special interest to European and North American forestry I/118 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Latin English German CONIFERAE CONIFERS KONIFEREN (Nadelbäume) Abies alba Mill. European silver fir Weisstanne Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir Balsamtanne Cupressus sempervirens L. Italian cypress Gemeine Zypresse Larix decidua Mill. European larch Europäische Lärche Larix kaempferi Carr. Japanese larch Japanische Lärche Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch Tamarack Ostamerikanische Lärche Picea abies Karst. Norway spruce Gemeine Fichte, Rottanne Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann spruce Engelmanns Fichte Picea omorika Purk. Serbian spruce, Omorica spruce Serbische Fichte, Omorika Fichte Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine Banks Kiefer, Strauchkiefer Pinus cembra L. Arolla pine, Swiss stone pine Arve, Zirbelkiefer Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. Lodgepole pine Lodgepole Kiefer, Murrays Kiefer Pinus halepensis Mill. Aleppo pine Aleppo-Kiefer Pinus mugo Turra Mountain pine Bergkiefer, Bergföhre Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western white pine Westliche Weymouths Kiefer Pinus nigra Arnold European black pine Schwarzkiefer, Schwarzföhre Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws. Ponderosa pine Gelbkiefer Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière Sitka spruce Sitka-Fichte Pinus spp. Southern pine Kiefer, verschiedene Arten Pinus strobus L. Weymouth pine, Eastern white pine Weymouths-Kiefer, Weymouths- Föhre, Strobe Pinus sylvestris L. Scots pine Gemeine Kiefer, Waldkiefer, Föhre Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco Douglas fir, Oregon Douglas fir Douglastanne, Douglasie Taxus baccata L. Common yew, English yew Gemeine Eibe, Beereneibe, Roteibe Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western redcedar Rieselebensbaum Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière Eastern hemlock Kanadische Hemlocktanne Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock Westliche Hemlocktanne Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/119 Latin English German DICOTYLEDONEAE DICOTYLEDONS(Broadleaved Trees) DIKOTYLEDONEN (Laubbäume) Acer campestre L. Field maple Feldahorn Acer pseudoplatanus L. Sycamore Bergahorn Acer saccharinum L. Soft maple Silberahorn Acer saccharum Marsh. Hard maple Zuckerahorn Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. Common alder, Black alder Schwarzerle, Roterle Alnus incana Moench Grey alder, Speckled alder Weisserle, Grauerle Alnus rubra Marsh. Red alder Oregonerle Betula pendula Roth Common silver birch Hängebirke, Sandbirke Carpinus betulus L. Common hornbeam Hagebuche, Hainbuche Castanea sativa Mill. Spanish chestnut Edelkastanie Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech Amerikanische Buche Fagus sylvatica L. Common beech, European beech Rotbuche, Buche, Gemeine Buche Fraxinus excelsior L. Common ash Gemeine Esche Fraxinus ornus L. Manna ash Mannaesche Juglans regia L. Common walnut Walnussbaum Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Hop hornbeam Gemeine Hopfenbuche Populus alba L. White poplar Weisspappel Populus nigra L. Black poplar Schwarzpappel Populus spp. Cottonwood Zitterpappel, Aspe Populus tremula L. Aspen Amerikanische Zitterpappel Populus tremuloides Michx. American aspen Schwarzpappel-Hybride Populus x euramericana Guinier Hybrid black poplar Pappel, verschiedene Arten Quercus cerris L. Turkey oak Zerreiche Quercus ilex L. Evergreen oak, Holm oak Steineiche, Immergrüne Eiche Quercus petraea Liebl. Durmast oak, Sessile oak Traubeneiche, Wintereiche Quercus robur L. Common oak, Pedunculate oak Stieleiche, Sommereiche Quercus rubra L. Red oak, Northern Red oak Amerikanische Roteiche, Roteiche Robinia pseudoacacia L. Locust, False acacia Robinie, Falsche Akazie Salix alba L. White willow Silberweide, Weissweide Sorbus aucuparia L. Mountain ash, Rowan Vogelbeerbaum Tilia cordata Mill. Small-leaved lime Winterlinde Ulmus glabra Huds. Wych elm, Scots elm Bergulme Ulmus minor Mill. Smooth-leaved elm, Field elm Feldulme Alphabetical indexes Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/123 A Abiotic damage, assessment of 573.2 Abiotic factors 11 manipulation of: as plant-ecological method 182.55 Abnormal heartwood, as defect 852.16 Abnormal structure, wood 811.2 Abrasion resistance, wood 812.733 Abridged editions (form tag) (048.6) Abstracting journals (051.6) Abstracts (form tag) (048.3) Abstracts, collected (form tag) (048.8) Academic theses (form tag) (043.2) Acarina 145.42 Accessory silvicultural systems 221.5 Accidents and their prevention 304 Acclimatization: nursery stock 232.325.5 plant, general 181.28 Accountancy: forest 67 forest products industries 796 marketing concerns 76 transport concerns 786 see also Book-keeping Accountancy (tag) --064 Acetates and acetic acid from dry distillation of wood 867.7 Acetone from dry distillation of wood 867.3 Acid precipitation 425.3 Acidic components of chemical influences 425.11 Acidification, nursery soil 232.322.3 Acidity, soil 114.25 Acoustic phenomena in atmosphere 111.96 Acoustic properties, wood 812.12 Acoustic tests (tag) Cf. --014.22 and --015.22 Acts (Legislation) (form tag) (094.5) Adaptability: animals 151 plants 181 Address books; lists of addresses (form tag) (058.7) Addresses; lectures (form tag) (042) Adhesion, soil 114.14 Adhesives: for insecticides etc. 414.16 see also Glues Administration: forest 68 (costs) 671; (national, federal, state etc. forests) 681; (private forests) 682 forest products industries 796.8 marketing concerns 768 transport concerns 786.8 Administration (tag) --068 Administrative organization, public 932 Adsorption in soil 114.243 Adult wood 811.54 Advance growth, regeneration from 231.1 Advance planting 235.2 Advertisements (form tag) (085) Advice (form tag) (049.3) Advisory services, forestry 945.1 -- (consultants) 945.13 (private) 945.13 State (public) 945.11 State (public) and private in collaboration 945.12 Adzes 363.1 Adzing: as industrial operation 825.5 as logging operation 323.6 Aeration, soil 114.13 - as factor in root relations 181.342 Aerial photography 587 - aircraft, crew, flying conditions 586 in forest mensuration 587.5 in other forestry work 587.6 in vegetation and land-use surveys 587.7 interpretation of photos 587.2 photographic technique etc. 587.1 Aerial survey, general 585 Aerial visual reconnaissance (for survey purposes) 588 see also Fire detection Aerosols, generation of 414.23 Afforestation 233 policy 913/914 (agricultural and pastoral land) 913; (waste land) 914 After-ripening, seed 181.524 Age of planting stock 232.411.2 Age of trees and other plants: effect on behaviour 181.75 effect on coppicing 231.43 exceptional 181.71 Age of trees, determination 55 - groups and stands with annual rings 552 single trees with annual rings 551 spp. with irregular or no rings 553 Agreements (form tag) (088.4) Agreements, international: forestry 973 (private) 973.2; (State) 973.1 trade 742.1 (private) 742.12; (State) 742.11 Agricultural products of the forest 892.2 Agricultural uses of wood: in structures 833.4 miscellaneous 831.5 Agriculture: alternating with forestry 261 combinations with forestry, general 26 relation of forests and forestry to 908.1 [see prefera- bly Land use] Agroforestry 26 Air: currents see Wind pressure 111.4 temperature 111.24 Air cushion vehicles 375.9 Air drying, wood 847.1 Air seeding 232.338 Air transport of forest products 376 Air transport of men, supplies etc.: in forestry 687.3 Air transport of men, supplies etc. (tag) --067.3 Aircraft: for survey work 586 wood in 838.7 Topical subject index I/124 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Airscrews, wood in 838.75 Alcohol: ethyl, from wood hydrolysates 863.4 methyl, from dry distillation of wood 867.6 Algae 172.6 - blue-green 172.3 Alimentary system of animals 134.3 Alkali soils 114.445.2 degraded 114.445.3 Allelopathy: chemical constituents harmful to the plant 160.26 in plant competition 181.41 Allowable cut 624.1 Alluvium 114.447 Almanacs (form tag) (059) Alternate clear-strip system 221.222 Alternate forestry and agriculture 261 Alternation in vegetation: spatial (alternes) 182.24 temporal (e.g. of dominants) 182.25 Alternes 182.24 Altitude 113.2 Amelioration of forest sites 237 [engineering aspects see 385; economic aspects see 651.71] Amenity see Rural amenity Amphibia 147.6 Anabolic processes: animal 131.2/.3 plant 161.3 Analysis, chemical: animal 130 atmosphere 111.104 bark and wood 813 plant (as index to soil fertility) 114.521.5; (bark) 160.202; (foliage) 160.201; (general) 160.2; (roots) 160.203; (wood) 160.204 soil 114.2 Analysis, genetical: animal 135 plant 165.41 Analysis, mechanical (soil) 114.15 Analysis (tag) Cf. --014 and --015 Anatomy: animal 134 plant (general) see Histology, Morphology wood and bark 811 Angiospermae 175 Angle count method 521.62 Animal husbandry, relations of forests and forestry to 908.1 [see preferably Land use] Animal husbandry (tag) --023 Animal products of the forest 893 - husbandry of crops grown for 288 Animal quarters (stables etc.) 382.8 Animal transport of forest products 374.2 Animals attacking trees: injuries and protection 45 see also Insect attack etc. Animals attacking wood 845 - defects due to 852.5 [see preferably subheads of 845] prevention and control [cf. also Preservation] 845.5; (biological) 845.52; (by fumigation) 845.53; (by heat treatment) 845.54; (chemical) 845.51; (during storage and shipment) 845.57; (in buildings) 845.58 see also Insect attack etc. Animals: classification 14 draught (costs) 663.22; (work studies) 353 harmful 136.5 population cycles and fluctuations 153; (control) 153.4; (irregular) 153.2; (other) 153.3; (regular) 153.1 protected 907.13 reaction of plants to 181.42 useful 136.1 see also Anatomy, Ecology, Game, Protection etc. Annual reports (form tag) (047.1) Annuals; yearbooks (form tag) (058) Anteaters 149.31 Antelopes 149.73 Anthologies (form tag) (082.2) Antlers 156.42 Apes 149.8 Apparatus (tag) Cf. --017 and --087 and note at --017 Arachnida 145.4 Arbor days 945.27 Arboreta 271 Arboriculture 27 Archegoniatae 173.1 Arches, logging 377.41 Architraves 833.155 Archives 945.16 Area, basal see Basal area Area, measures of 514 - British and American 514.2 metric 514.1 other 514.9 Area of stem and/or branches 536 Armadillos 149.31 Art, the forest in 907.6 Arthropoda 145.2 Articles (form tags): in newspapers (046) in periodicals (045) Articulata 145 Artificial regeneration 232 - auxiliary measures for 232.2 Artificial stands 228.7 Asexual (vegetative) reproduction, plant 181.51 plant breeding by 165.44 Ash: constituents (plant) 160.21; (wood and bark) 813.3 volcanic, forest injuries 426.2 wood, as forest product 892.3 Asiphonogamous embryophyta 173.1 Aspect 113.3 Asses 149.72 Assessment of: abiotic damage 573.2 biotic damage 573.1 crown condition 572.1 damage to stem and crown 573 defoliation 572.2 discolouration 572.3 mortality 572.4 Assimilation 161.3 autotrophic plants 161.31; (carbon) 161.32; (other substances) 161.33 heterotrophic plants 161.37 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/125 Associations: business, see Economics, Marketing forest employers’ 967 forest workers’ 967 forestry and forest products 946.1 Associations (tag) --094.6 Associations, plant: status as units of vegetation etc. 182.3 [see also Vegetation types] Assortment volume tables 525.1 Assortments of wood in the rough 325 - determination of volume by 525.1 logging costs of different 664 Atlases (form tag) (084.4) Atmosphere 111 - acoustic phenomena in 111.96 circulation (general) 111.13 composition 111.104 cosmic influences 111.902 disturbances 111.15 electrical phenomena in 111.94 formations 111.15 humidity 111.71 influences damaging trees 42 mechanics 111.11 of soil 114.13 optical phenomena in 111.93 plant behaviour in relation to 181.2 pressure 111.4 solid particles in: damage to trees 426.2 structure (general) 111.105 temperature 111.24 thermodynamics 111.11 upper (climate of) 111.87; (condensation and depo- sits in) 111.747 Attestations (form tag) (088) Attractants for forest pests 414.11 Autecology: animal 151 plant 181 Autotrophic plants, assimilation in 161.31 Auxiliary species 235.4 Avalanche: classification 116.122.1 control 116.123.1 (by vegetation) 116.123.12; (engi- neering works) 116.123.13; temporary 116.123.2 dynamics 116.122.2 evacuation 116.123.24 forces 116.122.2 formation 116.122.1 protection forest 116.123.12 release 116.122.1 release by explosives 116.123.22 risk management 116.123 road closures 116.123.23 safety measures 116.123 track 116.122.2 types 116.122.1 warning 116.123.21 Avalanches: 116.122 - engineering works against 384.1 forest injuries and protection 423.5 Aves 148.2 Awards, forestry 945.26 Axes 363.1 B Back-firing 432.334 Bacteria 172.3 - soil (fermenting) 114.61; (other) 114.66 Bacterial symbiosis (nodules etc.) 181.351 Bacterial tree diseases and protection against them 443 Baits, poison 414.11 Balance of increment and depletion: accountancy in forest enterprises 672.2 regional, national etc. 905.2 Balancing see under Economics, Marketing Balconies, wood in 833.17 Ball planting 232.429 Bamboo: as forest product 892.83 growing and collection 287 Band saws and sawing 822.34 Bank erosion 116.3 Bans, international trade 742.4 Barges: loading and unloading of 378.8 transport by 378.8 Bark-blazing tools 365.2 Bark crops, growing and collection 282 - cork 282.2 for fibre products 282.4 for medicinal products 282.3 tanbark 282.1 Bark: chemistry 813 degree of utilization and waste 331.4 dilatation 811.73 injuries 416.4 structure 811.7 see also Phloem Bark measurements 523 - bark % 523.3 form, variation in thickness along stem 523.2 thickness 523.1 volume 523.3 Bark pockets 852.13 Bark products, utilization 892.4 - cork 892.42 fibres 892.43 medicinal 892.52 tanstuffs 892.41 Barking: advance measures to facilitate 322.3 as industrial operation, including machines 821 as logging operation 323.5; (barking irons, spuds) 361.2; (draw-knives) 361.3; (machines) 361.7; (maintenance of tools and machines) 361.8; (theo- ry of) 361.0; (tools and machines, general) 361.0; (tools for barking during sap-flow period) 361.4 chemical measures 322.3 Barrows, logging 377.43 Basal area 521.6 - single stems 521.61 stands (mean basal area) 521.62 Basal-area increment 561.25 Base exchange, soil 114.234 Baskets: raising plants in 232.329.6 use of wood in 834.5 I/126 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Bathroom fitments, wood in 833.158 Bats (Chiroptera) 149.4 Bats, sticks and racquets 835 Battery separators, wooden 835 Beams 833.121 - composite-wood 832.286 Bears 149.74 Beating up (beeting) 236.5 Beavers 149.32 Behaviour, reproductive: animal 151.5 plant 181.5 Behaviour, social see Sociology Bending strength, wood 812.71 - impact 812.712 static 812.711 Bending, wood 827.1 Benefices, forests belonging to 922.3 Berries (from undergrowth) 289.5 Bibliographical lists (form tag) (048.1) Bibliographies (form tag) (01) Billhooks 363.2 Bills (Legislation) (form tag) (094.5) Biochemistry: animal 130 plant 160 Bioclimatology 111.86 Bioconversion for pulp 861.16 Biodiversity 121 Biographies 902.1 Biography (form tag) (092) Bioindicators 114.521.6 Biological control: forest pests 411 - amphibia and reptiles 411.13 bacteria and fungi 411.16 birds 411.14 insects and other anthropods 411.12 lower invertebrates 411.11 mammals 411.15 natural enemies 411.1 virus diseases 411.18 timber pests 845.52 Biological tests (tags) cf. --014.4 and --015.4 Biology: general 12 molecular 165.2 soil 114.6 Biomass: as fuel [Cf. 839.8 and 839.31] measurement (dry matter production) 537 special crops 238 whole tree harvesting 331.1 Biometeorology 111.86 Biotechnology 165.8 Biotic damage, assessment of 573.1 Biotic factors: manipulation of: as method in plant ecology 182.54 reaction of plants to 181.4 Bird sanctuaries 907.13 Birds 148.2 damage by and protection against 452; (in direct sowings) 232.336; (in the nursery) 232.327.3 Blank forms (form tag) (083.2) Blanks, filling of (“beating up”) 236.5 Bleaching: pulp 861.17 wood 829.11 Blemishes, wood 852.15 “Blendersaumschlag” 221.224 Blockboard 832.283 Blood and its circulation, physiology of 131.1 [Cf. also Circulatory system] Blue-green algae 172.3 Board-foot measure: actual application to scaling 526.6 by log rules, as system of measurement 516.26 Boats: loading and unloading of 378.8 masts 831.48 transport by 378.8 use of wood in 838.6 Bobbins 835 Bolt-bearing strength, wood 812.792 Bolted joints 824.3 Bonsai 278 Book-keeping in: forest enterprises 673; (logging operations) 673.2; (whole enterprise) 673.1 forest products industries 796.3 marketing concerns 763 transport concerns 786.3 Book-keeping (tag) --064 Books, reference (form tags): alphabetically arranged (03);comprehensive (031); of limited scope (033) systematically arranged (02); comprehensive (021); of limited scope (023) Booms 378.7 Boot and shoe trade, uses of wood in 835 Border of forest 267 Border trees and shrubs as a protective surround 228.9 Borers in wood: marine 845.1 terrestrial 845.2 Boring 823.4 Botany: 16/18 ecological 18 economic 166 general 16 systematic 17 Bow-saws see Saws and sawing Boxes, wooden 834.4 Branches: mensurational form 524.18 morphology 164.4 ornamental, as forest product 892.51 persistence or shedding of 181.63 surface area of 536 Branchiata 145.3 Branch wood: degree of utilization and waste 331.3 structure and properties 815.31 see also Slash Brashing 245.11 costs and profitability 651.73 Break(ing) down saws 822.45 Breeding, animal 135 Breeding for resistance 165.46 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/127 Breeding, plant 165.3 - basic methods 165.4; (by asexual reproduction) 165.44; (by clones) 165.441; (by selfing and cros- sing) 165.41; (by tissue culture) 165.442; (by using mutations) 165.43 practical trials of products (trees and shrubs) 232.13 see also Seed Breeding strategies 165.46 Bridges: forest engineering 383.8 wood in 833.5 Briquettes and briquetting 839.813 Broadcasting 945.23 Brochures (form tag) (041) Broom (Cytisus) as forest product 892.81 Brooms and broom handles 835 Brown earths 114.441.3 Brown semi-desert soils 114.442.3 Brushwood cutters (chippers) 363.7 Bryology; Bryophyta 173.2 Bucking see Cross-cutting Bud pruning 245.14 Budding (bud-grafting) 232.328.5 Budgetting see Economics, Marketing Buds: injuries to 416.1 morphology 164.4; (flower buds) 164.6 Buffaloes, transport by 374.4 Buffer capacity, soil 114.231 Builders’ rough planks 833.11 Buildings etc. (tag) --066 Buildings, forest: construction 382 materials for 381.2 planning and organization 686.2 see also Economics Buildings, use of wood in 833 - agricultural and horticultural 833.4 components and fittings, general 833.1 factories and work places 833.3 prevention and control of fungi 844.48 prevention and control of insects 845.58 public, commercial and residential 833.2 Bunch planting 232.429 Bundling of logs for water transport 378.2 Buoyancy, wood 812.35 Burning (uses of fire) 436 - to control fungus diseases 436:443 to prepare for artificial regeneration 232.213 to prepare for natural regeneration 231.322 to reduce fire danger 436:432.16 Burnt areas: erosion control 116.65 revegetation etc. 434 Burying of planting stock 232.412.3 Business and businesses see Economics, Marketing Business problems of logging, general 66 Butt injuries 416.3 Buttresses: diameter measurement in presence of 521.26 removal of 322.5 By-products (tag) --088.6 C Cabinet making 836.1 Cable logging 375.1 - ground line and winch 375.11 overhead lines 375.12 simple hand-controlled gravity cable (Abseilen) 375.13 Cables, logging 377.21 Calcareous soils 114.465 Calcium and compounds in soil 114.267 Calcium fertilizers (nursery) 232.322.417 Calculations (tag) --015.5 Calendars (form tag) (059) Calipers: for logging work (combined with measuring sticks) 365.8; (simple calipers) 365.5 for mensurational work proper 521.1 Calorific value, wood 812.144 Cambium 168 - injuries to 416.4 of trees 811.13 Camels 149.73 transport by 374.9 Camping see Recreation Camps, logging 382.3 costs of 663.27 Canals: erosion along 116.5 tree-growing in lines or strips along 265; (policy regarding) 915 Canes: as forest product 892.83 growing and collection 287 Canker 416.4 Canopy: interception of precipitation 116.11 manipulation for natural regeneration 231.31 opening of (as tending measure) 243 overhead cover and density 228.11; (measurement) 533 see also Crown, Dominance Cant hooks 364.1 Capital see Economics, Costs Carbohydrates, wood 813.12 Carbon and carbon compounds, essential to plant 160.241 Carbon assimilation by autotrophic plants 161.32 Cardboard: manufacture 861.2 types of 861.28 Career services 961.1 Careers in forestry, information 945.36 Carnivora 149.74 Carpenters’ joints 824.6 Carpentry, general 828 Cartels see Economics, Marketing Carts, use of wood in 838.1 Carving 836.3 Case-hardening of wood 852.33 see also Seasoning defects Catabolic processes, plant 161.2 Catalogues (form tag): commercial; trade (085) other (083.8) Catenas, soil 114.411 Cats 149.74 Ceilings, use of wood in 833.14 I/128 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Cell phones 387.1 Cell wall (plant): constituents (general) 160.22; (woody tissues) 813.1 structure (general) 168; (woody tissues) 811.12 Cells, plant: general 168 physiology 161.7 wood and bark 811.11 - (contents) 811.115; (dimen- sions and shape) 811.112 Cellulose: as wood constituent 813.13 derivatives (cellulose esters etc.) 861.5 fodder 861.6 textiles (rayon; cellulose wool etc.) 861.4 see also Pulping and pulp Certificates (form tag) (079.2) Certification: financing 676.4 forest 633 forest, related to marketing 742.41 planting stock 232.411.1 seed 232.314 Cetacea 149.5 Change of locality, animal 151.21 Change of silvicultural system or species 226 planning of 624.3 Charcoal: for industrial producer-gas 867.32 for producer-gas vehicles 867.31 manufacture see Distillation properties and uses 867.5 Chartering 785.3 Checked plantations, treatment of 237 - draining 237.2 fertilizing etc. 237.4 interplanting 237.5 - (with nurses) 237.52; (with sub- stitute spp.) 237.51 irrigation 237.6 mounding and mulching 237.3 ploughing or soil working 237.1 turf lifting 237.9 Checklists, regional, of vascular plants 174 [with geo- graphical number and form number (083.8)] Checks in wood: natural 852.18 seasoning 852.31 Chemical barking, measures 322.3 Chemical constituents, plant 160.2 - ash 160.21 essential 160.24 harmful to plant 160.26 inorganic 160.21 mineral 160.21 mutual influence of 160.28 non-essential 160.25 organic 160.22 stimulants 160.27 toxic to plant 160.26 see also Chemistry, wood Chemical control of forest injuries 414 - application, methods, equipment 414.2 - (dusting) 414.21; (fumigation, generation of aerosols and smokes) 414.23; (plant injection) 414.26; (soil injection) 414.27; (spraying) 414.22; (surface coating, painting etc.) 414.24 preparations 414.1 - (attractants) 414.11; (auxiliary materials, diluents, adhesives etc.) 414.16; (growth regulators) 414.13; (other poisonous preparations) 414.12; (poison baits) 414.11; (repellents) 414.14 side effects of chemical treatments, toxicity 414.4 Chemical effects of heat on wood 813.4 Chemical influences, acidic components 425.11 Chemical injuries: protection against (tag) --042 Chemical pulping and pulp 861.12/.16 Chemical seasoning 847.6 Chemical soil relations of plants 181.34 Chemical tests (tags) cf. --014.3 and --015.3 Chemical utilization of wood 86 Chemicals: effect on wood 813.6 in atmosphere, tree injuries and protection 425 in soil, tree injuries and protection 424.5 treatments to improve resistance of wood to 842.5 Chemistry: animal 130 atmosphere 111.104 plant 160 soil 114.2 - (inorganic) 114.26; (organic) 114.27 wood 813 see also individual constituents, e.g. Cellulose, Lignin Chernozems 114.442.1 - degraded 114.441.5 tropical 114.442.7 Chestnut earths 114.442.2 Chimaeras, plant 165.73 Chip mouldings, resin-bonded 862.2 Chipboards 862.2 Chipping, energy wood (in the forest) 333.3 Chipping in the forest 333.3 Chipping of wood, machines and tools: forest 363.7 industrial 825.71 Chips 839.3 as raw material for pulping, chipboard etc. 861.0 for energy 839.31 for industry 839.32 Chiroptera 149.4 Chiselling 823.2 Chlorosis 424.7 Choice of species: economic aspects 651.71 for plantations 232.1 general 228.0 management aspects 614 Christmas trees: as forest product 892.51 growing and harvesting 281 Chromosomes: animal 135 plant 165.4 especially 165.42 Chronicles (form tag) (093.3) Churches: forests belonging to 922.3 woodwork for 836.2 Chutes 373.2 Circular saws and sawing 822.33 Circulars (form tags): commercial; industrial (085) other (044) Circulatory system, animal 134.1 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/129 Classification (tag) --014, [which see for possible subdi- visions] Clay soils 114.463 Cleanings 241 Clear felling: as basic type of felling 221.01 as system 221.1 Clear-strip system: alternate 221.222 progressive 221.221 Clearing of felling areas 332 - for uses other than forestry 332.4 see also Re-logging, Slash etc. Clearing of sites: for artificial regeneration 232.211 for natural regeneration 231.32 Cleavage, resistance of wood to 812.75 Cleaving of wood: as industrial operation, including machines 825.1 as logging operation 323.6; (hammers) 363.3; (machines) 363.5; (maintenance of cleavers) 363.8; (wedges) 363.4 Climate and microclimate; meteorology; the atmosphere 111 Climate; climatology 111.8 - influence of environment 111.88 influence of latitude 111.81 influence on soil development 114.31 of particular places and regions 111.82 of upper atmosphere 111.87 solar 111.81 see also Bioclimatology, Microclimate Climatic changes 111.83 Climatic requirements: animal 151.1 plant 181.2 Climatic types 111.85 Climatic zones 111.81 Climaxes (plant ecology) 182.22 Climbers: 182.43 cutting 244 damage by and protection against 442.3 Climbing equipment 369 Clonal forestry 232.411.4 Clones: breeding 165.44 - (plant-basic methods) 165.441 reproduction 181.51 Clouds 111.76 Clubs, workers’ 967 Co-operation in advisory services, State (public) and private 945.12 Co-operation, international, forestry and forest indus- tries 97 Co-operation of forest owners 944 Co-operation (tags): international --097 other --094.4 Coast erosion and protection: general 116.81 sand fixation 116.82 Coatings (paints etc.) for chemical control of forest injuries 414.24 Coelenterates 143 Coffins 836.8 Cogeneration 831.1 Cogwheels, wooden 835 Cohesion, soil 114.14 Cold storage 232.412.7 Collaboration see Co-operation Collapse, wood 852.35 see also Seasoning defects Collected works (form tag): of different authors (082) of individual authors (081) Collection, seed 232.312.1 Collection (tags): natural produce --03 specimens (samples) --013.1 Collective works of different authors (form tag) (082) Colloidal properties, soil 114.24 Colloidal state of soil 114.242 Colonization schemes, forest 912 Colour of wood 812.111 Colouring of wood 829.12 Columns, wood 833.122 Combinations of forestry with agriculture and pastoral husbandry 26 Combinations of wood-processing mills 832.8 Combined cutting actions in wood processing 823.7 Combustion of wood: chemistry 813.4 physics 812.143 see also Calorific value, Stoves Commercial buildings, uses of wood in 833.2 Comminution of wood, mechanical 825.7 see also Chipping, Grinding etc. Common ownership, private forests in 924 Common ownership (tag) --092.4 Communal (“community”) forests 922.2 Communications see Roads, Telecommunications etc. Communities 121 - animal 152 forest 188 plant 182; (artificial) 182.8 see also Succession, Vegetation etc. Compaction, soil 114.11 Companies, mining, industrial etc., forests belonging to 923.2 Company magazines (form tag) (085.3) Compartments 615 Compasses, tree 365.7 Compensation for damage, forest valuation for 652.54 Competition, plant 181.41 Competitions, forestry 945.26 Competitive materials, replacement of wood by 88 Competitive products (tag) --088.4 Composite-wood assemblies 832.286 laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 832.287 parallel strand lumber (PSL) 832.288 Compost, use of: at time of planting out 232.425.2 for site amelioration 237.4 in direct sowings 232.332 in nurseries 232.322.44 Composting 232.322.44 Compounds, carbon, essential to plant 160.241 Compression: failures in wood 852.16 resistance of wood to 812.72 Compression wood see Reaction wood I/130 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Computer modelling 945.5 Computer networks: for forest engineering operations 387.2; planning and organizing 685.4 Computers in forestry 945.5 Concrete, wood/cement 862.4 Concretions, soil: below surface 114.362 surface 114.361 Condensation (in atmosphere) 111.74 - at earth’s surface 111.744; (liquid) 111.744.1; (solid) 111.744.2 on objects in upper atmosphere 111.747 Conductivity, wood: electrical 812.151 thermal 812.141 Cones: injuries to 416.2 morphology 164.7 Conferences (congresses), forestry and forest products: international 971 other 946.2 Congealed snowflakes 111.78 forest injuries 423.6 Coniferae 174.7 Connectors, timber 824.5 Conservation: financing 676.4 general 907 Conservation genetics 165.55 Conservation of landscape, 907.1 costs 656 Consistence, soil 114.14 Consolidation of scattered holdings 928 Constancy (plant ecology) 182.51 Construction materials (forest engineering) 381.2 Consultants 945.13 Consultative planning 624.6 Consumption of forest products see Marketing Containers, raising plants in 232.329.6 Continuation courses 945.34 Continuous forest (“Dauerwald”) 221.6 Contouring (erosion control) 116.62 Contract systems 644.6 Contraction, thermal, of wood 812.142 Contracts (form tag) (088.4) Control and inventory of fellings 327 Control of forest injuries see Biological and natural con- trol, Chemical control, Physical and mechanical con- trol, Silvicultural control Control of working plans 625 Control, State see Public supervision and regulation Contrôle, méthode du: as mensurational method 562.42 as method of yield regulation 624.1 Convents, forests belonging to 922.3 Conversion factors and tables (form tag) (083.5) Conversion, silvicultural (by system or spp.) 226 - planning (working plans) 624.3 Conversion, weights and measures 51 Conversion, wood: industrial 8; (chemical) 86; industrial (mechanical) 82/83 primary (performance studies) 35; (phases of work) 32/33; (tools, machines, etc.) 36 Cooperage 834.3 loose (slack) 834.32 tight 834.31 vats and tanks 834.33 Coppice, natural regeneration from 231.4 - effects of (age or size of trees cut) 231.43; (height of cutting) 231.42; (season of cutting) 231.41; (trim- ming stumps) 231.44 Coppice systems: 222 - selection 222.22 shelterwood 222.23 simple 222.21 with field crops 261.2 with standards 222.1 Cork: as product 892.42 growing and harvesting 282.2 “Corks,” wooden 835 Correspondence (form tag) (044) “Corrosiveness” of wood 813.5 Cosmic influences 111.902 - forest injuries and protection 426 Cost benefit analysis 651 Costs and costing in marketing concerns 761 Costs and costing in the forest products industries 796.1 Costs and costing in transport concerns 786.1 Costs and costing of logging operations 66 - basic concepts; costs and returns; theory and methods 661 book-keeping 673.2 budgetting and reviewing of costs 667 costs of different phases; cost items 662 - (extracti- on) 662.3; (felling) 662.2; (log dumps (“landings”), timber storage etc.) 662.4; (overhead costs) 662.1 costs of particular assortments of wood 664 different kinds of cost 663 - (buildings) 663.27; (capi- tal installations and equipment in general) 663.2; (depreciation) 663.2; (draught animals) 663.22; (interest) 663.2; (lorries (trucks) and tractors) 663.24; (losses in transport and storage) 663.4; (roads, permanent) 663.26; (roads, temporary) 663.25; (sledges, carts etc.) 663.23; (tools, imple- ments) 663.21; (transport installations) 663.26; (wages and salaries) 663.1 influence of forms of management and silvicultural systems on costs 666 influence of stem and log size on costs 665 Costs and profitability of timber-growing, calculation of 651 - basic concepts; costs and returns; theory and methods 651.1 brashing and pruning 651.73 costs of permanent administrative arrangements 671 drainage 651.78 forest %, mean annual 651.4 forest rental, soil rental, profitability of the forest 651.2 indicating % 651.3 other tending operations 651.75 production costs of standing timber 651.6 pruning 651.73 regeneration methods 651.72 rotation calculations 651.5 thinning 651.74 Costs (tag) --064 Counter-firing 432.334 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/131 Courses of lectures (form tag) (042.4) Cover crops for tree plantations 235.42 Covering, seed: direct sowings 232.334 nursery sowings 232.323.5 Crates, wooden 834.4 Credits: forest products industries 794.42 forestry 942.1; (as method of financing) 676.2; (other) 942.12; (State, public) 942.11 forests as security for 942.7 transport 784.42 Credits (tag) --094.2 Creosote 841.11 Criminal and civil wrongs (and relevant regulations) 933.8 Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest manage- ment 624.5 Critiques (form tag) (049.3) Crop rotations, nursery 232.322.1 Cropping practices for erosion control 116.63 Crops, timber, requiring special treatment 238 Cross-arms 831.418 Cross-cutting: of converted timber 822.42 of logs (as industrial operation) 822.41; (in the forest) 323.4 Cross-ties 831.6 Crossing (plant breeding) 165.41 Crown, assessment of damage to 573 Crown condition, assessment of 572.1 Crown density of stands: as silvicultural factor 228.11 measurement 533 Crown dimensions etc., measurement 53 measurement area, crown ratio, volume 531 measurement quantity and area of foliage 532 Crown form and crown relations (of individual trees or species - ecological aspects) 181.62 Crown wood, degree of utilization and waste 331.2 “Cruising,” timber 524.6 - methods of recording data 524.41 organization of parties and their work 524.46 see also Surveys Crustacea 145.3 Cryptogams 172.1 vascular 173.5 Cull see Defects, Grading etc. Cultivated plant communities (ecology) 182.8 Cultivation, shifting 261.3 policy 913 Cultivation, soil: for artificial regeneration 232.216 for natural regeneration 231.331 for site amelioration 237.1 in nurseries 232.322.5; (weeding, hoeing) 232.325.2 methods of erosion control 116.62 Cultivation (tag) --02 Culture of experimental organisms (tags) --012 arthropods --012.3 lower organisms (plant and animal) --012.4 vascular plants --012.5 vertebrates --012.1 Culverts: forest engineering 383.8 use of wood in 833.5 Cupboards 833.156 Curls, leaf etc. 416.14 Curricula (form tag) (073) Customs and usages, business see Economics of trans- port, Marketing, Ports “Cut,” regional 905.2 Cutters, wood-processing, and their maintenance 823.8 Cutting of wood: industrial processes 82 logging (tools and machines other than saws) 363 resistance of wood to 812.732 see also Axes, Billhooks, Saws etc.; Felling, Silvicultural systems,Thinning etc. Cutting sections (forest management) 614 Cuttings: direct planting of 232.5 propagation in nursery etc. (root cuttings) 232.328.2; (stem cuttings) 232.328.1 Cycadales 174.4 Cycles, business see Demand, Supply, Marketing, Prices Cytogenetics: animal 135 plant 165.41 Cytology, plant 168 D Damage analysis: DNA 410 microscopy 410 visual 410 Damage by road construction 463 Damage: to forest, valuation 652.54 to tree growth by recreation 468 to trees, due to unknown or complex causes 48 to trees or to wood - see under separate agencies, e.g. Animals, Game, Insects, Man, Fungi, Fire etc. Damping off 443.2 protective measures in nurseries 232.327.2 “Dauerwald” 221.6 Dead trees or other plants or parts of plants, ecological role 181.76 [Litter see 114.351] Decay, fungal see Fungus attack Decking for bridges and piers 833.5 Deer 149.73 Defective stands, treatment of 25 Defects, wood (detection, recognition and assessment) 852 - deductions for, in log scaling 525.5 due to animals 852.5 due to plant organisms 852.4 occurring before conversion 852.1 occurring during manufacture 852.2 of grain 852.15 of stem form 852.11 see also Bark pockets, Knots, Seasoning defects, “Stone” etc. Defibration of wood 825.74 Deficiencies, nutrient 424.7 I/132 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Defoliation 416.11 assessment of 572.2 Deforestation, policy: 913/914 agricultural and pastoral land 913 wasteland 914 Degrees (form tag) (079.2) Dehydration of specimens (tag) --016.3 Delivery of forest products: form and place 756 time 755 Demand for forest products see Marketing Demonstration forests 945.25 - working plans for 627.2 Dendrochronology 561.24 Dendrology 174 Denitrification, soil 114.61 Density: canopy, as silvicultural factor 228.11 crown, assessment of 533 of sowing (in direct sowings) 232.333; (in nursery) 232.323.2 of stocking, assessment of 535 of vegetation 182.51 Density tests (tag) --015.26 Density (volume/weight): of soil 114.11 of wood 812.31 Depletion and increment: accountancy in forest enterprises 672.2 regional balance of 905.2 Deposition of eroded matter: forest injuries and protec- tion 424.1 Deposits from atmosphere 111.74 - at earth’s surface 111.744 - (liquid) 111.744.1; (solid) 111.744.2 on objects in upper atmosphere 111.747 Depreciation see Costs Depth, soil 114.38 Derelict stands, treatment of 25 Description of site and stand (forest management) 622 Desert soils: temperate 114.442.5 tropical 114.442.7 Desertification 181.37 Detection, forest fire see Fire detection Detection (tag) --014 [for subdivision see App. A.] Development, animal, physiology 131.3 forest stands (as regards value) 653; (mensurational studies) 568 plant (physiology) 161.4; (post-seedling) 181.6; (seed- ling) 181.525 Dew 111.744.1 Diagrams, schematic (form tag) (084.2) network diagrams (form tag) (083.58) graphs (form tag) (084.21) Diameter and basal-area increment (general), determina- tion of 561.2 Diameter, determination of 521.1 - at breast height 521.2; (allowance for buttresses, root swelling etc.) 521.26; (effect of measurement errors) 521.25; (effect of rounding off values) 521.24; (effects of eccentricity) 521.23; (estimation from stump measurements 521.27); (of single stems) 521.21; (of stands (mean diameter)) 521.22 at other positions 521.3; (mid-diameter) 521.32; (mid- diameter tables) 521.321 Diameter increment 561.21 handling of increment cores 561.23 sampling with borers 561.22 variations and trends 561.24 see also Growth rings, Dendrochronology Diaphragms for walls or ceilings 833.14 Diaries (almanacs, calendars) (form tag) (059) Diaries (literary sources) (form tag) (093.3) Dicotyledoneae 176.1 Dictionaries (form tag) (03): descriptive, of large scope (031) descriptive, small (033) language (038) technical (038) Die-back 416.16 Die-hammers (log marking) 365.3 Dielectric constant and dielectric loss, wood 812.152 Dies, use of wood for 835 Diffusivity, thermal, of wood 812.141 Digestion, animal 131.3 Diluents for insecticides etc. 414.16 Dimension, defects of in wood 852.2 Diplomas (form tag) (079.2) Direct sowing 232.33 - date and season of 232.335 density of, quantity of seed 232.333 protective measures 232.336 seed covering 232.334 tools and equipment 232.337 type of sowing (patch, line etc.) 232.331 use of compost or fertilizers, mulching etc. 232.332 Directions (form tag) (083.1) Directories (form tag) (058.7) Discolourations, leaf etc. 416.15 Discolouration, assessment of 572.3 Diseases, game 156.1 Diseases, tree: bacterial and fungus 443; (of older stages) 443.3; (of seed and seedlings) 443.2 due to unknown or complex causes 48 nutrient deficiency 424.7 protection against in nurseries 232.327.2 virus 444 Disinfection and disinfestation, seed 232.315.1 Dispersion, animal 151.2 Disputations (form tag) (049.2) Disputes, labour 968 Dissertations and theses (form tag) (043) Distillation of wood: dry (destructive) 867; (with no recovery of by-pro- ducts) 867.1; (with recovery of by-products) 867.2 see also Charcoal, Methyl alcohol etc. steam etc. 866 Distortions, leaf etc. 416.14 Distribution, plant (natural range) 181.1 Ditching 232.215 Division of the area (forest management) 615 Documentation centres, forestry 945.14 Documents, educational (form tag) (07) Dogs 149.74 Dolphins 149.5 Domestic mammals, forest injuries and protection 451.1 Domestic trade see Marketing Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/133 Domestic utility goods, use of wood in 835 Dominance and suppression (tree classes) 228.125 Dominant tree layer: as an ecological unit (community) 182.41 Donkeys, transport by 374.3 Doors, door frames and linings, sills etc. 833.151 Dormancy 161.41 Dormice 149.32 Dovetail joints 824.6 Dowelled joints 824.4 “Drain” 905.2 Drainage: costs and profitability 651.78 engineering aspects; technique 385.1 for site amelioration 237.2 to prepare planting site 232.215 Draining boards 833.157 Draught animals: costs 663.22 performance studies etc. 307 Draw-knives for barking 361.3 Drawings (form tag) (084.11) Dressings, protective: plant, general 414.24 planting stock 232.412.6 seed 232.315.4 Drip, hydrological studies of 116.11 Driving see Floating Drizzle 111.781 Drought 111.773 - forest injuries and protection 422.2 Drought resistant plants 181.31 Drums 835 Dry matter production 537 Drying of wood 847 see also Air drying etc. Dune fixation 116.82 Durability: natural, of wood 814.1 - of preservative-treated wood 841.4; (in laboratory tests) 841.41; (small-scale trials) 841.42; (under service conditions) 841.43 Durability tests (tags) cf. --014.4 and --015.4 Duration (longevity) of plants 181.71 Dusting methods and equipment (forest protection) 414.21 Duties 742.3 - on exports 742.32 on goods in transit 742.33 on imports 742.31 DVD 945.22 Dwarf trees: arboriculture 278 for seed production 232.311.3 Dyes: from other forest products 892.67 from wood 866.3 E Early wood 811.41 “Earth rays” 111.219 Eccentricity of stem section, mensurational effects 521.23 Ecclesiastical forests 922.3 Ecclesiastical woodwork 836.2 Ecology: animal 15 general 120 influence of forest fires 437 plant 18 Economic botany, general 166 Economic significance of forests and forestry: direct 906 indirect 907 see also History, Policy, Regional accounts, Statistics and resources Economic zoology, general 136 Economics of forest products industries 79 - accountancy 796 administration of businesses 796.8 assessment of financial results; balancing 796.2 book-keeping 796.3 budgetting, planning 796.7 business statistics 796.4 costs and costing 796.1 credits 794.42 financing 796.6 geographical considerations 791.3 history and general accounts of businesses 791.2 insurance 794.43 legislation; public regulation 794.3 nationalization; socialization 794.2 organizations, businesses, firms, cartels, associations etc. 791.4 output, variations and trends 792 ownership policy 794.2 policy, general; social economics 794 pricing 796.5 statistics (general) 791(083.4) subsidies 794.41 theory, systematics, methods 791.1 Economics of forest transport 78 - [for economics of transport in logging operations see Costs and costing of logging operations] accountancy 786 administration of businesses 786.8 assessment of financial results, balancing 786.2 book-keeping 786.3 budgetting, planning 786.7 business practices and usages 785 business statistics 786.4 chartering; shipping documents; shipbrokers 785.3 costs and costing 786.1 credits 784.42 financing 786.6 forwarding; forwarding agencies 785.2 freights 783 geographical considerations 781.3 history and general accounts of businesses 781.2 insurance 784.43 legislation; public regulation 784.3 nationalization; socialization 784.2 obligations of vendor and purchaser 785.1 organizations, businesses, firms, cartels, associations 781.4 ownership policy 784.2 policy; social economics, general 784 quantities transported, variations and trends 782 statistics, general 781(083.4) I/134 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) subsidies 784.41 tariffs 783 theory, methods, systematics 781.1 see also Ports Economics of forestry as a business, general 64 - basic economic units; classification of forest enterpri- ses; types of economic management 643 book-keeping 673; (for logging operations) 673.2; (for whole enterprise) 673.1 budgetting 677; (of logging costs) 667 business problems of logging, general 66 business problems of timber-growing, general 65 business statistics 674; (data) 674.2; (theory and methods) 674.1 choice of species, economic 651.71 financial results, assessment; balancing 672; (balan- ce of growth or calculated yield with cutting and mortality) 672.2; (basic concepts: income, returns, expenditure, outlay; surplus, profits, costs of per- manent administrative arrangements) 671; (capital assets and their valuation) 672.1; (reserve funds, sinking funds) 672.3 financing 676; (different methods of) 676.2; (of forest improvements) 676.11; (of logging operations) 676.13; (of machines, buildings, transport installa- tions) 676.12; (of other individual measures) 676.19 history and general accounts of forest businesses, forms of ownership etc. 648 influence of (combination with other husbandry or industry, form of ownership) 644.5; (forms of enterprise) 644.6; (growing stock-quantity, quality, structure) 644.2; (location) 644.3; (prices and wages) 644.7; (site quality) 644.1; (size of enterpri- se or working unit) 644.4 interest and its calculation 646 objects of business management, determination 654 peculiarities of forest enterprises 642 short-term planning 677 theory, methods, systems, development 641 see also Costs, Valuation Economics of forestry, social 9 - generalities 90 theory, methods, systematics; peculiarities of forestry 901 Economics of logging 66 see also Costs Economics of marketing see Marketing Economics of tree improvement 644.8 Economics (tags): internal, business --064 social, national --09 Economy in the use of wood 88 Ecosystem management 627.5 Ecosystems: animal 150 general 120 plant 180 Ecotones 182.23 Ecotypes 187 Edentata 149.31 Edgers (saws) and edging 822.46 Edging of thin sheets 826.5 Edible plants as minor forest products 892.53 Education: forestry and forest products 945.3 - (elementary) 945.32; (higher) 945.31 see also Training Education (tag) --094.8 Educational programmes (form tag) (075) Educational tours 945.35 Efficiency see Work performance Elastic properties, tests of (tag) --015.26 Elasticity, wood 812.701 Electrical and magnetic properties, tests of (tags) [Cf. -- 014.25 and --015.25] Electrical influences, forest injuries and protection 426 Electrical methods of drying wood 847.5 Electrical methods of glue heating 824.873 - radiant heat 824.876 radio-frequency heating 824.875 resistance heating 824.874 Electrical phenomena in atmosphere 111.94 Electrical phenomena (lightning etc.), plant, relation to 181.26 Electrical properties, wood 812.15 Electricity production, fuel for 831.1 Electro-chemical properties, soil 114.23 Elephant shrews 149.38 Elephants 149.6 Elephants, transport by 374.6 Elite stands and trees: seed production from 232.311.2 Eluvial horizons 114.361 Embedding and sectioning (tag) --016.1 Embryology: animal 133 plant 163 Embryophyta: asiphonogamous 173.1 siphonogamous 174 Employers’ associations 967 Employment agencies 961.1 Employment: and unemployment 961 seasonal, the year round etc. 963 statistics 961.2 Encyclopaedias (form tag) (03) of large scope (031); small (033) Endangered animals 136.6 Endangered plants 166.6 Enemies, natural, of animals 151.4 Energy forests 262 Engineered wood: production facilities 832.5 products 833.123 Engineering, forest 38 Engineering works for avalanche control 116.123.13 Engines, cable-logging 377.23 Enlargements, photographic (form tag) (084.16) “Enrichment” of inferior growth 235.6 Entomology 145.7 Enumeration see Surveys, enumeration Environment: factors of: general 10 influence of forest fires 437 influence of forest on 907.3 Environment protection 907 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/135 Environment relations of plants - effects on wind and other air movement 181.233 Environmental pollution - influence on (plant ecology) 181.45 Environmental protection 907.33 law 931.2 Epicormics 181.63 Epiphyllous plants 182.45 Epiphytes: forest injuries and protection 442.2 leaf, ecology 182.45 stem and branch: ecology 182.44 Equilibrium moisture content, wood 812.213 Equipment see Tools, machines and equipment Ergonomics 302 Erosion: along roads, railways and canals, studies of 116.5 bank 116.3 coast 116.81; (sand fixation) 116.82 Erosion and erosion control, practical: control by (contouring) 116.62; (engineering meas- ures) 384.2; (farm cropping practices) 116.63; (forestry practices) 116.64 control on (burnt areas, roadsides etc.) 116.65; (pas- tured land) 116.61 general accounts 116.6 Erosion effects, forest injuries and protection 424.1 Erosion, water, studies of effects of: 116.2 cropping practices 116.27 forestry practices 116.28 meteorological factors 116.21 pastoral use 116.26 soil and geological factors 116.24 topography 116.23 vegetation 116.25 Erosion, wind 116.4 sand fixation 116.82 Essential oils: as minor forest product 892.62 from wood 866.2 Ethyl alcohol from wood hydrolysates 863.4 Eumycetes 172.8 Eutheria 149.3/.8 Evacuation, snow and avalanche 116.123.24 Evaporation 111.73 - hydrological studies of effect of vegetation on 116.13 Even-aged stands 228.5 Evolution: animal 135 plant 165.1 Exams (form tag) (079) Excelsior see Wood wool Excretion: animal 131.4 plant 161.35 Excursions, forestry etc. international 971 other 946.2 Excursions (tag) --094.6 Exhibitions 945.24 Exotics, trials of 232.11 Expansion, thermal, of wood 812.142 Expeditions, reports on (form tag) (079.3) Expenditure see Economics Experimental forests 945.25 working plans for 627.2 Experimental organisms, culture and care (tags) --012 arthropods --012.3 lower organisms (plant and animal) --012.4 vascular plants --012.5 vertebrates --012.1 Experiments see Research, Testing Exploitability 613 Explosives and their use 381.1 for avalanche release 116.123.22 Exports see Marketing Exposure, planting stock 232.412.4 Expropriation, forest valuation in cases of 652.53 Extinction of forest rights 935.5 Extraction lanes 686.33 Extraction: seed 232.312.2 timber 37; (costs) 662.3; (hand tools for) 377.8; (pri- mary conversion after) 326 Extractives, wood: chemistry 813.2 utilization 866 Exudation from plants, mechanism of 161.13 Exudations, husbandry of crops grown for 284 F Factories, wood-working, and their products 832 - integrated; combinations of 832.8 see also Sawmills, Veneer and plywood mills, Wooden house factories Factory and trade marks (form tag) (088.7) Factory buildings, special uses of wood in 833.3 Faggot-binders 369 Failed plantations, treatment 236.6 Fairs 945.24 Fallowing, nurseries 232.322.1 Family forestry 923.4 FAO 972.11 Farm cropping practices: for practical erosion control 116.63 studies of hydrological and erosion effects 116.27 Farm forests: as ownership category 923.4 silviculture of 264 Fast growing trees 238 Fatigue resistance, wood 812.78 Fats 892.63 Federal forests 922.1 Felling 323.1 basic types of 221.0 see also Silvicultural systems, costs 662.2 costs 662.2 debris 332.3 instructions 326 lodged trees, equipment for 364.7 machines 360 marking for 321 preparatory measures 322 season 322.1 series 614 tools 36 with axe and hand saw 323.11 with machine saws 323.12 with other machines 323.13 see also Work performance I/136 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Felling-site: clearing after felling 332 clearing for uses other than forestry 332.4 clearing of obstacles etc. before felling 322.6 see also Re-logging, Snags, Slash, Stumps Fellings: area, location and sequence 614 degree of utilization and waste 331 inventory and control 327 salvage 334 see also Silvicultural systems, Regeneration “Femelschlag” 221.23 Fences, use of wood in 831.5 - paling 831.52 posts, stakes 831.51 rails 831.53 Fencing (as protection) 451.4 Fenny soils 114.444 Ferns 173.5 Fertility, soil see Soil fertility Fertilizing and fertilizers: at time of planting 232.425; (inorganic, including trace elements) 232.425.1; (organic) 232.425.2 fertilizer requirement of soils 114.54 for site amelioration 237.4 general information on fertilizers 232.322.4 in direct sowings 232.332 in natural regeneration 231.332 in nurseries 232.322.4; (inorganic) 232.322.41; (organic) 232.322.43; (trace elements) 232.322.42 injuries due to 424.6 Fibre mouldings, resin-bonded 862.3 Fibre-saturation point 812.212 Fibreboards 862.3 Fibres from minor forest products, utilization 892.73 see also Bark crops, Bark products, Seed fibres Fibres, wood 811.155 - gelatinous 811.158 other topics 811.159 shape, dimensions etc. 811.156 Fidelity (plant ecology) 182.51 Field crops, forest with 261 - coppice with 261.2 high forest with 261.1 [shifting cultivation see 261.3] Field survey work 581 Figure, wood 811.67 Filling blanks in young crops 236.5 Films, forestry etc 945.22 Films (form tag) (084.122) Filtration in soil 114.123 Finance (tag) --064 see preferably Economics, Marketing Financing of certification and conservation 676.4 Finishing, wood 829.1 Finishings and fittings, wood 833.15 Fire and fire protection (tag) --043 Fire: beneficial effects; uses 436 injurious effects 435 Fire see also Burning Fire damage, forest: from economic point of view 435.2 salvage and disposal of damaged material 433 Fire danger, forest 431 - current ratings and forecasts 431.5 influence of fuel 431.2 influence of weather 431.1 reduction of 432.16 seasonal and other periodic variations 431.4 Fire detection and reporting, forest 432.2 - aerial observation 432.23 ground patrols 432.22 look-out system 432.21[construction of towers see 382.4] use of reports from outside observers 432.24 Fire injuries, forest 435 to human life and property 435.4 to trees, types and effects 435.3 Fire losses, forest 435.2 Fire prevention and control, forest 432 - benefits of 435.1 campers and smokers 432.13 general preparedness and organization: “pre-sup- pression” 432.0 incendiarism 432.14 logging installations 432.12 railways 432.11 reduction of natural hazard 432.16 undesirable effects 435 see also Firebreaks Fire, reaction of plants to 181.43 Fire resistance: plants and trees 181.43 treated wood 843.4 Fire resistance, wood: natural 812.143 Fire suppression, forest 432.3 - analysis of action and results 432.38 appraisal of situation and forces needed 432.31 auxiliary dispositions 432.35 basic methods (selection and application) 432.34; (types) 432.33 beating or raking out 432.333 counter-(back-)firing 432.334 dispatch and transport of teams and supplies 432.31 mopping up 432.37 patrolling 432.37 plans of operation; strategy and tactics 432.32 teams, size, duties etc. 432.36 use of foam, liquids, water 432.331 use of soil, fire lines 432.332 Firebreaks, permanent: cleared 432.18 living 432.17 Fireplaces, wood in 833.153 Fireproofing of wood 843 - agents 843.1 effect on gluing 824.88 methods; processes 843.2 particular categories of wood 843.3 resistance of treated wood to fire 843.4 Fires, forest 43 - behaviour 431.6 causes of 431.3 predisposing factors 431 types and behaviour of 431.6 Fish management and fishing 157 Fishes 147.2/5 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/137 Flagellates 172.5 Flagmasts 831.43 Flakeboard 862.2 Flaking, of wood 825.72 Flame guns and hoes for nursery weeding 232.325.23 Flat sawing 822.1 Flecks, pith 852.13 Floating and driving 378.31 - bundling 378.2 combined with rafting 378.32 getting wood into and out of water 378.1 installations and equipment 378.7 prevention of sinking 378.44 prevention of stranding 378.41 salvage of stranded wood 378.42 salvage of sunken wood 378.45 sorting of timber floated jointly 378.5 see also Rafting Flood control 116.7 engineering works for 386 Flooding, injuries to trees 424.2 Floors, wood 833.18 Floras (regional taxonomic works covering vascular plants) 174 [with geographic number] Flosses: as minor forest products 892.73 growing and collection 283.4 Flower buds 164.6 Flowering 181.521 Flowers and flower buds: injuries to 416.2 morphology 164.6 Flumes 373.4 Flying lemurs 149.39 Fodder: as minor forest product 892.1 cellulose for 861.6 wood sugar for 863.6 Fodder forests, silviculture 262 Fog 111.75 Fog-drip, contribution to local precipitation 116.14 Food, from the forest 892.1 Forage plants 268.3 - undesirable 268.44 Forage types and yields 268.5 Forecasting: fire danger 431.5 increment 564 meteorological 111.0 Foreign bodies in wood 852.17 Forest and utilities, relation 917 Forest certification 633 Forest certification related to marketing 742.41 Forest communities 188 Forest concessions 652.58 Forest condition monitoring 57 Forest fires: country reports and statistics 430 effects on environment and ecology 437 Forest models 612 Forest %, mean annual 651.4 Forest pathology 44 Forest products other than wood: as products 89 growing and collection 28 Forest rental, soil rental, profitability of the forest 651.2 Forest rights-(servitudes) etc. influence on economics 644.9 Forest see Coppice, High forest, Mixed forest etc. Forest services (national, federal, state) 681 - administrative procedure 681.7 position in relation to government departments 681.1 staff, conditions of service, responsibilities etc. 681.4 staff, establishment, ranks and categories 681.3 structure, branches and units 681.2 Forests and forestry 0 - general: (descriptive) regional accounts 904 see also Economics, Resources, Statistics etc. history 902 Form: classes 524.13 factors 524.12 height 524.12 increment 561.3 mathematical, mechanical and other expressions of 524.11 of bark, mensurational aspects 523.2 of branches, mensurational aspects 524.18 of particular portions of bole (top, root swelling etc.), mensurational aspects 524.15 of plants and trees, ecological aspects 181.6 of trees, mensurational aspects 524.1 point 524.13 quotient 524.13 timber defects 852.11 Forms, printed, blank (form tag) (083.2) Forwarding; forwarding agencies 785.2 Fossilized wood 814.8 Foundations, wood in 833.11 Foxes 149.74 Fragmentation of holdings 928 Frame saws and sawing 822.32 Frames: door 833.151 window 833.152 Frames, propagating: cold 232.329.3 heated 232.329.2 Framing of buildings, wood in 833.12 Free provision by public authorities of land, seed, plant- ing stock etc. 941 Freezing of soil: forest injuries and protection 422.14 Freights 783 Frequency (plant ecology) 182.51 Friction in chutes, slides etc. 373.0 Frictional properties, wood 812.13 Frictional tests (tags) cf. --014.23 and --015.23 Fringe of forest 267 Frost 111.24 Frost-heaving 422.13 Frost injuries and protection 422.1 - early frost 422.11 late frost 422.12 low winter temperatures 422.15 protection in nurseries 232.327.13 soil freezing 422.14 Frost pockets 422.18 Fruit: as minor forest product 892.71 crops 283 growing and collection 283.1 morphology 164.7 I/138 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Fruiting 181.522 Fuel forests 262 Fuel: lignin as 864.1 waste wood as 839.81 - (briquettes and briquetting) 839.813; (other wastes) 839.812; (sawdust) 839.811; (wood-burning stoves etc.) 839.82 Fuel (tag) --081.7 Fuelwood 831.1 Fumes: forest injuries and protection 425.1 Fumigation: as method in forest protection 414.23 of seed 232.315.1 to destroy animal pests in wood 845.53 Fungi: as a non-wood forest product 894.1 slime 172.4 true 172.8 Fungicides: for converted wood 844.41 for forest protection 443:414.12; (auxiliary materials, dilutents etc.) 443:414.16; (side effects of) 443:414.4 see also Dusting, Spraying etc. Fungus attack on converted wood: as defect 852.4 - [see preferably subheads of 844] by sap-staining and mould fungi 844.1 by wood-rotting fungi 844.2 prevention and control [cf. also Preservation] 844.4; (by fungicides) 844.41; (by heat treatment) 844.44; (by other methods) 844.45; (during storage and shipment) 844.47; (in building construction) 844.48 Fungus attack on wood: measures against in advance of felling 322.4 Fungus diseases of trees and protection against them 443 - diseases of older stages 443.3 diseases of seed and seedlings 443.2 protection measures in nurseries 232.327.2 Furniture making 836.1 G Galls 416.13 Game: damage and protection (from point of view of the game manager) 156.5; (forest protection aspects) 451/452 management (general) 156; (history of) 156.7; (plans, surveys, protection of game and hunting) 156.2; (statistics) 156.9 policy; legislation 156.6 products and their utilization 156.4 reserves, sanctuaries 156.2; (significance of forest for) 907.13 science (natural history, diseases, pests etc. of game) 156.1 see also Birds, Mammals, Hunting Gang saws and sawing 822.32 “Gardens,” forest 232.11 Gas, producer; from wood or charcoal 867.3 - for industrial use 867.32 for propelling vehicles 867.31 Gases: circulation in plants 161.15 emission from plants 161.16 flow of in wood 812.237 forest injuries and protection 425.1 in soil 114.13 permeability of wood to 812.237 uptake and movement by plants 161.14/.16 uptake by plants 161.14 Gates, wooden 831.54 Gauges, tree and log 365.5 Gelatinous fibres, wood 811.158 General ecology 120 Genetic classification, soil 114.44 Genetic constitution of plants 165.4 - chromosomes of taxonomic groups 165.42 Genetic mapping 165.2 Genetics: animal 135 molecular 165.2 quantitative 165.45 Genomics 165.2 Geographic atlases (form tag) (084.41) Geographical factors in economics of: forest products industries 791.3 forestry 644.3 prices 732 transport 781.3 Geological considerations in soil formation and develop- ment 114.32 Gerbils 149.32 Germination 181.525 effects of sorting and grading seed 232.312.3 tests 232.318 Giant pandas 149.74 Ginkgoales 174.6 Giraffes 149.73 Girders: composite-wood 832.286 wood 833.121 Girdling 243.8 Girth see Diameter Glands, physiology of: in animals 131.4 Glass, use of: in nursery sowings 232.323.7 [Cf. also Greenhouses, Frames] Glazed ice 111.744.2 forest injuries 423.3 Gley horizons 114.364 Gleys (as soil type) 114.443.1 Global positioning systems (GPS) 387.3 Global warming 111.83 Glossaries see Dictionaries Glued joints, general 824.7 Glues 824.81 use of lignin in 864.4 Glues, metal-bonding 824.84 Glues, natural 824.82 - animal 824.821 blood albumin 824.822 casein 824.823 other natural glues 824.829 starch derivatives 824.824 vegetable protein 824.825 Glues, synthetic 824.83 - melamine 824.831 other synthetic 824.839 phenolic 824.832 resorcinol 824.833 urea 824.834 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/139 Gluing 824.86 effect of preservatives, fireproofing agents etc. 824.88 Gluing, heating methods in 824.87 - electrical, general 824.873 electrical resistance 824.874 radiant heat 824.876 radio-frequency 824.875 steam and hot water 824.872 Gnetales 174.9 Gophers 149.32 Government publications (form tag) (061) Gradient 113.3 Grading: planting stock 232.411.3 seed 232.312.3 seedlings for lining out 232.324.2 stress grading (mechanical) 854.212; (visual) 854.211 wood, converted (classification by size and shape) 854.1; (quality grading) 854.2; (stress grading) 854.21 wood in the rough (logs) 853 see also Defects Graft hybrids 165.73 Grafted dwarf trees as seed producers 232.311.3 Grafting 232.328.5 Grain, wood 811.64 defects of 852.15 Graphs (form tag) (084.2) Grass as minor forest product 892.1 Gravity as factor in chutes, slides etc. 373.0 Grazing: forest 268.1 open ranges (pastures) 268.2 organization and control 268.6 to prepare for artificial regeneration 232.212 to prepare for natural regeneration 231.323 see also Forage, Mammalia, Pastures Green manuring: nurseries 232.322.1 planting sites 232.425.2 Greenhouse effect 111.83 Greenhouses 232.329.1 Grey-brown podzolic soils 114.441.4 Grey semi-desert soils 114.442.4 Grinding, wood 825.73 Ground, configuration of 113.4 Ground flora (layers) 182.47/.48 - herbaceous 182.47 moss or lichens 182.48 use as index to soil fertility (“forest types”) 114.521.7 Ground vegetation, manipulation for: artificial regeneration 232.21; (by burning) 232.213; (grazing) 232.212; (other herbage control) 231.324 natural regeneration 231.32; (by burning) 231.322; (by cutting, scraping etc.) 231.321; (by grazing) 231.323; (by poisoning) 231.324 Groundwater 114.129 Groundwater soils: non-peaty 114.443 peaty 114.444 Groundwood pulping and pulp 861.11 Group selection system 221.411 Group system 221.23 Groups, regeneration by 230.2 Growing stock: description of 622 influence on economics of the enterprise 644.2 planning of quantity and composition 624.2 theory of, relation to increment and yield 612 value of 652.3 Growth, animal, physiology 131.3 Growth factors, variation of wood structure and proper- ties with 815 effects of: (growth form; spiral growth, forking etc.) 815.5; (pruning) 815.4; (rate of growth) 815.2 Growth of trees and forests, mensurational aspects see Increment Growth, plant: physiology 161.4 relation to environmental factors 181.65 Growth regulators, plant: physiological aspects 161.4 use in forest protection 414.13 Growth rings: age determination in absence or irregularity of 553 increment determination in absence or irregularity of 563 [see also Diameter increment, Dendro- chronology] Growth rings, wood anatomy 811.4 Growth stresses in wood 815.1 Guidebooks (form tag) (036) Gum crops, growing and collection 284.2 [Cf. also Resin] Gum veins in wood 852.14 Gums: as minor forest product 892.65 from wood 866.5 Cf. also Resin Gutta percha: as product 892.66 crops: growing and collection 284.3 Gymnospermae 174.2 H Habit of growth 181.61 Habits of animals 151 Hail 111.787 forest injuries 423.6 wood defects caused by 852.19 Hammers: cleaving 363.3 marking 365.3 Hamsters 149.32 Handbooks (form tag): as books (02) comprehensive (021) manuals (035) of limited scope; elementary, popular etc. manuals (023) Handcarts, logging 377.43 Handling (and storage) of wood in timberyards etc. 848 - handling of converted wood 848.2 handling of round wood 848.1 Handling of wood during felling operations, tools and equipment 364 see also Loading, Transport etc. “Hang-ups”; equipment for bringing down 364.7 Harbours see Ports Hardening off of nursery plants 232.325.5 I/140 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Hardness, wood 812.73 - resistance to abrasion 812.733 resistance to cutting 812.732 resistance to indentation 812.731 Hardpan see Pan Hares 149.32 Harmful animals, general 136.5 Harmful plants, general 166.5 Harvesters 360 Harvesting (tag) --03 Hauling see Transport Hazard mapping, snow and avalanche 116.123.14 Head-saws 822.45 Heads, animal 156.42 Heartwood 811.52 abnormal, as defect 852.16 Heat (air temperature) 111.24 forest injuries and protection from 422.2 Heat exchange, snow 116.121.33 Heat, specific, of wood 812.145 Heat treatment of wood: to control animal attacks 845.54 to control fungus attacks 844.44 Heather, as minor forest product 892.81 Hedge plants 274 Hedgehogs 149.36 Hedgerow trees 265 Hedges 274 Heeling in 232.412.3 Height increment 561.1 Height measurement 522 - curves and tables 522.31 felled trees 522.1 single standing trees 522.2 stands (mean height) 522.3 Helicopter logging 376 Hemicelluloses, as wood constituents 813.14 Hepatics 173.2 Herbaceous layer (vegetation) 182.47 Herbage control, for artificial regeneration 232.212/.214 see also Burning, Grazing, Weeds Herbaria 170.1 Herbicides 441:414.12 auxiliary materials, dilutents etc. 441:414.16 growth regulators as 441:414.13 side effects of 441:414.4 Heredity: animal 135 plant 165.3 Heterotrophic plants, assimilation in 161.37 Hewing, rough 323.8 tools and machines for 363 see also Adzing Hewn timber 831.7 Hexosans, as wood constituents 813.16 Hibernation 151.22 Hides, animal 156.42 High forest: systems 221 two-storeyed 221.52 with field crops 261.1 with reserves (standards) 221.51 Hiking trails 907.15 Hippopotamuses 149.73 Histology: animal 138 plant, general 168 Historical sources (form tag) (093) History: of forests and forestry 902 of game management and hunting 156.7 of organizations 902.2 of vegetation 182.1 see also Economics History (form tag) (091) History (tag) --090.2 Hoar-frost 111.744.2 forest injuries 423.2 “Hogging” of wood 825.71 Holdings, forest workers’ (policy) 965 Holdings, scattered forest, consolidation of 928 Holes in wood, repair of 829.14 Holocellulose, as wood constituent 813.12 Homepages 945.28 Honey, as minor forest product 893 Honeycombing of wood 852.34 see also Seasoning defects Hoppus measure 516.25 Horizons, soil 114.35/.36 - A 114.361 B 114.362 C 114.363 eluvial 114.361 gley 114.364 humus layers 114.354; (mor, raw humus) 114.355; (mull, mild humus) 114.356 illuvial 114.362 litter 114.351 Horse, transport by 374.3 Horses 149.72 Horsetails 173.5 Horticultural uses of wood: in structures 833.4 miscellaneous uses 831.5 Hounds 156.3 House journals (form tag) (085.3) Household refuse for nursery compost 232.322.44 Houses, wooden, factory-produced see Wooden-house factories Housing, forest workers’ (policy) 965 Humans 149.8 Humidity, atmospheric 111.71 - hydrological studies of effect of vegetation on 116.13 Humus: incorporated 114.27 layers 114.354 mild 114.356 raw 114.355 soils 114.461 Hunting and shooting 156 - history 156.7 policy; legislation 156.6 products 156.4 technique, weapons, hounds 156.3 see also Game Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/141 Husbandry (tags) --02 animal --023 plant --022 soil --021 Huts for forest workers 382.3 Hybridization (plant breeding) 165.41 Hybrids: artificial 165.72 graft 165.73 natural 165.71 taxonomic aspects 165.7 trials of 232.13 Hydraulic uses, wood in 833.8 Hydrology 116 Hydrolysis, wood 863; (processes) 863.1 see also Sugar, Yeast Hyenas 149.74 Hygiene, work 304 Hygienic value of forests 907.4 Hygroscopicity: soil 114.125 wood 812.21; (treatments to reduce) 842.2 I Ice, glazed 111.744.2 forest injuries 423.3 Ice needles (form of precipitation) 111.784 Ice storm 111.744.2 Ichthyology 147.2/.5 Identification (tag) --014 [which see for subdivisions] Ignition of wood: chemical aspects 813.4 physical aspects 812.143 Illustrations (form tag) (084.1) Illuvial horizons, soil 114.362 Images (form tag) (084) Impact bending strength of wood 812.712 Implements see Tools Imports see Marketing “Improved wood”: general 842 treatments for specific purposes 842; (to improve resistance to chemicals) 842.5; (to improve strength) 842.3; (to reduce effects of hygroscopici- ty) 842.2 Improvement fellings 243 Improvements, forest: financing of 676.11 public supervision and control 935.2 see also Costs Inaugural dissertations (form tag) (043.5) Increment: and depletion (accountancy in forest enterprises) 672.2; (regional balance of) 905.2 forecasting 564 gross, of stands 562.21 net change, of stands 562.21 per cent 561.6 role of mortality and thinnings 562.22 see also Height increment, Volume increment etc. Increment and yield determination 56 - in spp. with irregular or no growth rings 563 Increment borers, sampling with 561.22 Increment cores, handling and examination 561.23 Increment fellings 243 Indentation, resistance of wood to 812.731 Indicating % 651.3 Indicator plants 114.521.6 Indirect significance of forests and forestry see also Influences, Recreation, Rural amenity etc. Industrial catalogues (form tag) (085.2) Industrial undertakings, publications of (form tag) (085) Industries: forest products 8 forests belonging to 923.2 relation of forests and forestry to 908.2 see also Economics Infiltration capacity, soil 114.123 Infiltration, effects of: cropping practices 116.27 forestry practices 116.28 meteorological factors 116.21 pastoral use 116.26 soil and geological factors 116.24 topography 116.23 vegetation 116.25 Inflorescences 164.6 Influence of forms of management and silvicultural sys- tems on costs 666 Influences of forest: on religion, art etc. 907.6 on the environment 907.3 Information bulletins (form tag) (055) Information services: forestry and forest products 945.14 marketing 741.5 on trade 742.6 Information systems 945.5 Infra-red heating see Radiant heat Ingrowth see Recruitment Injection: plant 414.26 soil 414.27 Injuries, forest 4 - due to salt 424.4 due to unknown or complex causes 48 planning management to minimize 624.4 to bark and cambium 416.4 to buds, leaves and shoots 416.1 to flowers, cones, fruits, seeds 416.2 to roots 416.3 to wood 416.5 see also Damage, Fungus diseases, Fire, Insects etc. Injurious removal of forest produce 462 Inoculation, soil: for site amelioration in checked plantations etc. 237.4 in direct sowings 232.332 in nurseries 232.322.45 on planting sites 232.425.4 Insect attack on converted wood, as defect [see prefer- ably subheads of 845] 852.5 by borers (marine) 845.1; (terrestrial) 845.2 by termites 845.3 control and prevention [Cf. also Preservation] 845.5; (in buildings) 845.58; (during storage and ship- ment) 845.57 see also Insecticides, Fumigation, Heat treatment Insect attack on seed and young plants, protection against: in direct sowings 232.336 I/142 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) in nurseries 232.327.4 seed disinfestation 232.315.1 Insect attack on trees, and protection against attack 453 Insect attack on wood, measures to reduce, in advance of felling 322.4 Insecta 145.7 Insecticides, for converted wood 845.51 Insecticides, for use on trees etc. 453:414.12; (auxiliary materials, dilutents, etc.) 453:414.16; (side effects of) 453:414.4 see also Dusting, Spraying etc.; Preservatives Insectivora 148,36 Insolation 111.211 injuries and protection 422.3 protection against in nurseries 232.327.12 Inspection paths: in regeneration or young plantations 236.4 planning etc. 686.34 Instinct 151.6 Institutions, forestry and forest products 946.3 Institutions: (tag) --094.6 Instructions, felling 326 Instructions (form tag) recipes, prescriptions, directions (083.1) directions for use (083.13) Instruments (mathematical, musical and scientific), use of wood in 835 Instruments (tags) cf. --017 and --087 and note at --017 Insurance: forest 943 forest products industries 794.43 forest workers’ 964 transport 784.43 Insurance: (tag) --094.3 Integrated pest management 415.1 Integrated wood-processing mills and combinations 832.8 Intellectual property, seeds 232.314 Intercellular canals and spaces 811.25 Interception: rain 116.11 snow 116.12 Interest in forestry and its calculation 646 as item in logging costs 663.2 International activities (tag) --097 International agreements (form tag) (094.2) International forest policy and collaboration 97 - agreements 973; (other) 973.2; (State) 973.1 congresses, conferences, excursions 971 organizations 972; (forest owners’) 972.3; (forest wor- kers’) 972.4; (other organizations) 972.9; (scientific (non-State)) 972.2; (State) 972.1; (State, FAO) 972.11; (State, other) 972.12 International laws (form tag) (094.2) International trade see Marketing Internet 945.28 Interplanting (“enrichment”) of inferior growth 235.6 Interplanting for site amelioration 237.5 - with nurses 237.52 with substitute species 237.51 Interpretation, aerial photographs 587.2 Interviews (form tag) (047.53) Intolerance see Shade etc. Inventories (form tag) (083.8) Inventory, forest see Surveys, enumeration Inventory of fellings 327 Invertebrata 142 Irregular shelterwood system 221.23 Irrigated forests 263 Irrigation: for site amelioration 237.6 of nurseries 232.325.1 of plantation sites before planting or sowing 232.217 technique (engineering) 385.2 Irritability in plants 161.8 Irritant constituents and properties of woods 813.8 J Jacks, log 364.5 Jigs, wooden 835 Joinery: building components and fittings 833.15 general 828 Joints; jointing and assembly of wood 824 - bolted 824.3 carpenters’ and joiners’ 824.6 dowelled 824.4 glued 824.7 nailed 824.1 screwed 824.2 timber-connector 824.5 Juvenile wood 811.53 K Ketones from dry distillation of wood 867.6 Kiln drying, wood 847.2 Kiln types 847.27 - compartment 847.275; (external blower) 847.277; (forced draught, general) 847.277/.278; (internal fan) 847.278; (natural circulation) 847.276 progressive 847.271; (external blower) 847.273; (for- ced draught, general) 847.273/.274; (internal fan) 847.274; (natural circulation) 847.272 Kinos 892.65 Kitchen fitments 833.157 Knives, woodmen’s 363.2 Knots as defect 852.12 L Laboratories, uses of wood in 833.3 Labour disputes, forest 968 Labour: forest, management of 684 see also Labour policy, Work performance etc. organization in sawmills 832.14 organization in veneer and plywood mills 832.24 Labour policy, forestry and forest products 96 employment and unemployment; supply and demand 961 seasonal variations in work and working time 963 see also Insurance, Housing, Associations, Unions etc. Labour policy (tag) --096 Labourers’ quarters, construction 382.7 Lac: as minor forest product 893 cultivation and collection 288 Ladders: for forest work 369 use of wood in 831.9 Laminated veneer lumber 832.287 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/143 Laminated wood products 832.28 blockboard 832.283 composite-wood assemblies 832.286 plywood 832.282 “sandwich materials” 832.284 Lammas shoot 181.66 Land, forest: and non-forest 615 gifts or cheap sales by public authorities for forestry 941 value of 652.2 Land reform 921 Land use 91 - afforestation policy 913/914 (agricultural and pastoral land) 913; (waste land) 914 colonization and settlement 912 deforestation (policy) 913/914 (agricultural and pasto- ral land) 913; (waste land) 914 generalities, planning 911 multiple 916 relations between forest, agricultural and pastoral land 913 relations between forest and waste land 914 shifting cultivation (policy) 913 surveys, use of aerial photography 587.7 “Landings” see Log dumps Landscape conservation 907.1 Landslides: constructional works against 384.1 forest injuries and protection 424.1 Language dictionaries (form tag) (038) Large private forests: of industrial, mining and communications companies etc. 923.2 other 923.3 Late wood 811.42 Laterite and lateritic soils 114.441.7 Latex: as minor forest product 892.66 crops, growing and collection 284.3 Latex canals in wood 811.25 - as defect 852.14 Latitude 113.1 influence on climate 111.81 Lavatory fitments, wooden 833.158 Law books (form tag) (094.4) Law, relating to environmental protection 931.2 Law, relating to nature conservation 931.2 Laws, general forest 931 Layer communities (vegetation) 182.4 Layering: natural 181.51 propagation by 232.328.4 Leaching, soil 114.31 Leaf buds, morphology 164.4 Leaf crops, growing and collection 285 Leaf fodder: as minor forest product 892.1 silviculture of woods maintained for 262 Leases, public supervision and control 935.6 Leaves: injuries to 416.1 morphology 164.5 Lectures: addresses, lectures, speeches (form tag) (042) Legal documents (form tag) (094) Legal sources (form tag) (094.7) Legal textbooks (form tag) (094.4) Legislation, forest 93 - general forest laws 931 see also Game, Economics, Marketing, Public super- vision and control of forestry Legislation (tag) --093 Lemmings 149.32 Lemurs 149.8 Length (of logs etc.), measurement 522 Letters (form tag) (044) Levers, log 364.5 Leys, nursery 232.322.1 Lianes 182.43 - cutting 244 Libraries 945.15 Licences, public supervision and control 935.6 Lichens 172.9 as a non-wood forest product 894.3 growing 289.6; (for decoration) 289.62; (for reindeer) 289.61 Lichen layer (vegetation) 182.48 Life form, plants 181.61 Lifting: of planting stock 232.412.1 of seedlings 232.324.1 Light 111.211 Light relations of plants 181.21 - effect on the environment 181.213 photoperiodic behaviour 181.212 requirements, tolerance in general 181.211 seasonal requirement and tolerance 181.212 Lighting fitments and accessories, wood in 833.154 Lightning 111.94 forest injuries 426.1 relations of plants to 181.26 wood defects due to 852.19 Lignin as wood constituent (chemistry) 813.11 Lignin, uses of 864 - as fuel 864.1 as soil amendment 864.2 in adhesives 864.4 in plastics 865.2 in road-making compounds 864.5 in water softeners 864.3 vanillin from 864.6 Limbing see Trimming Limbs, artificial 835 Lime (nursery) 232.322.417 Line sowing (direct) 232.331 Linear and area measures 514 - British and American 514.2 metric 514.1 other 514.9 Lining out 232.324 density 232.324.3 grading seedlings for 232.324.2 season and date of 232.324.4 Linings, door 833.151 Liquids: behaviour of wood with 812.2; (permeability to and flow of liquids other than water) 812.235; (sorption of liquids other than water) 812.22 circulation in plants 161.12 I/144 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) exudation from plants 161.13 uptake and movement in plants, physiology 161.1 uptake by plants 161.11 see also Moisture, Water etc. Lists (form tag): bibliographical, of references (048.1) in general (083.8) of addresses (058.7) Literary sources (form tag) (093.3) Litter 114.351 as minor forest product 892.1 degree of utilization and waste 331.5 use in nurseries 232.322.44 Liverworts 173.2 Loading: equipment 377.1 in ports (economic aspects) 788.3 of barges and boats 378.8 platforms (forest engineering) 383.8 technique 371 Loam soils 114.464 Loans see Credit Locality factors 11 Location see Geographical factors Locomotion, physiology (in animals) 131.7 Locomotives 377.73 Locomotory organs of animals 134.7 Lodged trees, equipment for bringing down 364.7 Loess soils 114.468 Log dumps, storage of wood 34 - costs of 662.4 Log levers and jacks 364.5 Log ponds 848.42 Log “scaling” (measurement of contents) 526 - by formula 526.5; (based on butt diameter) 526.53; (based on top diameter) 526.51; (based on mid- diameter or mean of top and butt) 526.52; (measu- rement by sections) 526.54 by log rules 526.6 by water displacement 526.2 by weight 526.1 conversion from one method to another 526.7 Log size, influence on logging costs 665 Logging arches 377.41 Logging camps: construction etc. 382.3 costs 663.27 Logging damage 461 Logging: descriptions of individual operations (as distinct from the individual phases of logging) 312 economics of 66 financing of 676.13 general 31 machines 360 planning of operations 311 sequence of operations in 326 see also Costs, Extraction, Felling, Transport etc. Logs, fallen: ecological role 181.76 Longevity of plants 181.71 Longitude 113.1 Look-out: system 432.21 towers, construction 382.4 Lopping: as silvicultural system 222.3 before felling 322.5 see also Trimming (of logs) Loris 149.8 Lorries 377.45 costs of 663.24 Lorry, transport by 375.5 Losses of wood during transport and storage, as item in logging costs 663.4 Low winter temperatures, forest injuries and protection 422.15 Lumber in general 832.181 - classification by size and shape 854.1 see also Grading Lumber, Laminated veneer 832.287 Lumbering see Logging Lustre of wood 812.115 Lymph, physiological aspects 131.4 Lymph system 134.4 M Machetes 363.2 Machines, machinery see Tools, machines and equip- ment Macrobiology, soil 114.68 Macronutrients 160.243 Magnetic properties, tests of (tag) cf. --014.25 and --015.25 Mammae 134.6 Mammalia 149 - forest injuries and protection 451 forest injuries and protection (domestic mammals) 451.1 forest injuries and protection (wild mammals) 451.2 protection against in nurseries 232.327.3 Mammoths 149.6 Man, carriage by, as method of forest transport 374.1 Man: forest injuries by 46 influence of on vegetation 181.48 Man, protection against (tag) --046 Management, forest: general, theory and principles 61 influence of form of management on logging costs 666 other questions 63 working plans, yield regulation (q.v.) 62 Management, game see Game Management, labour 684 Management, non-wood products 651.76 Management of wilderness areas 631 Manpower in forestry and forest products industries 961 Manpower statistics 961.2 Manuals (form tag) (035) comprehensive; academic (021) elementary; popular (023) Manures see Fertilizers Mapping 582 from aerial photos 587.3 of vegetation 182.58 Maps (form tag) (084.3) Marginal shelter, types of felling that afford 221.03 Marine borers, attack on wood 845.1 Marine works, uses of wood in 833.8 Market research in general 711 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/145 Marketing of forest products 71 - accountancy 76 administration of businesses 768 agreements, international 742.1; (private) 742.12; (State, public)742.11 assessment of financial results, balancing 762 book-keeping 763 budgetting, planning 767 business cycles in demand, consumption and supply (domestic) 721.3; (international) 722.3 business statistics 764 classification of markets geographically and by assortments 713 costs and costing 761 demand, consumption; supplies and stocks (in gene- ral) 72; (domestic, in general) 721.1; (international, in general) 722.1 duties 742.3; (export) 742.32; (import) 742.31; (transit) 742.33 financing 766 history and general accounts of businesses 712 imports and exports in general 722.1 [see also Business cycles, seasonal variations, trends, duties, agreements] individual markets, reviews of 717 influence of competition from other products 718 information services 741.5 nationalization, socialization 741.0 organization of demand and supply (cartels, trusts, mergers etc.) 741.4; (firms, brokers etc.) 714 organizations, international 742.5 policy 74 - (domestic) 741; (international) 742 pricing of goods 765 quantitative aspects; demand, consumption and sup- ply 72; (domestic markets) 721; (international) 722 regulation (government or private) of demand and consumption 741.1 regulation (government or private) of prices 741.3 regulation (government or private) of supply 741.2 restrictions, international (permits, bans, quotas) 742.4 seasonal variations in demand, consumption and supply (domestic) 721.2; (international) 722.2 subsidies 742.2 theory, methods, systematics 711 trade customs and usages 75 - (blank forms) 752; (delivery, form and place of) 756; (delivery, time of) 755; (generalities) 751; (payment) 757; (quantities and measurement) 754; (sale, methods of) 753 trends in demand, consumption and supply (dome- stic) 721.4; (international) 722.4 see also Prices Marking: for cross-cutting 323.3 for felling 321 tools and equipment 365.1/.3 see also Die-hammers, Paint guns, Scribes Marquetry 836.4 Marsupialia 149.2 Masts: flagmasts 831.43 for boats and ships 831.48 Match factories; match manufacture 832.3 Materials: competing with wood (marketing aspects) 718; (utili- zation) 88 for forest engineering 381 (constructional) 381.2; (explosives) 381.1 Materials (tags) --081 auxiliary --081.6 differing from normal raw material only in grade or size --081.2 normal raw (initial) material --081.1 substitutes of different natural type --081.4 substitutes of same natural type --081.3 Mathematical formulae, tables of (form tag) (083.3) Mathematical instruments, wood in 835 Mathematical methods (tag) --015 Mature wood 811.54 Maturity, economic (financial) see Exploitability, Rotation Meadow soils 114.443.1 Mean-tree methods of determining volume 524.34 Measurement: of biomass (dry matter production) 537 of timber (as a forest job) 323.3; (gauges and cali- pers) 365.5; (sticks, tree compasses, strings and tapes) 365.7; (sticks combined with calipers) 365.8 of timber products 852 systems and units of 51 - (British and American, general) 512; (metric, general) 511; (other, general) 513 see also Mensuration, Height, Diameter, Volume, Linear and Area measures, Volume, Weight etc. Measurement (tag) [which see for subdivision] --015 Measuring parties, forest: organization and work 524.46 recording of data 524.41 Mechanical control of injurious agencies see Physical and mechanical control Mechanical properties, wood 812.7 Mechanical pulping and pulp 861.11 Mechanical stress grading 854.212 Mechanical tests (tag) --015.26 Mechanization 307 Mechanized forest transport: equipment 377 technique 375 Medicinal plants as minor forest products 892.52 Medulla of woody species 811.17 see also Rays Memorials 902.1 Mensuration, forest 5 Merchantable dimensions and volume 525.5 Mergers, marketing concerns 741.4 Metabiosis see Symbiosis Metabolism: animal 131 plant 161 Metal in wood 852.17 Metals: as components of atmospheric chemical influences 425.4 bonding of wood to 824.84 reaction of wood with 813.5 Meteorological agencies, protection against: forest injuries 42 Meteorological agencies, protection against: (tag) --042 I/146 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Meteorology: general 111 practical (methods, data, forecasts etc.) 111.0 see also Fire danger, forest Méthode du contrôle: as mensurational method 562.42 for yield regulation 624.1 Methyl alcohol from dry distillation of wood 867.6 Metric system (general) 511 - see also Linear and area, Volume, Weight Mice 149.32 Microclimate; microclimatology 111.84 Microfauna, soil 114.67 Micronutrients 160.244 Microphotographs (form tag) (084.16) Microscopy (tags) --016 [which see for subdivision] Migration, animal 151.21 animal dispersal 151.2 Mild humus 114.356 Military value of forests 907.8 Mills, woodworking and their products 832 - integrated mills and combinations of mills 832.8 Mineral constituents, plant 160.21 Mineral soil 114.36 Mineral streak in wood 852.15 Minerals as forest product 891 Mining companies, forests belonging to 923.2 Mining of leaves etc. 416.12 Mining timber 831.2 Minor forest products: as products 89; (animal) 893; (mineral) 891; (vegeta- ble) 892 growing and collection of 28 injurious utilization of 462 Mist 111.75 Mistletoe 442.1 Mixed forest; mixed stands 228.3 Mixed plantations, formation of 235.5 see also Auxiliary species, Nurses etc. Mixtures: choice of form and species (general) 228.0 Mobile phones 387.1 Mode of life: animals 151 plants 181 Model forests 945.25 Modelling (growth) 612 Models, wood in 835 Moisture content, soil 114.122 Moisture content, wood 812.211 - equilibrium 812.213 fibre-saturation point 812.212 measures, before felling, to reduce 322.2 methods of measurement 812.210 Moisture gradients 852.36 Moisture relations: plants 181.31 soil 114.12 wood 812.21 Molecular biology 165.2 Moles 149.36 Mollusca 144 Monasteries, forests belonging to 922.3 Monkeys 149.8 Monocotyledoneae 175.2 Monotremata 149.1 Mor humus 114.355 Moraine soils 114.467 Morphology: animal 134 non-vascular plants 164.2 plant, general 164 vascular plants 164.3/.9 Mortality, assessment of 572.4 Mortality, mensurational aspects 562.22 Mortgages see Credits Mortising 823.2 Mosaics (aerial survey) 587.3 Moss layer (ecology) 182.48 Mosses 173.2 Motor-cars, use of wood in 838.4 Motor sledges 377.37 Mould fungi, attack on wood 844.1 Moulding of wood 827.3 Mouldings, cutting of 823.1 Mouldings, resin-bonded: chip 862.2 fibre 862.3 Mounding 232.216 - as planting method 232.421 for site amelioration in checked plantations etc. 237.3 Mounting of microscopical specimens (tag) --016.3 Movement: organs of (animal) 134.7 physiology of (animal) 131.7; (plant) 161.8 Mulching: at time of planting out 232.425.3 for site amelioration in checked plantations etc. 237.3 in direct sowings 232.332 in nurseries 232.325.3 Mules, transport by 374.3 Mull humus 114.356 Multiple land use 916 Municipal forests 922.2 Musci 173.2 Museums 945.17 Mushrooms 289.1 as a non-wood forest product 894.2 Musical instruments, use of wood in 835 Muskrats 149.32 Mustelidae 149.74 Mutations (plant breeding by) 165.43 Mycology 172.8 Mycoplasma 443.4 Mycorrhiza (organs of nutrition) 164.3; (symbiosis) 181.351 Myriapoda 145.6 Myxomycetes 172.4 Myxothallophyta 172.4 N Nail- and screw-holding capacity, wood 812.791 Nailed joints 824.1 Nails, wooden 835 National aspects, general (tag) --090 National economy, forests and forestry in 9 National forests 922.1 National parks 907.11 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/147 Nationalization (socialization): of forest products industries 794.2 of forests 921 of marketing 741.0 of transport 784.2 Natural control of injurious agencies 411 Natural durability of wood 814.1 Natural forest; natural stands 228.8 - “second-growth” 228.82 virgin 228.81 Natural pruning 181.63 influence on wood structure and properties 815.4 Natural succession 182.21 “afforestation” by 234 Nature conservation: law 931.2 value of 652.57 Nature trails 907.15 Needles, morphology 164.5 Nematodes 145.1: damage by 454 Nervous system: anatomy etc. 134.8 physiology 131.8 Networks, computer (planning and organizing) 685.4 News bulletins (form tag) (055) Newspaper articles (form tag) (046) Newspapers (form tag) (054) Nitrification, soil 114.61 Nitrogen: and compounds in soil 114.261 cycle, biological aspects 114.61 Nitrogen fertilizers (nursery) 232.322.411 Nomenclature (tags) --011 scientific --011.1 trade --011.3 vernacular, popular --011.2 Nomograms (form tag) (083.57) Non-wood products: husbandry (growing) 289 management 651.76 value of 655 “Normal” forest 611 Normative documents (form tag) (083) “Nosing” of logs for skidding 323.7 Notch planting 232.421 Notices (form tags) (047) press reports (047.5) short press notices etc. (047.6) Numerical tables (as form tag) (083.5) Nurseries 232.320 Nurseries and nursery practice 232.32 see also Cultivation, Fertilizing, Sowing etc. Nursery beds, formation of 232.322.6 Nursery rotations 232.322.1 Nursery sites 232.321 Nurses 235.4 - interplanting for site amelioration 237.52 shrub etc. 235.42 tree 235.41 Nutrient deficiencies, plant 424.7 Nutrient requirements, plant 181.341 Nutrient uptake of plants: ecological aspects 181.3 pure physiology 161.11 Nutrients in soil 114.52 Nutrients, plant chemistry 160.24 Nutrition, animal: ecological aspects 151.3 organs of 134.3 physiology 131.3 Nutrition, plant: ecological aspects 181.3 organs of 164.3 physiology 161.3 Nuts: as minor forest products 892.72 growing and collection 283.2 O Obituary notices 902.1 Objects of management 611 determination from business point of view 654 Ocular estimation of stand volume etc. 524.38 Odour, wood 813.7 Office organization, forest 683 Oils, essential: as minor forest product 892.62 from wood 866.1 Oils, fixed: as minor forest product 892.63 from wood 866.2 Oils from dry distillation of wood 867.8 Old wood 814.7 Ontogeny, animal 133 Onychophora 145.5 Open (excessively open) stands, treatment 25 Optical phenomena, atmospheric 111.93 Optical properties, wood 812.11 Optical tests (tags) cf. --014.21 and --015.21 Orations (form tag) (042.5) Organic components of chemical influences 425.13 Organic constituents, plant: general 160.22 wood 813.1/.2 - (cell wall) 813.1; (other) 813.2 Organic constituents, soil 114.27 Organic manures (except composts) 232.322.43 see Fertilizers Organizational documents (form tag) (06) Organizations, history of 902.2 Organography; organology: animal 134 plant 164 Orientation 151.21 Oriented strand board 862.2 Ornamental trees 273 Ornamental trees and branches, as minor forest prod- ucts 892.51 Ornaments, wooden 836.5 Ornithology 148.2 Ortstein see Pans, soil Osiers: as forest products 892.82 growing and harvesting 286 Overhead lines, transport by 375.12 Overhead release 243 Owners’ organizations, forest: international 972.3 other 967 I/148 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Ownership and ownership policy, forest 92 common ownership (private) 924 “community” (municipal etc.) ownership 922.2 consolidation of holdings 928 generalities, history, principles 920 private ownership 923 protection of (property issues) 933 public ownership 922 public versus private; socialization, nationalization 921 State ownership 922.1 see also Economics, Marketing Ownership (tags) --092 common --092.4 private --092.3 public --092.2 public versus private --092.1 Oxen, transport by 374.4 P Packing containers, use of wood in 834.4 Packing of planting stock 232.412.4 Packing (tag) --084.3 Paint guns for marking trees and logs 365.1 Painting of wood 829.18 Palaeoclimatology 111.83 Palaeobotany 182.1 Palaeoecology, plant 182.1 Paling, wood 831.51 Pallets 834.6 Pamphlets (form tag) (041) Pans, skidding 377.31 Pans, soil: below surface 114.362 surface 114.361 Papermaking; paper and cardboard 861.2 mill lay-out, power, machinery etc. 861.20 types of paper, cardboard etc. 861.28 see also Pulping and pulp Parallam 832.288 Parallel strand lumber (PSL) 832.288 Parasites of animals 151.42 Parasitic phanerogams, forest injuries and protection 442.1 Parasitism: as mode of animal nutrition 151.352 as mode of plant nutrition 181.352 Parenchyma (cytology and histology) 168 wood structure 811.164 Parent material of soils 114.32 Parks 272 national 907.11 Participatory planning 624.6 Pastoral husbandry: relation of forests and forestry to 908.1 [see prefera- bly Land use] studies of effects on hydrological and erosion factors 116.26 Pastured forests 268.1 Pastured land, erosion control on 116.61 Pastures: control and organization of grazing 268.6 control of animal pests 268.43 eradication of undesirable plants 268.44 forage plants 268.3 forage types and yields 268.5 forest 268.1 maintenance and improvement 268.4 open 268.2 Patch sowing (direct) 232.331 Patents (form tag) (088.8) Pathology: animal 132 plant 162 see preferably Fungus diseases etc. Paths, inspection: in regeneration or young plantations 236.4 planning 686.34 Patterns, wooden 835 Pavements, wooden 833.7 Payment for forest products, customs and usages 757 Peat: as minor forest product 891 soils (peatland forestry) 232.23; (soil type) 114.444 Peavies 364.1 Peccaries 149.73 Pectin as wood constituent 813.17 Peculiarities of forestry: as regards business economics 642 as regards social economics 901 Peeler logs 832.20 Peeling: of bark see Barking of wood, processes 826.1 Pelts 156.42 Pentosans as wood constituents 813.15 Percent: indicating 651.3 mean annual forest 651.4 Percentage tables (form tag) (083.53) Perforation plates (of wood vessels) 811.141 Performance studies see Work performance Periodicals (form tag) (05): appearing more than once annually (052/054) in the strict sense (051) see also Annuals, Yearbooks Permanent-sample-plot methods 565 Permeability, soil 114.123 Permeability, wood 812.23 to other liquids 812.235 to vapours and gases 812.237 to water and aqueous solutions 812.231 Permits, international trade 742.4 Persistence of branches 181.63 Pest management, integrated 415.1 Pesticides 414.12 pH, soil 114.25 effect on nutrient uptake 181.342 Phanerogams 174 Phenology 181.8 Phenols from dry distillation of wood 867.6 Phloem 168 elements of, in wood 811.28; (as defect) 852.13; (included) 811.281; (internal) 811.282 of woody species 811.7; (dilatation) 811.73; (primary) 811.71; (secondary) 811.72 Phosphate fertilizers (nursery) 232.322.412 Phosphorus and compounds in soil 114.262 Photogrammetry see Aerial photography Photographs (form tag) (084.121) Photooxidants 425.13 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/149 Photoperiodic behaviour 181.212 Photosynthesis 161.32 Phylogeny: animal 135 plant 165.1 Physical analysis, soil 114.15 Physical and mechanical control of forest injuries 413 - direct destruction by heat, fire etc. 413.3 direct destruction of agent by shooting, picking removal of plant or affected part 413.2 impedance by barriers, screens, guards 413.5 repulsion by physical or mechanical means; scaring 413.4 trapping, with simultaneous or subsequent destructi- on 413.1 Physical properties: soil 114.1 wood 812 Physical soil relations of plants 181.33 Physical tests (tags) cf. --014.2 and --015.2 Physico-chemical properties, soil 114.22 Physico-chemical tests (tags) cf. --014.28 and --015.28 Physiological variation in plants 165.53 Physiology, general: animal 131 human work 302 plant 161 Physiology of cells (plant) 161.7 Physiology of development and growth: animal 131.3 plant 161.4 Physiology of movement: animal 131.7 plant 161.8 Physiology of reproduction: animal 131.6 plant 161.6 [Cf also 165; 181.5] Phytosanitary inspections 410 Phytosarcodina 172.4 Phytotron 232.329.4 Pickaroons 364.2 Picking sticks 835 Picture rails 833.155 Pictures (form tag) (084.1) Piece rates, performance data for fixing: general 305 in felling and related operations 353 Piers, decking for 833.5 Pigs 149.73 Piles 831.3 Pioneer crops 235.2 Pisces 147 Pit planting 232.421 Pitch pockets and seams in wood 852.14 Pith: flecks in wood (anatomy) 811.27; (as defect) 852.13 of woody species 811.17 Pitprops 831.2 Pits (in wood elements) 811.126 Pitsawing 323.8 Pitsaws 362.5 Placental mammals 149.3/.8 Planed wood in general 832.182 Planing 823.1 Planks, builders’ rough 833.11 Planning: business, financial see Economics, Marketing Planning: forest management 62 of growing stock 624.2 of particular (silvicultural) measures 624.3 to minimize forest injuries 624.4 Planning, logging operations 311 Planning, participatory 624.6 Planning: regional land use 911 Plans and planning see also Working plans, Telecommunications, Buildings, Transport Plans and planning (tag) --062 Plans (form tags): (maps) (084.3) (projects) (083.9) Plant analysis 160.2 - bark 160.202 foliage 160.201 roots etc. 160.203 wood 160.204 Plant communities, ecology 182.8 Plant communities, soil fertility 114.521.7 Plant, competition 181.41 Plant rearing see Nursery practice Plant, resistance to biotic influences and fire 181.4 to drought 181.31 Plant sanctuaries 907.12 “Plantation crops”: growing and collection 28 products 892 Plantations, forest 228.7 care of in initial stages 236 checked, treatment of 237 failed or partially failed, treatment of 236.6 Planting 232.4 - advance 235.2 ball 232.429 bunch 232.429 care in 232.424 depth of 232.423 mechanical 232.427 methods 232.42 mound 232.421 notch 232.421 pit 232.421 position of plant 232.422 repair 236.5 season and time 232.44 slant 232.422 tools 232.427 Planting stock 232.41 - acquisition 232.411.1 age and type 232.411.2 burying 232.412.3 certification 232.411.1 cold storage 232.412.7 exposure 232.412.4 grading 232.411.3 handling and treatment 232.412 heeling in 232.412.3 kind of 232.411 legislation for certification 232.411.1 lifting 232.412.1 lifting, early 232.412.4 natural forest (wilding) 232.411.6 I/150 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) origin 232.411.1 packing 232.412.4 produced by different nursery treatments 232.411.5 protective dressings for 232.412.6 provided by State free or at low cost 941 puddling 232.412.5 raising in pots or tubes 232.329.6 root dressings 232.412.6 root pruning 232.412.2 shoot pruning 232.412.2 size 232.411.3 sources 232.411 stumping 232.412.2 trade 232.411.1 transport 232.412.4 Plasmodroma 143 Plasticity, wood 812.702 Plastics 865 - use of lignin in 865.2 use of waste wood in 865.1 Ploughing: for site amelioration in checked plantations etc. 237.1 of plantation sites before planting 232.216 Plus trees 165.62 Plywood 832.282 see also Veneer and plywood Pockets: bark 852.13 pitch 852.14 Podzolic soils, grey-brown 114.441.4 Podzols 114.441.2 Point sampling: measurement 521.62 survey 524.63 Poisoning: ground vegetation (in nurseries) 232.325.24; (to pre- pare artificial regeneration) 232.214; (to prepare for natural regeneration) 231.324 undesirable trees 243.8 Poisoning see also Chemical control, Herbicides, Weeds Poisonous soil constituents, injuries due to 424.5 Poisonous woods 813.8 Polemics (form tag) (049.2) Poles 831.4 flagmasts 831.43 masts for boats and ships 831.48 scaffolding 831.45 telegraph and power-transmission 831.41 Policy: afforestation 913/914 forest 903; (international) 97; (regarding labour) 96; (regarding ownership) 92 forest products industries 794 game and hunting 156.6 land-use 91 marketing; trade 74 public participation in 903.1 timber-growing outside the forest 915 transport 784 Policy (tags): general --090.3 labour --096 Polishing, wood 829.16 Pollarding systems 222.3 Pollen analysis 182.1 see also Palaeoecology Pollen: dispersion 181.526 morphology 164.6 viability 181.526 Pollination 181.521 Polluted water, effects of forestry practices 116.28 Pollution, general 425 Polyploidy: in plants 165.42; (induced) 165.43 Polyuronides as wood constituents 813.17 Popular works; popular manuals (form tag) (023) Population cycles and fluctuations (animal) 153 - control 153.4 irregular 153.2 other 153.3 regular 153.1 Porches 833.17 Porcupines 149.32 Porosity, soil 114.123 “Portable” saw-mills 832.16 Ports, harbours 788 customs and usages 788.2 general descriptions of 788.1 loading and unloading in 788.3 stevedoring 788.3 storage in 788.4 Post-seedling development and form 181.6 Posters, pictorial (form tag) (084.5) Posts 831.51 Potassium and its compounds in soil 114.264 Potassium fertilizers (nursery) 232.322.414 Pots, raising plants in 232.329.6 Power saws see Saws and sawing Power (tag) --081.7 Practical training 945.33 in work science and efficiency 303 Practical training documents (form tag) (076) Prairie soils 114.441.6 Precipitation 111.77 classification 111.771 distribution at earth’s surface 111.772 effects of vegetation on 116.1 forest injuries and protection 423; (in nurseries) 232.327.11 formation and dissolution 111.771 particular kinds of 111.78 reaction of plants to 181.24 structure 111.771 variations in 111.773 see also Rain, Snow etc. Precommercial thinning(s) 241 Predators 151.41 Prefabricated houses 832.481 Prefabricated products (tag) --088.3 Pregnancy, physiology of animal 131.6 “Pre-logging” 322.6 Prescriptions (form tag) (083.1) Presentations (form tag) (042.5) Preservation, wood 841 - particular categories (assortments) of wood 841.3 processes 841.2 - (after-treatment, e.g. of standing poles) 841.26; (impregnation of the living tree) [Cf. also 322.4] 841.28; (non-pressure) 841.25; (pres- sure) 841.21 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/151 Preservative-treated wood, durability 841.4 laboratory tests 841.41 small-scale (“graveyard” etc.) tests 841.42 under service conditions 841.43 Preservatives, wood 841.1 - aqueous solutions 841.12 creosote, tar etc. 841.11 effect on gluing 824.88 solutions in other liquids 841.13 toxicity 841.14 Press cuttings (form tag) (047.6) Press reports; press notices (form tag) (047.5) Pressure, atmospheric 111.4 Pre-treatment, seed 232.315.3 Prices of forest products 73 business cycles in 734 generalities, theory etc. 731 influence on forestry as a business 644.7 price levels of different regions 732 price structure in relation to species and assortments 737 regulation of prices741.3 seasonal variations 733 trends 735 Pricing: in marketing 765 in the forest products industries 796.5 Primary conversion of wood (in the forest) 323 Primates 149.8 Printers’ blocks, use of wood for 835 Private enterprise, measures promoting (tag) --094 Private forestry, measures affecting see Public supervi- sion and control of forestry, Publicity, Credits, Subsidies etc. Private forests 923 ecclesiastical 922.3 of industries, mining and communications companies etc. 923.2 other, large 923.3 small, e.g. farm forests 923.4 Prizes, forestry 945.26 Proceedings (form tag) (063) Processing, seed 232.312.4 Processing (tags): accessory and final --084 main phase --083 preparatory --082 regulation of conditions during --086 Processors 360 Proclimaxes 182.22 Products and their uses (tags) --088 competitive --088.4 crude, semi-manufactured, intermediate --088.1 fully manufactured, finished --088.2 prefabricated --088.3 wastes and by-products --088.6 yield per unit of raw material --088.5 Products, forest 8 - minor 89 Profile, soil see Soil profile Profit see Economics, Costs Progress reports (form tag) (047.1) Progressive yield, as principle of management 611 Projects; plans (form tag) (083.9) Propaganda, forestry and forest products 945.2 - (liter- ary) 945.21 see also Films, Radio Propaganda (tag) --094.5 Propagation see Sowing, Vegetative propagation etc. Property issues see Protection of ownership Prospectuses, industrial and commercial (form tag) (085) Protected animals 907.13 see also Game Protected trees 907.12 Protection: forest 4 - (general technique) 41; (public supervision and control) 935.4 of forest ownership 933 of game and hunting 156.2 [see also the various agencies concerned, e.g. Fungus, Insect] Protection forest 223 provision for; safeguarding of 934 utility of 907.32 working plans for 627.1 Protection of the environment 907.33 Protection (tags) --04 against (animals) --045 (fire) --043 (man) --046 (meteorological and chemical agencies) --042 (plant organisms) --044 Protective devices of animals 151.7 Protective works: against avalanches, etc. 384.1 [See also 116.123.13] against erosion 384.2 stream-training works 386 torrent training 384.3 Protein manufacture from wood hydrolysates 863.5 Protostomata 144 Protozoa 143 Protracheata 145.5 Provenance trials 232.12 Pruning 245.1 “brashing” 245.11 bud 245.14 costs and profitability 651.73 dry 245.12 green 245.13 influence on wood structure and properties 815.4 natural 181.63 tools and equipment 245.17 see also Planting stock, Root pruning Psychology: and human work 302 animal 151.6 Pteridophyta 173.5 Public assistance to forestry 94 - subsidies; provision of land, seed, planting stock etc. free or at low cost 941 see also Credits, Advisory services etc Public assistance to private enterprise (tag) --094 Public buildings, uses of wood in 833.2 Public forests 922 Public participation in policy 903.1 Public records (form tag) (093.2) I/152 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Public supervision and control of forestry 93 - as protection against poor management 935.1 generalities 931.1 laws, general forest 931.1 protection forest 934 protection of ownership (property issues) 933 regarding forest improvements 935.2 regarding forest protection 935.4 regarding forest rights 935.5 regarding leases and licences 935.6 regarding regeneration and sustained yield 935.1 see also Economics, Marketing Public supervision and control (tag) --093 Publications (form tag) from common-interest groups (069) non-governmental bodies (062) Publicity, forestry and forest products 945.2 Publicity (tag) --094.5 Puddling (planting stock) 232.412.5 Pulping and pulp 861.1 bleaching and other after-treatment of pulp 861.17 mill lay-out, power, machinery etc. 861.10 pulping processes and resulting pulps (mechanical) 861.11; (other) 861.16; (semichemical) 861.12; (semichemical and chemical, general) 861.12/.16; (soda) 861.13; (sulphate) 861.14; (sulphite) 861.15; raw materials, pulpwood and chips 861.0 trade classification of pulps 861.18 waste-liquor utilization 861.19 see also Lignin Pulpwood 861.0 Purchase, forest valuation for 652.51 Pure forest; pure stands 228.2 Pyrolysis see Distillation Q Quadrats 182.52 Quality control: sawmills and planing mills 832.12 veneer and plywood mills 832.22 Quality increment 561.5 Quality: seed 232.318 site, assessment see Site quality timber 851 see also Grading wood 851 Quantitative genetics 165.45 Quarter-girth measurement 516.25 Quarter sawing 822.1 Questionnaires (form tag) (049.5) Quotas, international trade 742.4 R Rabbits 149.32 Races, trials of 232.12 Racks for small wood: sledges with 377.33 Racoons 149.74 Radiant heat: gluing by 824.876 seasoning by 847.5 Radiation 111.21 - absorption in atmosphere 111.213 of special wavelengths 111.216 scattering in atmosphere 111.213 snow 116.121.33 solar 111.211 terrestrial 111.212 transmission in atmosphere 111.213 Radiators, use of wood 833.153 Radio communications in forestry: engineering aspects 387 planning and organization 685.2 Radio communications (tag) --065.2 Radio talks 945.23 Radioactivity 426.4 Rafting 378.33 - bundling for 378.2 by sea 378.35 combined with floating 378.32 on inland waters 378.34 Railway rolling stock: use of wood in 838.2 Railways: erosion along 116.5 growing lines or strips of trees along 265 reduction of forest fire risk 432.11 Railways, forest: equipment etc. 377.7 locomotives 377.73 rolling stock 377.72 track 377.71 transport by 375.7 Railways, public: transport by 375.8 Rain 111.781 forest injuries and protection 423.1; (in nurseries) 232.327.11 interception 116.11 mixed with snow 111.783 Range, natural: animals 151.1/.2 plants 181.1 Ranges (grazing) see Forage, Grazing, Pastures Rationalization see Work Rats 149.32 Raw humus 114.355 Ray tracheids, wood 811.153 Rayon 861.4 Rays, wood 811.161 Reaction, soil 114.25 Reaction wood: anatomy 811.22 as defect 852.16 Ready reckoners (form tag): numeric tables (083.53) technical (083.5) Recipes (form tag) (083.1) Reciprocating saws and sawing: frame 822.32 other 822.31 Reconnaissance: visual, in aerial surveys 588 working-plan 621 Recovery per unit of raw material (tag) --088.5 Recovery studies: sawmilling 832.15 veneer and plywood manufacture 832.25 Recreation: damage to tree growth by 468 forest valuation 652.56 influence of 181.48 utility of forests for 907.2 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/153 Recreational forests, working plans for 627.3 Recreational goods, uses of wood in 835 Recruitment as factor in increment 562.23 Red desert soils 114.442.7 Red earths 114.441.7 Reeds and rushes, as minor forest products 892.84 Reference books (form tags) see Books, Dictionaries, Directories, Encyclopaedias, Handbooks etc. References, lists of (form tag) (048.1) Reforestation see Afforestation, Regeneration Reform, land 921 Regeneration 23 - costs and profitability of different methods 651.72 forms of 230 - (by groups) 230.2; (by strips) 230.3; (over large areas) 230.1 public supervision and control 935.1 Regeneration, artificial 232 combined with agriculture 232.22 [Cf. also 261] site preparation for 232.21 surveys 236.4 see also Nursery practice, Planting, Sowing etc. Regeneration, natural 231 - from advance growth 231.1 preparatory measures 231.3 Regional accounts: forests and forestry 904 Regional accounts (tag) --090.4 Regional floras (vascular plant taxonomy) 174 for partic- ular groups of cryptogams see the group concerned [with geographical number] Regional planning, land-use 911 Registers (form tag) (083.2) Regulation, forest see Management, forest; Yield regula- tion etc. Regulation, public: of forestry see Public supervision and control of trade, transport etc. see Economics, Marketing Relascope 521.62 Religion, the forest in 907.6 Religious foundations, forests belonging to 922.3 Re-logging 332.1 Remanufacturing 835/836 Remote sensing 585 Rendzinas 114.446.1 Rental: forest 651.2 soil 651.2 Repair planting 236.5 Repellents (forest protection): chemical 414.14 physical/mechanical 413.4 Reports (form tags) (047) for the press (047.5) of expeditions and travels (079.3) progress reports; annual reports (047.1) special reports (047.3) Reprints (form tags) (041) Reproduction, animal: cytogenetics 135 ecological aspects 151.5 physiology 131.6 Reproduction, plant: cytogenetics 165 ecological aspects 181.5; (sexual reproduction) 181.52; (vegetative reproduction) 181.51 physiology 161.6 see also Regeneration Reproductive behaviour: animals 151.5 plants 181.5 Reproductive organs, morphology: animals 134.6 flowering plants 164.6 lower plants 164.2 Reptilia 148.1 Re-saws and re-sawing 822.45 Research, forestry and forest products (policy, organiza- tion etc.) 945.4 Research (tag) -01; (technique, general) --010 Reservation, forest 921 Reserve materials: animal 131.3 plant 161.34 Reserves, financial: financing out of 676.2 in forest enterprises 672.3 Reserves, high forest with 221.51 Reserves, nature, game see Game, Sanctuaries Reserves, timber; as factor in forest management 618 Residential buildings, uses of wood in 833.2 Resin: as forest product 892.61 crops, growing and collection 284.1 from wood 866.1 pockets and streaks in wood 852.14 Resistance, plant: to biotic influences and fire 181.4 to drought 181.31 Resorption of degenerated parts (in plants) 161.36 Resources, forest see Statistics and resources Resources (tag) --090.5 Respacing, cleanings 241 young crops 236.2 Respiration, physiology of: animal 131.2 plant 161.2 Respiratory system, animal (morphology etc.) 134.2 Results of tests (tag). --018 Returns, financial: in forestry see Economics, Costs Returns, financial (tag) --064 Revegetation: burnt areas 434 pastures 268.41 see also Erosion Reviews (form tag) (048.1) Revision of working plans 626 Rhinoceroses 149.72 Rides, forest 686.33 Rights, forest 935.5; (servitudes) etc. 644.9 Rights (tag) --093 Rime 111.744.2 forest injuries and protection 423.2 Rings, annual see Growth rings Rip-saws and rip-sawing see Saws and sawing “Rissers” 365.2 River works, uses of wood in 833.8 Road closures, snow and avalanche 116.123.23 Road-making compounds, lignin in 864.5 Roads: construction damage 463 erosion along 116.5 erosion control 116.65 use of wood in 833.7 I/154 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Roads, forest: costs (permanent roads) 663.26; (temporary roads) 663.25 general planning of road network 686.3 - (extraction lanes, rides etc.) 686.33; (inspection paths) 686.34; (permanent roads) 686.31; (temporary roads) 686.32 technical planning; types of road; construction and maintenance 383 - (earth roads, mixed road surfa- ces) 383.6; (grading) 383.3; (machines and equip- ment) 383.7; (permanent roads) 383.1; (road surfa- ces and their maintenance) 383.4; (temporary, including snow and ice, roads) 383.2 Roads (tag) --066 Roadside trees: ornamental 273 timber trees in strips or lines 265; (policy regarding) 915 Rodentia 149.32 Rollers, wooden 835 Rolling of seedbeds 232.323.6 Roofs: shingles for 834.1 use of wood in 833.13 Root cuttings, propagation by 232.328.2 Root dressings for planting stock 232.412.6 Root pruning: in the nursery 232.326.1 of planting stock 232.412.2 Root suckers: natural forest regeneration from 231.5 propagation by 232.328.3 reproduction by (ecology) 181.51 Root swelling: effect on diameter measurements 521.26 form 524.15 Roots: development and ecological relations 181.36 injuries to 416.3 morphology 164.3 Rootwood, structure and properties 815.34 Rot see Fungus attack Rotations: forest 613; (financial calculations) 651.5 nursery 232.322.1 Rubber: as minor forest product 892.66 crops, growing and collection 284.3 Run-off, studies of 116.2 - effects of (cropping practices) 116.27; (forestry prac- tices) 116.28; (meteorological factors) 116.21; (pastoral use) 116.26; (soil and geology) 116.24; (topography) 116.23; (vegetation) 116.25 Rural amenity, value of forest in 907.1 S Saccharification of wood 863 - processes 863.1 products (wood sugar and alcohol) 863.4; (wood sugar for cattle fodder) 863.6; (yeast and protein) 863.5 Safety, work 304 Sale: forest products: customs and usages 75 - (methods, e.g. auction, tender) 753; (payment) 757; (place and form of delivery) 756; (time of delivery) 755 forest valuation for 652.51 Saline soils 114.445.1 Salt injuries 424.4 Salt spray, injuries to trees 425.2 see also Sea wind Salts, protective action in plants 160.28 Salvage fellings 334 Salvage: fire-damaged timber 433 overgrown stock in nurseries 232.326 stranded timber 378.42 sunken timber 378.45 Sample-plot technique (permanent plots for increment studies etc.) 565 [for volume determination see Volume of stands] Sample plots in enumeration surveys see Sampling; Surveys, enumeration Sample tree 572 Samples (tags) -013 - built-up assemblies as --013.8 collection, selection --013.1 preparation --013.2 preservation in collections etc. --013.4 use of medium-scale --013.6 use of service-scale --013.7 use of small --013.5 Sampling design 571 Sampling methods in enumeration surveys 524.63 - accuracy, reliability 524.637 intensity, % of area sampled 524.631 units, plots (arrangement, shape and size) 524.63; (shape) 524.635; (size) 524.636 see also Statistical design and evaluation; Surveys, enumeration Sampling, selection criteria 571 Sanctuaries: plant and tree 907.12 water 907.14 see also Game Sand fixation 116.82 Sanding of wood 829.13 “Sandwich materials”, wood in 832.284 Sandy soils 114.462 Sap flow 161.12 Sap-staining fungi, attack on wood 844.1 Sap sugar: as minor forest product 892.68 crops, growing and harvesting 284.4 Sapwood 811.51 Satellite images for aerial surveys 585 Satellite imaging 587 Sawdust: as fuel 839.811 other uses 839.83 Sawdust/magnesite flooring 862.4 Sawlogs 832.10 Sawmills and planing mills 832.1 - lay-out planning; power; machinery in general 832.11 mill operation (including quality control) 832.12 mobile (“portable”) mills 832.16 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/155 output per unit (recovery and waste) and factors affecting it 832.15 products 832.18; (planed) 832.182; (sawn) 832.181 rationalization (general); organization of labour 832.14 transport and sorting within the mill 832.13 Saws and sawing in sawmilling and woodworking 822 - blades and their maintenance 822.8 hand 822.2 methods of breaking down logs (quartering, flat sawing etc.) 822.1 power, classified by constructional type 822.3; (band) 822.34; (circular) 822.33; (frame) 822.32; (other reciprocating types) 822.31 power, classified by functions 822.4; (edgers and rip- saws) 822.46; (log cross-cutters) 822.41; (other cross-cutters) 822.42; (re-saws) 822.45 Saws and sawing in the forest 362 - bow-saws (one- or two-man) 362.2 cross-cut saws (one-man) 362.3; (two-man) 362.4 general; theory of sawing, saw teeth 362.0 maintenance of saws 362.8 one-man saws in general 362.1 pitsaws, ripsaws 362.5 power saws 362.7 use of saws (felling with hand saws) 323.11; (felling with power saws) 323.12; (in cross-cutting) 323.4; (pitsawing) 323.8 Scaffolding 831.45 Scaling 526 by formula 526.5; (based on butt diameter) 526.53; (based on mid-diameter or mean of top and butt) 526.52; (based on top diameter) 526.51; (measure- ment by sections) 526.54 by log rules 526.6 by water displacement 526.2 by weight 526.1 conversion from one method to another 526.7 Scaring of pests 413.4 Scattered holdings, consolidation of 928 Schizomycetes, Schizophyceae, Schizophyta 172.3 School books (form tag) (075) Scientific instruments, use of wood in 835 Scraping of undergrowth and ground vegetation preparatory to natural regeneration 231.32 Screens, guards etc. against pests 413.5 see also Fencing Screwed joints 824.2 Screws, wooden 835 Scribes, bark 865.2 Sea wind, reaction of plants to 181.231 see also Salt spray Seaside planting: trees for 273.1 Season: felling 322.1 lining out 232.324.4 planting 232.44 sowing 232.335 Seasonal aspects of vegetation types 182.28 Seasoning 847 see also Air drying, Kiln drying etc Seasoning defects: classification etc. of 852.3 correction of 847.8 see also Warping, Case-hardening etc. Second-growth forest; second-growth stands 228.82 Secondary forests 228.82 Secondary wood products 835/836 Secretion: animal 131.4 plant 161.35 Secretory elements: in plants (general) 168 in wood 811.24 Sectional area at positions other than breast height 521.7 [at breast height see Basal area] Security, forest as 942.7 Sedimentation (“warping”), technique of 385.3 Seed 232.31 - as minor forest product 892.72 certification 232.314 collection 232.312.1 covering (in direct sowings) 232.334; (in nursery) 232.323.5 crops 283; (forest seed) 232.311.1; (minor forest pro- ducts, growing and collection of) 283.3 disinfection; disinfestation 232.315.1 dispersal 181.523 dormancy 181.524; (treatments to overcome) 232.315.3 dressings (protective) 232.315.4 extraction 232.312.2 fumigation 232.315.1 germination 181.525; (tests) 232.318 grading 232.312.3 longevity 181.524 morphology 164.8 pelleting 232.315.4 pre-treatment 232.315.3 production 232.311; (from dwarf grafts etc.) 232.311.3; (from élite trees and stands) 232.311.2; (from “seed orchards”) 232.311.3; (methods of inducing) 232.311.3 provided free or at low cost by State 941 purchase 232.314 quality 232.318; (in direct sowings) 232.333; (in nursery sowings) 232.323.2 storage 232.315.2 testing 232.318 trade and transport 232.314 treatment (general) 232.315 weight 232.312.31 years 232.311.1 Seed fibres: as minor forest product 892.73 growing and collection of 283.4 “Seed-tree method” 221.21 Seedbeds, nursery: compacting, rolling 232.323.6 formation of 232.322.6 tending see Weeding, Watering etc. Seeding see Fruiting, Seed dispersal, Sowing etc. Seedlings: development (ecology) 181.525 grading for lining out 232.324.2 lifting 232.324.1 lining-out (density) 232.324.3; (season and date) 232.324.4 salvage of overgrown 232.326 size and quality, effect on subsequent growth 232.324.2 I/156 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Seeds: collection 232.312 extraction 232.312 grading 232.312 intellectual property 232.314 transgenic experiments 232.311.4 Selected works (form tag) (081.2) Selection coppice 222.22 Selection criteria, sample design 571 Selection felling, as basic type of felling 221.04 Selection (plant): artificial 165.62 natural 165.61 see also Breeding Selection systems (high forest) 221.4 - group 221.411 proper 221.41 Selective logging 221.42 Self-pruning 181.63 Selfing (plant breeding) 165.41 Semi-chemical pulping and pulp 861.12 Semi-desert soils: subtropical and tropical 114.442.7 temperate (brown) 114.442.3; (grey) 114.442.4 Semi-trailer vehicles 377.42 Senescence, physiology of in animals 131.3 Sense organs 134.8 Sensitivity of plants to stimuli 161.8 Separates (form tag) (04) Seres and seral communities, plant 182.21 Series, felling 614 Series (form tag) (082.1) Service tests of preservative-treated timber 841.43 Services, forest see Forest services Servitudes 935.5 Settlement schemes, forest 912 Severe moisture gradients 852.36 Sewage sludge after planting 237.4 at planting 232.425.2 in nurseries 232.322.43 Shade tolerance 181.21 Shade trees: for crops 289.4 ornamental 273 Shading: of nursery stock 232.327.12 of regeneration or young plantations 236.3 Shake: as seasoning defect 852.31 occurring before conversion 852.18 Shear strength, wood 812.74 Shears, thinning 363.2 Shedding of branches 181.63 Shelter, marginal: types of felling that afford 221.03 Shelterbelts 266 Sheltering: of nursery stock (from wind and rain) 232.327.11 of regeneration or young plantations 236.3 see also Shading Shelters for forest workers 382.3 Shelterwood coppice system 222.23 Shelterwood felling, as basic type of felling 221.02 Shelterwood (high forest) systems: “Blendersaumschlag” 221.224 group 221.23 irregular 221.23 strip 221.223 strip-and-group 221.226 uniform 221.21 wedge 221.225 Shelterwoods (advance plantings) 235.2 Shelves, wooden 833.156 Shifting cultivation 261.3 policy 913 Shingles 834.1 Shipbrokers; shipping documents 785.3 Ships: masts 831.48 other uses of wood in 838.6 Shipworms 845.1 Shoot pruning: in the nursery 232.326.3 planting stock 232.412.2 Shooting: of game see Hunting and shooting of pests 413.2 Shoots: injuries to 416.1 morphology 164.4 Short rotation; intensive silviculture 238 Shows 945.24 Shrews 149.36 Shrinkage of wood in response to moisture change 812.214 Shrub layers (ecology) 182.46 Shrubs and border trees as a protective surround 228.9 Shrubs, as nurse or auxiliary species 235.42 Silk, artificial see Rayon Silkworms, husbandry of crops grown for 288 Sills: door 833.151 window 833.152 Silt soils 114.463 Silvicultural characters of tree species 181 Silvicultural control of forest injuries 412 Silvicultural measures: effect on growth 181.65 planning 624.3 Silvicultural systems 22 choice from the point of view of management 614 influence on logging costs 666 see also Coppice, High forest etc. Silviculture 2 intensive for extra rapid growth 238 Simple coppice 222.21 Sinking funds in forestry 672.3 financing out of 676.2 Sinking of timber, preventive measures 378.44 Siphonogamia 174 Sirenia 149.5 Site amelioration 237 [engineering aspects see 385; economic aspects see 651.7] Site and stand description (forest management) 622 Site factors (abiotic): 11 manipulation of: as ecological method 182.55 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/157 Site quality, assessment 54 - based on height, diameter, volume etc. 541 by ecological methods 542 changes in 546 influence on economics of the enterprise 644.1 relation to production of wood 547 relation to total production of vegetable matter 548 Site studies, general 101 Site studies in the broadest sense 101 Situation 113 see also Geographical factors in economics Size of forest enterprise, influence on economics 644.4 Size of plants see Planting stock, Seedlings, Stature Size of stem or log, influence on logging costs 665 Skeletal soils 114.448 Skidding and hauling: equipment 377 methods, technique 372 see also Animals, Arches, Costs, Horse, Cable, Sledge, Wheeled vehicles etc. Skins (animal) 156.42 Skirtings 833.155 Slant planting 232.422 Slash disposal 332.3 Sledge, transport by 375.2 Sledge-ways 373.3 Sledges, logging 377.3 costs of 663.23 motor 377.37 paired 377.32 supporting both ends of logs 377.32 supporting one end of logs 377.31 use of wood in 838.5 with racks or containers for small wood 377.33 Sleepers 831.6 Sleet 111.784 Slicing, wood 826.2 Slides, timber 373.3 Slime fungi 172.4 Sloths 149.31 Small (private) forests 923.4 Small wood, harvesting of 333 Smoke, forest injuries and protection 425.1 Smoke generation for control of forest injuries 414.23 Snags, disposal of 332.2 Snedding see Trimming Snow 111.784 avalanche 116.122 classification 116.121.31 evacuation 116.123.24 forces 116.121.4 forest injuries and protection 423.4 granular 111.784 mechanics of 116.121.4 mixed with rain 111.783 physical properties 116.121.3 properties 116.121.31 risk management 116.123 road closures 116.123.23 safety measures 116.123 stress 116.121.4 studies of storage and distribution 116.12 Snow cover 116.121.3 development 116.121.3; (meteorology and morpholo- gy) 116.121.1 energy balance, radiation, heat exchange 116.121.33 metamorphism 116.121.32 properties 116.121.3 Snow pack: 116.121 - deposition 116.121.1 formation 116.121.1 Snowdrift 116.121.2 Snowflakes, congealed 111.787 forest injuries 423.6 Social behaviour, animal (within the species or group) 151.5 see also Sociology Social economics of forestry see Economics of forestry, social; National economy Social problems of work 96 Social purposes, forest evaluation 652.56 Socialization see Nationalization Societies, forestry and forest products 946.1 Societies (tag) --094.6 Society documents (form tag) (06) Sociology: animal 152 plant 182 Soda pulping and pulp 861.13 Sodium and its compounds in soil 114.265 Soil 114 - adsorption in 114.243 base exchange in 114.234 buffer capacity 114.231 colloidal properties 114.24 colloidal state 114.242 electrical properties 114.17 electrochemical properties 114.23 field capacity 114.124 hygroscopicity 114.125 “mineral” 114.36 parent material of 114.32 pH 114.25 physical properties 114.1 physico-chemical properties 114.22 value of 652.2 Soil acidification, nurseries 232.322.3 Soil acidity 114.25 Soil amendment, lignin as 864.2 see also Fertilizers Soil atmosphere 114.13 Soil bacteria 114.61 Soil biology 114.6 Soil catenas 114.411 Soil chemistry 114.2 - inorganic 114.26 organic 114.27 Soil classification 114.4 general matters 114.41 genetic 114.44 traditional (mainly textural) 114.46 Soil compaction 114.11 Soil conditioner (nursery) 232.322.49 Soil conservation 116 I/158 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Soil consistence 114.14 Soil constituents: injurious, toxic 114.53; (damage by) 424.5 inorganic 114.26 organic 114.27 Soil cultivation see Cultivation, soil Soil density 114.11 Soil depletion 114.58 Soil depth 114.38 Soil exhaustion 114.58 Soil fauna 114.67/.68 Soil fertility 114.52 - determination 114.521 - (biological methods) 114.521.4; (chemical methods) 114.521.3; (indica- tor plants) 114.521.6; (physical methods) 114.521.2; (plant analysis) 114.521.5; (vegetation types) 114.521.7 fertilizer requirement 114.54 Soil flora (bacteria, etc.) 114.61/.66 Soil formation 114.3 geological considerations, influence of parent material 114.32 influence of water movement 114.31 processes in general 114.30 relation to climate 114.31 relation to vegetative cover 114.33 weathering 114.32 Soil freezing, forest injuries and protection 422.14 Soil heating, nursery seedbeds 232.323.7 Soil horizons 114.35/.36 A 114.361 B 114.362 C 114.363 eluvial 114.361 gley 114.364 humus layers 114.354; (mor, raw humus) 114.355; (mull, mild humus) 114.356 illuvial 114.362 litter 114.351 Soil husbandry (tag) --021 Soil indicator plants 114.521.6 Soil infiltration capacity 114.123 Soil inoculation: at time of planting out 232.425.4 for site amelioration in checked plantations etc. 237.4 in direct sowings 232.332 in nurseries 232.322.45 Soil macrobiology 114.68 Soil microfauna 114.67 Soil microflora 114.61/.66 Soil moisture 114.12 - absorption 114.124 content 114.122 requirements of plants 181.311 retention 114.124 Soil nutrient relations of plants 181.34 Soil pans: below surface 114.362 surface 114.361 Soil permeability 114.123 Soil physics 114.1 Soil porosity 114.123 Soil preparation: for artificial regeneration 232.216 for natural regeneration 231.33 in nurseries 232.322 Soil profile 114.3 see also Soil horizons Soil relations of plants 181.32 Soil rental 651.2 Soil respiration 114.13 Soil science 114 Soil solution 114.28 Soil sterilization: nurseries 232.322.2 Soil structure 114.14 Soil surveys and surveying 114.7 Soil temperature 114.16 - in connection with hydrological aspects of snow dis- tribution 116.12 Soil texture 114.15 Soil toxicity 114.53 damage due to 424.5 Soil types 114.4 - general matters 114.41 genetic 114.44 non-peaty groundwater 114.443 peaty 114.444 spatial disposition 114.411 traditional (mainly textural) 114.46 zonal, of humid climates 114.441 zonal, of semi-arid and arid climates 114.442 see also individual types e.g. Brown earths, Podzols Soil water 114.12 groundwater 114.129 [hydrological aspects Cf. 116] Soil/water régime (hydrology) 116 Soil working see Cultivation soil Solid particles in atmosphere: forest injuries due to 426.2 Solid volume of stacked products 527 Solonchak soils 114.445.1 Solonetz soils 114.445.2 Soloti soils 114.445.3 Solutes: circulation in plants 161.12 exudation from plants 161.13 uptake by and movement in plants 161.1 uptake by plants 161.11 Sorting: in sawmills 832.13 in veneer and plywood factories 832.23 of planting stock 232.411.3 of seed 232.312.3 of seedlings 232.324.2 of timber floated jointly 378.5 of wood in the rough (as logging operation) 325 Sound production by animals 151.8 Sowing, direct 232.33 - covering methods 232.334 density and quantity of seed 232.333 mechanized 232.337 methods (patch, line etc.) 232.331 protective measures 232.336 season and date 232.335 tools and equipment 232.337 use of fertilizers etc. 232.332 Sowing in nurseries 232.323 - covering 232.323.5 density and seed quantity 232.323.2 depth of 232.323.5 mechanized 232.323.1 methods (drilling, broadcasting etc.) 232.323.1 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/159 season and date 232.323.3 soil conditions 232.323.4 soil heating 232.323.7 use of glass 232.323.7 weather conditions 232.323.4 Spacing 232.43 Spatial alternation in vegetation 182.24 Spatial arrangement of the forest crop (management aspects) 614 Spatial disposition of soil types 114.41 Special measurements of trees and stands (crown measurements etc.) 53 Special reports (form tag) (047.3) Special treatment, timber crops requiring 238 Species, choice of 228.0 - economic aspects 651.71 for plantations 232.1 management aspects 614 Species trials 232.11 Specific gravity: soil 114.11 wood 812.31 Specific heat, wood 812.145 Specifications (form tag) (083.7) Specimens (tags) -013 - collection, selection --013.1 dehydration etc. and mounting --016.3 embedding, sectioning etc. --016.1 microscopy --016 preparation --013.2 preservation in collections, museums etc. --013.4 special techniques of microscopical examination --016.4 staining --016.2 Speeches (form tag) (042.5) Spermatophyta 174 Spiral growth: as defect 852.15 influence on wood structure and properties 815.5 Splits in wood: as seasoning defect 852.31 natural 852.18 Splitting see Cleaving Spoil mounds 114.449.8 Sponges 143 Spools, wooden 835 Sports and recreational goods, use of wood in 835 Spots, leaf etc. 416.15 Spraying methods and equipment (forest protection) 414.22 Spring wood 811.41 Sprinkling (of stored wood with water) 848.43 Sprout see Coppice, Root suckers Spuds, barking 361.2 Squirrels 149.32 Stabling for animals used in forestry 382.8 Stacked wood: solid volume 527 units of measure 517 Stacking 324 Staff quarters, construction 382.7 Staff questions: in private forestry 682 in State (conditions of service, responsibilities etc.) 681.4; (establishment, ranks and categories) 681.3 Staff questions (tag) --068 Stain fungi, attack on wood 844.1 Staining (dyeing) of wood 829.12 Staining (microscopy) (tag) --016.2 Stairs, use of wood in 833.18 Stakes, wooden 831.51 Stand: and site description (forest management) 622 composition and constitution: silvicultural aspects 228 constitution and changes therein (as regards value) 653; (mensurational studies) 568 tables 567 Standardization of test conditions (tags) cf. --014.6 and --015.6 Standards: coppice with 222.1 high forest with 221.51 Standards (specifications) (form tag) (083.7) Stanols 863.4 chemistry 813.2 State assistance see Public assistance State forests 922.1 State supervision and regulation of forestry see Public supervision Static bending strength, wood 812.711 Statistical design and evaluation of tests and experi- ments (tag) --015.5 Statistical tables; tables of statistics; statistical docu- ments (form tag) (083.4) Statistics and resources, forest 905 - general forest statistics 905.1 resources, balance of growth and depletion, “cut” 905.2 Statistics, business see Economics, Marketing Statistics, collection and elaboration (tag) --05 Statistics, game management and hunting 156.9 Stature of plants 181.71 Steaming, wood 846 Stem analysis: diameter and basal-area increment 561.26 volume increment 562.16 Stem, assessment of damage to 573 Stem-flow 116.11 Stem of plants, morphology 164.4 Stem of trees: form see Form size, influence on logging costs 665 surface area 536 Stemwood, variation in structure and properties with position in tree 815.32 Steps, wooden: portable 831.9 stairs 833.18 Sterilization, soil, in nurseries 232.322.2 Stevedoring 788.3 Sticks, measuring 365.7; (combined with calipers) 365.8 Stocks of forest products see Supplies “Stone” in wood 852.17 Stony soils 114.466 Stoppers, wooden 835 Storage, of seed 232.315.2 Storage of snow by vegetation 116.12 Storage of wood: in ports 788.4 in the forest and at log dumps 34; (costs of) 662.4 in timberyards 848.4/.5; (converted timber) 848.5; (round timber, land storage) 848.41; (round timber, water storage) 848.42; (sprinkling) 848.43 I/160 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) prevention and control of attack by animals 845.57 prevention and control of attack by plants (fungi etc.) 844.47 Storage (tags) --084.4 Storeyed structure, wood 811.21 Storms, forest injuries and protection 421.1 Stoves, wood-burning 839.82 Stranded timber, salvage 378.42 Stranding of timber, preventive measures 378.41 Stratification, seed 232.315.3 Strawberry mark in wood 852.15 Streaks in wood: “mineral” 852.15 resin 852.14 Stream-flow 116.3 Stream training 116.7 engineering works 386 see also Floating Street trees 273 Strength properties (tag) --015.26 Strength properties, wood 812.7 Stress grading, timber 854.21 - mechanical 854.212 visual 854.211 String instruments 835 Strings, measuring 365.7 Strip systems 221.22 - alternate clear-strip 221.222 “Blendersaumschlag” 221.224 progressive clear-strip 221.221 shelterwood strip 221.223 strip-and-group 221.226 wedge 221.225 Strips: regeneration by 230.3 road-, rail-, and canal-side 265 Structural composites 833.123 production facilities 832.5 Structural tests (tags) Cf. --014.1 and --015.1 Structure: soil 114.14 stand (as regards value) 653; (mensurational studies) 568; (silvicultural aspects) 228 vegetation 182.51 wood and bark 811; (special features and abnormal structure) 811.2; (storeyed structure) 811.21 see also Reaction wood, Pith flecks etc. Structures, timber in 833 Struts, wooden (as building components) 833.122 Stump: analysis (diameter and basal-area increment) 561.27; (volume increment) 562.17 measurements, estimation of diameter from 521.27 Stump-grubbing tools and equipment 367 - auxiliary equipment 367.6 general, vertical versus horizontal pulling or levering 367.0 hand-operated tripod stump-pullers 367.2 hand-operated windlass stump-pullers 367.3 other devices 367.5 other machines 367.4 Stump, measurements, estimation of diameter from 521.27 Stumpage 738; (for sale and purchase) 652.51 “Stumping” of planting stock 232.412.2 Stumps: dead (ecological role) 181.76 disposal of 332.2 Stumpwood, structure and properties 815.33 Subsidies: forest products industries 794.41 forestry 941; (as method of financing) 676.2 marketing 742.2 transport 784.41 Subsidies (tag) --094.1 Substitute species, interplanting with, for site ameliora- tion 237.51 Substitutes (tags) --081.3/.4 of different natural type --081.4 of same natural type --081.3 Subtropical soils: of humid climates 114.441.7 of semi-arid and arid climates 114.442.7 Subways, wood in 833.6 Succession, natural (plant) 182.21 “afforestation” by 234 Suckers see Root suckers Sugar, sap: as minor forest product 892.68 crops, growing and collection 284.4 Sugar, wood 863.4 for cattle fodder 863.6 Sulphate pulping and pulp 861.14 Sulphite pulping and pulp 861.15 Summaries (form tag) (abstracts, surveys) (048) Summer wood 811.42 Sun scorch (“scald”) 422.3 Sunken timber, salvage 378.45 “Superfluous” substances of plants 160.25 Supervision: of forestry, public see Public supervision and control of regeneration or young plantations 236.4 Supplies and stocks of forest products see Marketing Suppression and dominance in forest stands 228.12 Surface area of stem and/or branches 536 Surface filling and sealing of wood 829.15 Surgical applications of wood 835 Surveying 58 soil 114.7 vegetation (ecological) 182.58 Surveys, aerial 585 - aircraft, crew, flying conditions 586 applications (forest mensuration) 587.5; (other forestry purposes) 587.6; (vegetation and land-use surveys) 587.7 interpretation of photos 587.2 photographic technique and equipment 587.1 preparation of mosaics and maps 587.3 visual reconnaissance 588 Surveys, enumeration 524.6 - based on both strips and plots 524.633 based on plots 524.634 based on strips 524.632 extensive (regional) “forest surveys” 524.61 of smaller areas 524.62 organization and work of measuring parties 524.46 recording of data 524.41 see also Sampling Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/161 Surveys (form tag) --05 summaries, abstracts (048) polls (049.5) Surveys, game 156.2 Surveys, ground 581/584 - application of maps to special purposes 583 fieldwork 581 mapping; drawing-office and subsequent work 582 Surveys, regeneration 236.4 Surveys, soil 114.7 Sustainable forest management, criteria and indicators for 624.5 Sustained yield: as a principle of management 611 methods of yield regulation 624.1 public supervision and control 935.1 Swelling of wood in response to moisture changes 812.214 Syllabuses (form tag) (073) Symbiosis: animal (as mode of life) 151.351 plant (as mode of life) 181.351; (pure physiology) 161.38 Symposia (form tag) (082) Synecological measurements and methods, plant 182.5 Synecology, plant 182 Systematic botany 17 Systematic zoology 14 Systems of measurement 51 Systems, silvicultural 22 influence on logging costs 666 Szik soils 114.445.2 T Tables and their construction: form factor, form height 524.121 form quotient, form classes 524.131 height 522.31 mid-diameter 521.321 money yield 653 sectional-area 521.51 stand 567 volume 524.315 volume by assortments 525.1 yield 566; (by assortments) 566:525.1 Tables; matter in table form (form tags): numerical; con- version tables; ready reckoners (083.5) of mathematical formulae (083.3) of statistics; statistical tables (083.4) tabulated data other than numerical tables (083.6) Tallies 524.41 Tanbark, as minor forest product 892.41 from wood 866.4 growing and harvesting 282.1 Tanks, wooden 834.33 Tanstuffs: as minor forest product 892.41 from wood 866.4 growing and harvesting 282.1 Taper expressed as gradient 524.14 see also Form Tapes, timber-measuring 365.7 Tapirs 149.72 Tapping, husbandry of crops grown for (including tap- ping methods) 284 Tar: as preservative 841.11 from dry distillation of wood 867.8 Tariffs, transport 783 see also Duties, Wages Taste of wood 813.7 Taungya method of plantation establishment 232.22 see also Alternate forestry and agriculture, Shifting cultivation Taxation, forest 95 valuation for 652.52 Taxation (tag) --095 Taxonomy: animal 14 plant 17 Teaching aids (form tag) (072) Technical dictionaries (form tag) (038) Technical documents (form tag) (083) Technical publications (form tag) (066) Telecommunications, forest: engineering aspects 387 planning and organization 685 radio 685.2 telephonic and telegraphic 685.1 visual 685.3 Telecommunications (tags) -065 - radio --065.2 telephonic, telegraphic --065.1 visual --065.3 Television programs 945.23 Temperature, air 111.24 - effect of vegetation on (hydrological studies) 116.13 forest injuries and protection 422 see also Frost, Low winter temperature Temperature relations of plants 181.22 - effect on the environment 181.223 reaction to cold 181.221.1 reaction to heat 181.221.2 requirements and tolerance in general 181.221 seasonal requirements and tolerance 181.222 Temperature, soil 114.16 Temporal alternation in vegetation 182.25 Tending 24 - of nursery beds 232.325 of stands in the seedling stage 236; (sheltering and shading) 236.3; (tending of the young crop itself) 236.2; (weeding) 236.1 of stands past the seedling stage 241/244 of trees 245 technique of harvesting small wood 333 see also Costs Tenoning 823.3 Tensile strength, wood 812.76 Tension wood see Reaction wood Teratology: animal 132 plant 162 Terminology (tags) -011 - scientific --011.1 trade --011.3 vernacular, popular --011.2 Termites, attack on wood 845.3 Terra rossa 114.441.7 Test factors, effect on properties tested (tags) cf. --014.6 and --015.6 I/162 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Testing (tags) --01 - qualitative --014 [which see for subdivisions] quantitative -015 [which see for subdivisions] Tests (form tag) (079) Textbooks (form tags) (02) comprehensive, academic (021) elementary, popular (023) Textiles from wood cellulose 861.4 Textural soil types 114.46 Texture: soil 114.15 wood 811.61 Thallophyta 172.2 Thallus 164.2 Thatching materials as minor forest products 892.84 Thematic atlases (form tag) (084.42) Thermal decomposition of wood, chemistry of 813.4 see also Distillation Thermal properties: tests of (tags) cf. --014.24 and --015.24 Thermal properties, wood and bark 812.14 - calorific value 812.144 conductivity and diffusivity 812.141 expansion and contraction 812.142 physics of ignition and combustion 812.143 specific heat 812.145 Theses (form tag) (043) Thickness, bark 523.1 Thinning-out of nursery seedlings 232.325.4 Thinning(s) 242 - costs and profitability 651.74 precommercial 241 role in calculation of volume increment 562.22 technique of harvesting small wood 333 Thinning shears 363.2 Thunderstorms 111.15 Ties see Sleepers Timber and timbers see also Wood, Woods Timber assortments: forest 325 hewn timber 831.7 planed timber in general 832.182 sawn timber in general 832.181 see also Grading Timber connectors 824.5 Timber crops requiring special treatment 238 Timber-growing outside the forest: 265/266 policy regarding 915 Timber industries and products 83 see also Economics Timber reserves as factor in forest management 618 Timberstrand 832.288 Timberyard equipment: mobile 848.7 permanent installations 848.6 Timberyard practice 848 Time studies: felling and related operations 352 general 305 Tips, industrial 114.449.8 Tissue culture 232.328.6 breeding 165.442 Tissues (histology): animal 138 plant (general) 168 wood and bark 811.1 Tolerance see Shade etc. Tool handles, wooden 835 Tools for amelioration 237.7 Tools, machines and equipment (tags) cf.--017 and -- 087, with note at -- 017 Tools, machines and equipment, general, studies of 307 see also entries under the names of individual opera- tions, tools etc. Topography 113.4 studies of effects on infiltration, run-off and erosion 116.23 Topping before felling 322.5 Torches for nursery weeding 232.325.23 Torrent training: engineering works 386 other measures 116.7 protective works 384.3 Torsion, resistance of wood to 812.77 “Toughness,” wood 812.712 Tours, educational (forestry) 945.35 Towers, look-out; construction 382.4 Toxic constituents: of soils 114.53; (injuries due to) 424.5 Toxic constituents, of woods 813.8 Toxicity: of plant constituents to the plant 160.26 side effects of chemical control 414.4 wood preservatives 841.14 Toys, wood in 835 Trace elements: fertilizing nurseries with 232.322.42 fertilizing planting sites with 232.425.1 Tracheids: ray 811.153 wood 811.151; (shape, dimensions) 811.152 Track for forest railways 377.71 Tractors (wheeled or caterpillar) 377.44 - costs of 663.24 transport by 375.4 Trade catalogues (form tag) (085.2) Trade, forest products see Marketing Trade marks (form tag) (088.7) Trade names (tag) --011.3 Trade publications (form tag) (085) Trade (tag) --07 Trailer vehicles 377.42 for small wood 377.43 Training: in work science and efficiency 303 practical, in forestry 945.33 Training (tag) --094.8 Transects (plant ecology) 182.52 Transgenic experiments on seeds 232.311.4 Transit duties 742.33 Transmission lines 387 Transpiration 161.16 hydrological aspects 116.13 Transplant beds, tending 232.325 see also Weeding etc. Transplanting 232.324 see also Lining out, Lifting Transplants: root pruning 232.326.1 shoot pruning 232.326.3 undercutting, wrenching 232.326.2 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/163 Transport of forest products, technique, equipment etc. 37 - air transport 376 land transport (methods, technique) 372/376; (equip- ment, machines etc.) 377 planning and organization of installations 686 water transport 378 within sawmills 832.13 within veneer and plywood mills 832.23 see also Costs, Economics Transport of men, supplies and equipment in forestry planning and organization 687 - air 687.3 land 687.1 water 687.2 Transport of men, supplies and equipment (tags) --067 air --067.3 land --067.1 water --067.2 Transport of plants 232.412.4 Transport of seed 232.314 Transport, relations of forests and forestry to 908.2 Trapping of pests 413.1 Travel reports (form tag) (047.2) Travels, reports on (form tag) (079.3) Tree breeding 165.3 basic methods 165.4 trials of products 232.13 Tree classes 228.125 distribution of growth by 568 Tree compasses 365.7 Tree improvement 165.3 economics - Tree layers: dominant 182.41 understorey 182.42 Tree-planting days 945.27 Tree sanctuaries 907.12 Tree shrews 149.78 Tree surgery 245.18 Trees: autecology of 181 Christmas (as product) 892.51; (silviculture) 281 dead, ecological ro1e 181.76 for seaside planting 273.1 hedgerow 265 nurse 235.4 ornamental, street and roadside 273 protected 907.12 shade, for crops 289.4 silvicultural characters of 181 Trends, trade see Marketing Trestles, logging 364.6 Trials of: hybrids and other products of tree-breeding 232.13 races and provenances 232.12 species (including exotics) 232.11 Trimming: logs 323.2 stumps, effect on coppicing 231.44 thin wood sheets 826.5 Trip reports (form tag) (047.2) Trolleys, hand-logging 377.43 Tropical soils: of humid climates 114.441.7 of semi-arid and arid climates 114.442.7 Tropisms, plant 161.8 Truck see Lorry Trunk, morphology 164.4 Trusts, marketing 741.4 Tubes, raising plants in 232.329.6 Tundra soils 114.441.1 Tunnels, wood in 833.6 Turf lifting in checked plantations 237.9 Turning, wood 823.5 “Turpentining” see Tapping Twigs, morphology 164.4 Two-storeyed high forest 221.52 Tyloses 811.144 Types, forest: as index to soil fertility 114.521.7 as vegetation types 187 U Undercutting of nursery stock 232.326.2 Undergrowth: burning 231.322 control of undesirable growth 249 cutting, scraping etc. 231.321 grazing 231.323 manipulation preparatory to natural regeneration 231.32 poisoning 231.324 Underplanting 235.1 Understorey tree layers, ecology 182.42 Unemployment in forestry and forest products industries 961 Uneven-aged forest; uneven-aged stands 228.6 Uniform system 221.21 Unions, workers’ 967 Unloading: barges and boats 378.8 equipment 377.1 in ports (economic aspects) 788.3 technique 371 Urban forestry 270 Urogenital system 134.6 Usages see Marketing, Economics of transport, Ports Useful animals, general 136.1 Useful plants, general 166.1 Utilities, relation between forest and 917 Utility, national (social), of forests: direct 906 indirect 907 Utilization: degree of in logging 331 forest (harvesting of wood; logging and transport) 3 forest (products and their utilization) 8 injurious 462 V Vacuum drying 847.3 Valuation, forest 652 - basic concepts; categories of value; theory and methods 652.1 for balance-sheet purposes 652.55 for cases of damage and compensation 652.54 for cases of expropriation 652.53 for other special purposes 652.59 for sale and purchase 652.51 for social and recreation purposes 652.56 I/164 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) for taxation 652.52 of capital assets 672.1 Valuation (tag) --064 Value added wood products 835/836 Value: growing stock 652.3 increment and structure of stands 653 land 652.2 of cultural heritage 656 of landscape 656 of nature conservation 652.57 of non-wood products 655 whole forests 652.4 Value increment and structure of stands 653 Vanillin from lignin 864.6 Vapour drying 847.4 Vapours, permeability of wood to; flow in wood 812.237 Variation, natural: in animals 135 in plants 165.5; (geographical) 165.52; (morphologi- cal) 165.51; (physiological) 165.53 Varnishing 829.17 Vascular cryptogams 173.5 Vascular plants, general: 173.5+174 - histology 168 morphology 164.3/.9 Vats, wooden 834.33 Vegetation: alternation in 182.2; (seasonal) 182.28; (spatial) 182.24; (temporal) 182.25 climaxes and proclimaxes 182.22 ecotones 182.23 effects on infiltration etc. 116.25 effects on precipitation etc. 116.1 effects on soil development 114.33 experimental methods 182.5 for avalanche control 116.123.12 history 182.1 layers 182.4 manipulation of, as experimental method 182.53 methods of study 182.5 periodicity in 182.2 quadrats 182.52 sociology (synecology), principles and methods 182 structure of 182.51 succession of 182.21 surveys 182.58; (applications of aerial photography) 587.7; (mapping) 182.58 transects 182.52 types 187; (as soil indicators) 114.521.7 units of 182.3 Vegetative propagation: direct formation of stands by 232.5 nursery methods 232.328 see also Cuttings etc. Vegetative reproduction 181.51 Vegetatively propagated stock 232.411.4 Vehicle manufacture, use of wood in 838 Vehicles, forest transport 377 Veneer and plywood logs 832.20 Veneer and plywood mills 832.2 - lay-out; planning; power; machinery 832.21 mill operation 832.22 output per unit (recovery and waste) and factors affecting it 832.25 products 832.28; (blockboard) 832.283; (composite- wood assemblies) 832.286; (plywood) 832.282; (“sandwich materials”) 832.284; (veneer) 832.281 rationalization (general); organization of labour 832.24 transport and sorting within the mill 832.23 Venison 156.41 Vermes 145.1 Vernalization 232.315.3 Vertebrata 147/149 Vessels, wood 811.14 - contents 811.144 grouping and arrangement 811.142 length of segments 811.143 perforation plates 811.141 size and number 811.143 Veteran trees 181.71 Vibrational tests (tags) cf. --014.22 and --015.22 Videos, forestry etc. 945.22 Vines see Climbers Virgin stands 228.81 Virus diseases: forest injuries and protection 444 protection in nurseries 232.327.2 Viscosity tests (tags) cf. --014.23 and --015.23 Visibility 111.91 Visual communications in forestry, planning and organi- zation 685.3 Visual stress grading 854.211 Vlei soils 114.443.7 Volcanic ash, injuries due to 426.2 Voles 149.32 Volume by assortments 525.1 Volume increment 562 - groups and stands 562.2; (gross increment and net change) 562.21; (mortality and thinnings) 562.22; (recruitment) 562.23 groups and stands, methods of determination 562.4; (direct single measurement of sample trees) 562.41; (indirect assessment) 562.46; (méthode du contrôle) 562.42; (other direct methods) 562.45 single trees 562.1 Volume, merchantable 525.5 Volume of logs: by formula 526.5 - (based on butt diameter) 526.53; (based on mid-diameter or mean of top and butt) 526.52; (based on top diameter) 526.51; (measure- ment by sections) 526.54 by log rules 526.6 by water displacement 526.2 conversion from one method to another 526.7 Volume of single trees 524.2 Volume of stacked products: converting factors; determination of solid volume 527 units of stacked volume 517 - (British and American) 517.2; (metric) 517.1; (other) 517.9 Volume of stands: as determined by felling 524.32 based on all trees plus sample-tree data 524.34 based on all trees without sample-tree data 524.33 based on area and past felling records 524.36 based on area and yield-table data 524.37 ocular estimation 524.38 Volume of whole forests 524.6 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/165 Volume, solid: systems and units of measurement 516 systems and units of measurement, British and Ameri- can 516.2 - (board-foot measure by log rules) 516.26; (Hoppus (quarter-girth)) 516.25; (true board-foot measure) 516.22; (true cubic-foot measure) 516.21 systems and units of measurement, metric 516.1 - (trade, nominal, customary measure) 516.15; (true measure) 516.11 Volume tables and their construction 524.315 W Waferboard 862.2 Wages 962 as item in logging costs 663.1 influence on forestry as a business 644.7 performance data for establishing tariffs 353 tariff agreements 962 Waggons, logging: costs of 663.23 for small wood 377.43 for timber 377.42 Waggons, use of wood in 838.1 Wagner’s “Blendersaumschlag” 221.224 Wallboard see Fibreboards, Chipboards Walls, use of wood in 833.14 Wane 852.2 Warping, wood 852.32 Washboarding, wood 852.35 Waste and recovery studies: sawmilling 832.15 veneer and plywood manufacture 832.25 Waste in logging operations 331 Waste land, policy regarding 914 Waste pulping liquors, utilization 861.19 see also Lignin Waste wood, industrial, processing and uses 839.8 - briquettes and briquetting 839.813 other waste wood (as fuel) 839.812; (other uses) 839.84 sawdust (as fuel) 839.811; (other uses) 839.83 use as fuel, general 839.81 wood-burning stoves etc. 839.82 Wastes and their utilization (tag) --088.6 Water: circulation in plants 161.12 essential to plant 160.242 exudation from plants 161.13 permeability of wood to; flow in wood 812.231 Water cycle 116 rôle of plant species in 181.312 Water erosion see Erosion Water relations of plant species: ecological aspects 181.31 rôle in water cycle 181.312 water requirements 181.311 Water-retaining capacity, soil 114.124 Water sanctuaries 907.14 Water, soil 114.12 - absorption 114.124 effects of movement on profile 114.31 filtration 114.123 groundwater; water table 114.129 [hydrological aspects see under 116] retention 114.124 uptake and movement in plants, physiology of 161.1 uptake by plants 161.11 Water storage of timber 848.42 Water supply, engineering aspects 385.6 Water, transpiration 161.16 Water transport of men, supplies and equipment (tag) --067.2 Water transport of men, supplies and equipment, in forestry 687.2 Water transport of wood, technique 378 Watering, in nurseries 232.325.1 Waterlogging, forest injuries 424.2 Waterways: engineering works 386 installations in connection with floating and rafting 378.7 other special measures for correction and maintenan- ce 116.7 Waxes: as minor forest product 892.64 from wood 866.2 Weapons, hunting and shooting 156.3 Weathering 814.1 as factor in soil formation 114.32 Webpages 945.28 Wedge system 221.225 Wedges, logging 363.4 Weed control and weeds: in pastures 268.44 in the forest 441 Weed-killers see Herbicides Weeding: nurseries 232.325.2 - (hand weeding and hoeing) 232.325.21; (mechanical) 232.325.22; (with chemi- cals) 232.325.24; (with torches etc.) 232.325.23 regeneration and young plantations 236.1 Weight: log measurement by 526.1 units of 518; (British and American) 518.2; (metric) 518.1 Weight tables 526.11 Welfare, workers’ 96 Wells 385.6 Whales 149.5 Wheelbarrows, logging 377.43 Wheeled vehicles for logging 377.4 Wheels, skidding (supporting log at one end) 377.41 Wheelwrighting 838.1 Whole tree harvesting 331 Wild animals 136.0 Wilderness areas, management 631 Wilding stock 232.411.6 Wildlife management 156 Wilts 416.16 Winch logging: with ground line 375.11 with overhead line 375.12 Winches 377.22 Wind 111.5 reaction of plants to 181.23; (to particular types of wind) 181.232; (tolerance in general) 181.231 Wind erosion: sand fixation 116.82 studies of 116.4 Wind injuries and protection from wind: in nurseries 232.327.11 in the forest 421; (constant winds) 421.2; (storms) 421.1 I/166 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Windbreaks 266 Windows, window frames, sills etc.: use of wood in 833.152 Wireless networks (for forest engineering operations) 387.2 Witches’ brooms 416.17 Wolves 149.74 Wood: as a substance (structure and properties) 81 as fuel 831.1 economy in the use of 88 fossilized 814.8 old 814.7 plant chemistry 160.204 replacement by competitive materials 88 uses of 83 [for general information on individual woods and their uses see 810] see also under the individual properties etc. (e.g. Chemistry, wood; Structure, wood) Wood ashes as minor forest product 892.3 Wood, branch, degree of utilization and waste 331.3 Wood-burning stoves 839.82 Wood-cement concrete 862.4 Wood, crown, degree of utilization and waste 331.2 Wood-destroying fungi, attack by 844.2 Wood flour 839.2 Wood wool 839.1 Wood-wool building slabs 862.1 Wooden-house factories and manufacture 832.4 products 832.48; (prefabricated houses) 832.481; (standardized parts of houses) 832.482 Woodlots 923.4 Woods, general information on 810 Woodware, industrial and domestic utility 835 Woodwind instruments 835 Work: hygiene 304 methods of study (laboratory) 301 physiological and psychological problems 302 planning of (administrative aspects) 684; (organizati- on, as problem of work science) 308; (organization in sawmills) 832.14; (organization in veneer and plywood mills) 832.24 social problems 96 Work performance and efficiency: general 300 - (conditions-e.g. weather, site, stand- affecting) 306; (evaluation of performance) 305; (human physiology and psychology) 302; (methods of study) 301; (performance and time tables) 305; (sequence of work) 305; (time study methods) 301 in felling and related operations 35 - (conditions-e.g. weather, site, stand-affecting) 356; (performance and earnings, statistics and comparisons) 355; (performance studies) 352; (performance tables, wage tariffs and piece rates) 353; (time study methods) 352 Work-places, uses of wood in 833.3 Work, safety 304 Work science (work studies), general 300 methods of study (laboratory) 301 training in 303 see also Tools, machines and equipment Work technique and efficiency (tags) --035 Workability; working properties of wood 812.8 Workers’: associations, unions, clubs etc. 967 housing and holdings 965 insurance 964 international organizations 972.4 quarters (forest workers) construction 382.7; other aspects 686.2; see also Logging camps, Huts etc. Working animals, general: studies of 307 Working circles 615 Working plans, forest 62 - actual 628 control of 625 description of site and stand etc. 622 for special conditions 627 - (demonstration and experimental forests) 627.2; (other special conditi- ons) 627.9; (protection forests) 627.1; (recreational forests etc.) 627.3 planning 624 - (growing stock: quantity and composi- tion) 624.2; (particular silvicultural measures) 624.3; (to minimize injuries) 624.4; (yield; yield regulation) 624.1 preliminary reports 621 preparation of 622 reconnaissance work 621 revision of 626 short and long term 62 Working time (social policy) 963 World Wide Web 945.28 Wounds, wood defects due to 852.17 “Wrenching” 232.326.2 WWW 945.28 X Xylem 811.18 Xylitols 863.4 chemistry 813.2 Y Yarns, as minor forest products 892.73 Yearbooks (form tag) (058) Yeast from wood hydrolysates 863.5 Yellow earths 114.441.7 Yield: annual or periodic assessment 624.1 models 566 progressive, as a principle of management 611 regulation 624.1 sustained (as a principle of management) 611; (public supervision and control) 935.1 tables 566 (assortment yield tables) 566:525.1; (money yield tables) 653; (use to determine volu- me increment) 562.46; (use to determine volume of stands) 524.37 Z Zebras 149.72 Zonal soils: of humid climates 114.441 of semi-arid and arid climates 114.442 Zones, climatic 111.81 Zoology: ecological 15 economic (general) 136 general 13 systematic 14 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/167 A Afghanistan. Islamic State of Afghanistan (Afghanestan. Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan) (581) Africa (6) African islands of the Indian and South Atlantic oceans (69) Alabama (736.1) Alaska (739.8) Albania. People’s Socialist Republic of Albania (496.5) Alberta (712.3) Algeria. Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria (Al Jaza’ir. Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza’iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha’biyah) (65) American Samoa (USA) (961.33) Andorra. The Principality of Andorra. Principat d’Andorra (467.2) Angola. Republic of Angola (Angola. Republica de Angola) (673) Antarctic territories. South Polar regions (99) Arabian states and territories (53) Arctic territories (98) Argentina. Argentine Republic (82) Arizona (739.1) Arkansas (736.7) Armenia. Republic of Armenia. Hayastan (479.25) Arquipélago da Madeira (469.8) Arquipélago dos Açores (Azores) (469.9) Asia (5) Australia. Commonwealth of Australia (94) Austria. Republic of Austria. Republik Österreich (436) Azerbaijan (479.24) B Bahamas. Commonwealth of the Bahamas (729.61) Bahrain. State of Bahrain (536.5) Balkan states in general (497) Baltic States (474) Bangladesh. People’s Republic of Bangladesh (Bangladesh. Gana Praja-tantri Bangladesh) (549.3) Barbados (729.86) Belarus. Republic of Belarus (476) Belgium. Kingdom of Belgium (493) Belize (728.2) Benin. Republic of Benin (668.2) Bermudas (Somers Islands) (UK) (729.9) Bhutan. Kingdom of Bhutan. Druk-yul (541.31) Bolivia. Republic of Bolivia (84) Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosna i Hercegovina (497.15) Brazil. Federative Republic of Brazil (81) British Columbia (711) British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) (UK) (697) British Isles (Great Britain, Ireland and minor islands) (41) Brunei. State of Brunei Darussalam (592.6) Bulgaria. Republic of Bulgaria (497.2) Burkina Faso. People’s Democratic Republic of Burkina Faso (662.5) Burundi. Republic of Burundi (675.97) C California (739.4) Cambodia. Kingdom of Cambodia (596) Cameroon. Repubic of Cameroon (671.1) Canada (71) Canary Islands. Canarias (460.41) Cape Verde. Republic of Cape Verde (665.8) Caribbean territories. West Indies (Antilles) (729) Caucasus as a whole (479) Central African Republic (674.1) Central American states (728) Central Europe (4-191.2) Chad. Republic of Chad (674.3) Chile. Republic of Chile (83) China. People’s Republic of China (510) Colorado (738.8) Congo. Republic of the Congo (672.4) Connecticut (734.6) Cook Islands (New Zealand) (962.3) Corse (Corsica). Région (449.45) Costa Rica. Republic of Costa Rica (728.6) Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (666.8) Crna Gora (Montenegro) (497.16) Croatia. Republic of Croatia. Hrvatska (497.5) Cuba. Republic of Cuba (729.1) Cyprus. Republic of Cyprus (564.3) Czech Republic. Czechia (Cesk Republika. Cesko) (437.3) Czechoslovakia (1918-1992) (437) D Delaware (735.1) Democratic Republic of Congo (675) Denmark. Kingdom of Denmark (489) District of Columbia. Washington DC (735.3) Djibouti. Republic of Djibouti (677.1) Dominican Republic (729.3) E Eastern Länder (430.2) Ecuador. Republic of Ecuador (866) Egypt and Sudan (62) Egypt. Arab Republic of Egypt. Misr (620) El Salvador. Republic of El Salvador (728.4) Geographic index I/168 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) England (410.1) Equatorial Guinea. Republic of Equatorial Guinea (671.8) Eritrea. Republic of Eritrea (635) Estonia. Republic of Estonia (474.2) Ethiopia and Eritrea (63) Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityop’iya. Ityop’iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik) (630) Europe (4) European Arctic islands (984) European Turkey (560.11) F Falkland Islands. Falkland Islands and De- pendencies (UK) (829.1) Fiji. Republic of Fiji (961.1) Finland. Republic of Finland. Suomi (480) Florida (735.9) Former Asiatic USSR (57) Former European USSR (47) Former Soviet Central Asia (575) France. French Republic. République Française (44) Free State (685) French Guiana (Guyane française). Department of Guiana (France) (882) French Polynesia. Territory of French Polynesia. Territoire de la Polynésie Française (France) (963) G Gabon. Gabonese Republic (672.1) Galápagos (866.4) Gambia. Republic of the Gambia (665.1) Georgia (735.8) Georgia. Republic of Georgia. Sakartvelo (479.22) Germany. Federal Republic of Germany (Bundes- republik Deutschland) (430) Ghana. Republic of Ghana (667) Gibraltar (UK) (468.2) Greece. Hellenic Republic (495) Greenland (Gronland) (Denmark) (988) Guam (USA) (967.2) Guatemala. Republic of Guatemala (728.1) The Guianas (88) Guinea-Bissau. Republic of Guinea-Bissau (665.7) Guinea. Republic of Guinea (665.2) Guyana. Cooperative Republic of Guyana (881) H Haiti. Republic of Haiti (729.4) Hawaii (739.9) Honduras. Republic of Honduras (728.3) Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region (512.317) Hungary. Hungarian Republic (439) I Iberian peninsula (46) Iceland. Republic of Iceland (491.1) Idaho (739.6) Illinois (737.3) India. Republic of India (540) Indiana (737.2) Indonesia. Republic of Indonesia (594) Inner African (central African) territories (674) Iowa (737.7) Iran. Islamic Republic of Iran. Persia (historical) (55) Iraq. Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah al ‘Iraqiyah) (567) Ireland (geographical whole) (415) Ireland. Republic of Ireland. Eire (417) Island territories south of Japanese mainland (528) Islands north of Madagascar (694) Islas Baleares (460.32) Islas Canarias (Canary Islands), Spanish, as part of Africa (649) Isolated Islands of the Pacific Ocean (97) Israel. State of Israel (569.4) Italy. Republic of Italy. Republica Italiana (450) J Jamaica (729.2) Japan. Nippon (Nihon Koku) (520) Jordan. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Urdunn (569.5) K Kaap die Goeie Hoop. Cape of Good Hope (historical) (687) Kansas (738.1) Kazakhstan. Republic of Kazakhstan (574) Kentucky (736.9) Kenya. Republic of Kenya (676.2) Kiribati. Republic of Kiribati (968.2) Kríti (Crete) (495.9) Kuriles (Chishima-retto) (to 1945) (527.1) Kuwait. State of Kuwait (536.8) KwaZulu/Natal (KwaZulu-Natal) (684) Kyrgyzstan. Republic of Kyrgyzstan (575.2) L Laos. Lao People’s Democratic Republic (598) Latvia. Republic of Latvia (474.3) Lebanon. Republic of Lebanon (569.3) Liberia. Republic of Liberia (666.2) Libya. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (612) Liechtenstein. Principality of Liechtenstein (494.9) Lithuania. Republic of Lithuania (474.5) Litoral (821/822) Louisiana (736.3) Luxembourg. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (435.9) M Macedonia. Makedonija (497.17) Madagascar. Democratic Republic of Madagascar (691) Maine (734.1) Malawi. Republic of Malawi (689.7) Malaysia. Federation of Malaysia (595) Maldives. Republic of the Maldives (548.82) Mali. Republic of Mali (662.1) Malta. Republic of Malta (458.2) Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) I/169 Manitoba (712.7) Marshall Islands. Republic of the Marshall Islands (966.4) Maryland (735.2) Mascarene Islands (698) Massachusetts (734.4) Mauritania. Islamic and African Republic of Mauritania (661.2) Mauritius. Republic of Mauritius (698.2) Mexico. Central American states. Caribbean territories (72) Michigan (737.4) Micronesia. States and regions of Micronesia (966/968) Minnesota (737.6) Mississippi (736.2) Missouri (737.8) Moldova (478) Monaco. Principality of Monaco (449.49) Mongolia. State of Mongolia (517.3) Montana (738.6) Morocco. Kingdom of Morocco (64) Mozambique. Republic of Mozambique (679) Myanmar (Burma). Union of Myanmar (591) N Namibia (688.1) Nauru. Republic of Nauru (968.5) Nebraska (738.2) Nepal. Kingdom of Nepal (541.35) Netherlands. Kingdom of the Netherlands. Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (492) Nevada (739.3) New Brunswick (715) New Caledonia. Territory of New Caledonia (France) (932) New Hampshire (734.2) New Jersey (734.9) New Mexico (738.9) New South Wales (944) New York (state) (734.7) New Zealand (931) Newfoundland Province. Newfoundland, Labrador (718) Nicaragua. Republic of Nicaragua (728.5) Niger. Republic of Niger (662.6) Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria (669.1) North and Central America (7) North Carolina (735.6) North Dakota (738.4) North Korea. People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (519.3) North Vietnam. Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam (to 1975). Northern Ireland (410.7) Northwest Territories (719.2) Norway. Kingdom of Norway (481) Nova Scotia (716) Nunavut (719.3) O Ohio (737.1) Oklahoma (736.6) Oman. Sultanate of Oman (535) Ontario (713) Oregon (739.5) P P’eng-hu Lieh-tao (Pescadores). Bokoto (529.8) Pakistan. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan. Islam-i Jamhuriya-e Pakistan) (549.1) Panama. Republic of Panama (728.7) Papua New Guinea. Independent State of Papua New Guinea (954) Pennsylvania (734.8) Peru. Republic of Peru (85) Philippines. Republic of the Philippines (599) Poland. Polish Republic (438) Portugal. Portuguese Republic (469) Prince Edward Island (717) Puerto Rico. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (USA) (729.5) Q Qatar. State of Qatar (536.4) Quebec (714) Queensland (943) R Regione della Sardegna (Sardinia) (450.88) Regione della Sicilia (Sicily) (450.82) Réunion (France) (698.1) Rhode Island (734.5) Romania. Republic of Romania (498) Russian Federation in Asia (571) Rwanda. Republic of Rwanda (675.98) S Samoa. Independent State of Samoa (Samoa. Malo Sa’oloto Tuto’atasi o Samoa) (961.31) Saskatchewan (712.4) Saudi Arabia. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (532) Scotland (410.5) Senegal. Republic of Senegal (663) Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora) (497.11+497.16) Seychelles. Republic of Seychelles (696) Sibir’. Siberia (571.1/.5) Sierra Leone. Republic of Sierra Leone (664) Sikkim (540.31) Singapore. Republic of Singapore (592.3) Slovakia from 1992. Slovak Republic. Slovensko. Slovenská Republika (437.6) Slovenia. Slovenija to 1991 (497.12) Slovenia. Republic of Slovenia. Slovenija from 1991 (497.4) Solomon Islands (935) Somalia. Somali Democratic Republic (677) South Africa. Republic of South Africa (680) I/170 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) South Australia and the Northern Territory (942) South Carolina (735.7) South Dakota (738.3) South Korea. Republic of Korea (519.5) South Vietnam. Republic of Vietnam (to 1975). Cochinchina (historical) (597.3) Spain. Kingdom of Spain. Reino de España (460) Srbija (Serbia) (497.11) Sri Lanka. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (548.7) Sudan. Republic of the Sudan (624) Suriname. Republic of Suriname (883) Swaziland (688.7) Sweden. Kingdom of Sweden (485) Switzerland. Swiss Confederation (494) Syria. Syrian Arab Republic (569.1) T Taiwan (Formosa) (529.1) Taiwan. Republic of China (529) Tajikistan. Republic of Tajikistan (575.3) Tanzania. United Republic of Tanzania (678) Tasmania (946) Tennessee (736.8) Texas (736.4) Thailand. Kingdom of Thailand (593) Togo. Republic of Togo (668.1) Tonga. Kingdom of Tonga (961.2) Trinidad and Tobago. Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (729.87) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (USA) (966) Tunisia. Republic of Tunisia (611) Turkey. Republic of Turkey (560) Turkmenistan (575.4) Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) (729.68) Tuvalu (961.4) U Uganda. Republic of Uganda (676.1) Ukraina. Ukraine (477) United Arab Emirates (536.2) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (410) United States of America (USA) (73) Upper Guinea states and territories (665) Uruguay. Eastern Republic of Uruguay (899) Utah (739.2) Uzbekistan (575.1) V Vanuatu. Republic of Vanuatu (934) Venezuela. Republic of Venezuela (87) Vermont (734.3) Victoria (945) Vietnam. Socialist Republic of Vietnam (597) Virginia (735.5) W Wales (410.3) Washington (739.7) West Virginia (735.4) Western and southern Länder (430.1) Western Australia (941) Western Sudan and Niger Territories (662) Wisconsin (737.5) Wyoming (738.7) X Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Chinese Turkestan) (516) Xizang Zizhiqu. Tibet Autonomous Region (515) Y Yemen. Republic of Yemen, 1990- (533) Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija). Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -1991 (497.1) Yukon. Northwest Territories (719) Yukon Territory (719.1) Z Zambia. Republic of Zambia (689.4) Zimbabwe. Republic of Zimbabwe (689.1)